CN115745408A - Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof - Google Patents
Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN115745408A CN115745408A CN202211333109.8A CN202211333109A CN115745408A CN 115745408 A CN115745408 A CN 115745408A CN 202211333109 A CN202211333109 A CN 202211333109A CN 115745408 A CN115745408 A CN 115745408A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- embedding
- casting
- ring
- lithium disilicate
- ceramic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- WVMPCBWWBLZKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium oxido-[oxido(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])=O WVMPCBWWBLZKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910018070 Li 2 O 10 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000861 blow drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003103 lithium disilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010147 laser engraving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes
Landscapes
- Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and a production process thereof, wherein the machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block comprises the following main components: siO 2 2 55％‑75％；Li 2 O 10％‑15％；K 2 1 to 15 percent of O; 5% -25% of other oxides, and the specific steps are as follows: model treatment-wax pattern design-inserting casting channel-embedding treatment-preheating burningThe method comprises the following steps of ring-die casting treatment-embedding treatment-reaction layer removal-casting channel removal-porcelain/glazing treatment, can meet various use scenes, has wide application range, and can meet occlusal surface veneering, ultrathin veneering, inlays, onlays, partial crowns, front crowns, rear crowns and the like; the finished lithium disilicate ceramic block has excellent physical and chemical properties, can be directly bonded for use, is not easy to crack, has long service life, has high fitting degree between a veneering blank and teeth of a patient, and improves the veneering efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic block production and processing, in particular to a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and a production process thereof.
Background
However, the lithium disilicate glass ceramic is easily subjected to surface melting and fragmentation under the action of external force and has poor material removal efficiency due to the low crystallinity of the lithium disilicate glass ceramic in the process of preparing the ceramic block, so that the conventional lithium disilicate glass ceramic cannot break through the mainstream laser engraving and milling process in the market all the time and is only suitable for CNC (computer numerical control) milling.
The traditional restoration material for the CAD/CAM machined ceramic veneering is lithium disilicate glass ceramic, and the clinical procedures of the CAD/CAM machined ceramic veneering are as follows: the technical personnel scans the teeth or the model of the patient to be mounted with the veneers, manufactures a three-dimensional model, designs the veneers, cuts glass ceramics according to the designed veneers, prepares veneering blanks, then sinters and finally mounts the veneers on the teeth of the patient. The sintering process cannot be omitted because: the glass ceramic without sintering process has low strength, and the direct bonding is easy to crack the ceramic, thereby influencing the service life. However, the degree of fit between the sintered veneering blank and the patient's teeth decreases, and the sintering process reduces the efficiency of the veneering.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and a production process thereof, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block is composed of the following main components:
SiO 2 55％-75％；
Li 2 O 10％-15％；
K 2 O 1％-15％；
5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
Preferably, the lithium disilicate ceramic block consists of the following main components:
SiO 2 58.5％-72.5％；
Li 2 O 13％-15％；
K 2 O 3％-15％；
7.5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
Preferably, said other oxide comprises Al 2 O 3 、ZrO 2 、P 2 O 5 、B 2 O 3 In any proportion of any one or more of them.
A production process for machinable lithium disilicate ceramic blocks comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, model processing, wherein a technician scans teeth or a model of the teeth of a patient to be mounted with a veneer, makes a three-dimensional model and designs the veneer;
secondly, designing a wax pattern, namely manufacturing the wax pattern by using a back cutting method according to the obtained three-dimensional model, wherein the basic shape of the restoration body is kept, but sharp corners and acute angles are avoided, and the thickness of the reserved ceramic layer is kept consistent;
thirdly, inserting a casting channel, finishing the edge by using edge wax after the wax pattern design is finished, and inserting the casting channel and embedding;
fourthly, embedding, namely slowly dumping the casting ring along the edge of the casting ring when pouring the embedding material, so that the wax channel can be effectively prevented from falling off, and simultaneously ensuring that the casting channel is filled with the embedding material by a vibrator at the lowest aiming energy level;
fifthly, preheating and burning the ring, wherein after the embedding ring is solidified according to the time corresponding to the properties of different embedding materials, the top cover and the base of the silicone rubber ring are screwed off, the embedding ring is pushed out of the silicone rubber ring, the rough part of the surface of the bottom of the embedding ring is leveled, and a casting opening of the embedding ring is downwards placed into a preheating furnace for preheating;
sixthly, performing die-casting treatment, namely taking the embedding ring out of the preheating furnace, putting the ceramic block and the alumina push rod into the embedding ring and into the center of a ceramic casting furnace within less than 30 seconds, and performing die-casting by adopting a corresponding die-casting program;
seventhly, removing the embedding treatment, marking the height of the aluminum oxide push rod after the embedding ring is naturally cooled at room temperature, and separating the push rod from the ceramic material;
eighthly, removing the reaction layer, putting the casting into acid etching liquid, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning for not less than 10 minutes, taking out, washing with tap water, blow-drying, and carrying out sand blasting by using 80-100 um alumina sand under the pressure of 1-2 bar so as to remove the reaction layer;
ninthly, cutting off a casting channel, cutting the prosthesis by adopting a carborundum disc at low speed and light pressure, polishing the connection point of the casting channel smoothly, polishing the prosthesis by using a carborundum needle and a tungsten carbide rubber wheel, and then performing sand blasting by using 100 mu m alumina sand at the pressure of 1 bar;
and step ten, performing porcelain/glazing treatment, and performing porcelain powder and glazing sintering according to the product requirements.
Preferably, the embedding treatment needs to ensure that the vacuum stirring cup is dry before the treatment so as to prevent the embedding failure caused by incorrect proportion of the embedding powder and the embedding liquid; when the outdoor temperature is too high, the embedding liquid needs to be refrigerated, which is more convenient for having enough operation time; the vacuum stirring speed is controlled to be 300-350r/min, and the stirring time is 30-60 s.
Preferably, the push rod and the ceramic material are separated in a mode that the embedding ring is subjected to rough sand blasting by using 50-100 mu m of glass sand at the pressure of 3-4 bar until a casting appears, or a plaster clamp is adopted to primarily remove the embedding ring around the casting, and fine sand blasting is performed on a fine part at the pressure of 2 bar.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and the production process thereof can meet various use scenes, have wide application range and can meet occlusal surface veneering, ultrathin veneering, inlays, onlays, partial crowns, front crowns, rear crowns and the like.
2. The finished lithium disilicate ceramic block has excellent physical and chemical properties, can be directly bonded for use, is not easy to crack, has long service life, has high conformity between a veneering blank and teeth of a patient, and improves the veneering efficiency.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block, which comprises the following main components:
SiO 2 55％-75％；
Li 2 O 10％-15％；
K 2 O 1％-15％；
5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
Preferably, the lithium disilicate ceramic block consists of the following main components:
SiO 2 58.5％-72.5％；
Li 2 O 13％-15％；
K 2 O 3％-15％；
7.5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
Preferably, said other oxide comprises Al 2 O 3 、ZrO 2 、P 2 O 5 、B 2 O 3 Any one or more of them may be mixed in any ratio.
The physical and chemical properties of the finished lithium disilicate ceramic block are shown in the following table
A production process for machinable lithium disilicate ceramic blocks comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, model processing, wherein a technician scans teeth or a model of the teeth of a patient to be mounted with a veneer, makes a three-dimensional model and designs the veneer;
secondly, designing a wax pattern, namely manufacturing the wax pattern by using a back cutting method according to the obtained three-dimensional model, wherein the basic shape of the restoration body is kept, but sharp corners and acute angles are avoided, and the thickness of the reserved ceramic layer is kept consistent;
thirdly, inserting a casting channel, finishing the edge by using edge wax after the wax pattern design is finished, and inserting the casting channel and embedding;
fourthly, embedding, namely slowly dumping the casting ring along the edge of the casting ring when pouring the embedding material, so that the wax channel can be effectively prevented from falling off, and simultaneously ensuring that the casting channel is filled with the embedding material by a vibrator at the lowest aiming energy level;
fifthly, preheating and burning the ring, after the embedding ring is solidified according to the time corresponding to the properties of different embedding materials, removing the top cover and the base of the silicon rubber ring by screwing, pushing the embedding ring out of the silicon rubber ring, flattening the rough part on the bottom surface of the embedding ring, and putting a casting nozzle of the embedding ring downwards into a preheating furnace for preheating;
sixthly, performing die-casting treatment, namely taking the embedding ring out of the preheating furnace, putting the ceramic block and the alumina push rod into the embedding ring and into the center of a ceramic casting furnace within less than 30 seconds, and performing die-casting by adopting a corresponding die-casting program;
seventhly, removing the embedding treatment, marking the height of the aluminum oxide push rod after the embedding ring is naturally cooled at room temperature, and separating the push rod from the ceramic material;
eighthly, removing the reaction layer, putting the casting into acid etching liquid, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning for not less than 10 minutes, taking out, washing with tap water, blow-drying, and carrying out sand blasting by using 80-100 um alumina sand under the pressure of 1-2 bar so as to remove the reaction layer;
ninthly, cutting off a casting channel, cutting off the prosthesis by adopting a diamond sand sheet under low speed and light pressure, polishing the connection point of the casting channel smoothly, polishing and polishing the prosthesis by using a diamond wheel needle and a tungsten carbide rubber wheel, and then performing sand blasting by using 100um alumina sand under the pressure of 1 bar;
and step ten, performing porcelain/glazing treatment, and operating porcelain powder and glazing sintering according to product requirements.
Preferably, the embedding treatment needs to ensure that the vacuum stirring cup is dry before the treatment so as to prevent the embedding failure caused by incorrect proportion of the embedding powder and the embedding liquid; when the outdoor temperature is too high, the embedding liquid needs to be refrigerated, which is more convenient for having enough operation time; the vacuum stirring speed is controlled to be 300-350r/min, and the stirring time is controlled to be 30-60 s.
Preferably, the push rod is separated from the ceramic material in a mode that the embedding ring is roughly blasted by glass sand of 50-100 mu m at the pressure of 3-4 bar until the casting appears, or a plaster forceps is adopted to preliminarily remove the embedding ring around the casting, and fine blasting is carried out on a fine part at the pressure of 2 bar.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (6)
1. A machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block is characterized by comprising the following main components:
SiO 2 55％-75％；
Li 2 O 10％-15％；
K 2 O 1％-15％；
5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
2. A machinable lithium disilicate ceramic porcelain according to claim 1, wherein the lithium disilicate ceramic porcelain is composed of the following main components:
SiO 2 58.5％-72.5％；
Li 2 O 13％-15％；
K 2 O 3％-15％；
7.5 to 25 percent of other oxides.
3. A machinable lithium disilicate ceramic porcelain piece according to claim 1, wherein the other oxide comprises Al 2 O 3 、ZrO 2 、P 2 O 5 、B 2 O 3 In any proportion of any one or more of them.
4. A production process for machinable lithium disilicate ceramic blocks is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
firstly, model processing, wherein technicians scan teeth of a patient to be provided with veneers or a model thereof to manufacture a three-dimensional model and design the veneers;
secondly, designing a wax pattern, namely manufacturing the wax pattern by using a back cutting method according to the obtained three-dimensional model, wherein the basic shape of the restoration body is kept, but sharp corners and acute angles are avoided, and the thickness of the reserved ceramic layer is kept consistent;
thirdly, inserting the casting channel, finishing the edge by using edge wax after the wax pattern design is finished, and then inserting the casting channel and embedding;
fourthly, embedding, wherein when the embedding material is poured, the embedding material is slowly poured along the edge of the casting ring, so that the wax channel can be effectively prevented from falling off, and meanwhile, the lowest specific energy level of the vibrating machine is required to ensure that the casting channel is filled with the embedding material;
fifthly, preheating and burning the ring, after the embedding ring is solidified according to the time corresponding to the properties of different embedding materials, removing the top cover and the base of the silicon rubber ring by screwing, pushing the embedding ring out of the silicon rubber ring, flattening the rough part on the bottom surface of the embedding ring, and putting a casting nozzle of the embedding ring downwards into a preheating furnace for preheating;
sixthly, performing die-casting treatment, namely taking the embedding ring out of the preheating furnace, putting the ceramic block and the alumina push rod into the embedding ring and into the center of a ceramic casting furnace within less than 30 seconds, and performing die-casting by adopting a corresponding die-casting program;
seventhly, removing the embedding treatment, marking the height of the aluminum oxide push rod after the embedding ring is naturally cooled at room temperature, and separating the push rod from the ceramic material;
eighthly, removing the reaction layer, putting the casting into acid etching liquid, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning for not less than 10 minutes, then taking out, washing with tap water, blow-drying, and carrying out sand blasting by using 80-100 um alumina sand under the pressure of 1-2 bar so as to remove the reaction layer;
ninthly, cutting off a casting channel, cutting off the prosthesis by adopting a diamond sand sheet under low speed and light pressure, polishing the connection point of the casting channel smoothly, polishing and polishing the prosthesis by using a diamond wheel needle and a tungsten carbide rubber wheel, and then performing sand blasting by using 100um alumina sand under the pressure of 1 bar;
and step ten, performing porcelain/glazing treatment, and performing porcelain powder and glazing sintering according to the product requirements.
5. A process for manufacturing a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block as claimed in claim 4, wherein the embedding process requires the vacuum mixing cup to be dried before the process, so as not to cause the embedding powder liquid ratio to be incorrect and result in the embedding failure; when the outdoor temperature is too high, the embedding liquid needs to be refrigerated, which is more convenient for having enough operation time; the vacuum stirring speed is controlled to be 300-350r/min, and the stirring time is 30-60 s.
6. A process for manufacturing a machinable lithium disilicate ceramic porcelain piece according to claim 4, wherein the push rod is separated from the ceramic material by roughly blasting the embedding ring with 50-100 μm glass sand at a pressure of 3-4 bar until the cast piece appears, or by preliminarily removing the embedding ring around the cast piece with plaster clamps and finely blasting the fine part with a pressure of 2 bar.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211333109.8A CN115745408A (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2022-10-28 | Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211333109.8A CN115745408A (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2022-10-28 | Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN115745408A true CN115745408A (en) | 2023-03-07 |
Family
ID=85355647
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202211333109.8A Pending CN115745408A (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2022-10-28 | Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN115745408A (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109646129A (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2019-04-19 | 四川大学 | A kind of manufacturing method of personalized ceramic bracket appliance |
| CN114524616A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-05-24 | 山东国瓷功能材料股份有限公司 | Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic body with different transmittances and preparation method thereof |
-
2022
- 2022-10-28 CN CN202211333109.8A patent/CN115745408A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109646129A (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2019-04-19 | 四川大学 | A kind of manufacturing method of personalized ceramic bracket appliance |
| CN114524616A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-05-24 | 山东国瓷功能材料股份有限公司 | Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic body with different transmittances and preparation method thereof |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| AU2014261405B2 (en) | Process for producing a blank, and a blank | |
| US10507090B2 (en) | Dental all-ceramic restoration and manufacturing method thereof | |
| KR101961684B1 (en) | Dental restoration, method for its production and ingot | |
| JP6322163B2 (en) | Lithium silicate blank | |
| US6495073B2 (en) | Method for the manufacture of medical, dental-medical, dental-technical and technical parts from ceramics | |
| EP2261184B1 (en) | Lithium silicate glass ceramic | |
| CN104434329B (en) | A kind of milling shaping manufacture method of dental all-ceramics dummy | |
| CN1103283A (en) | Dental prosthesis | |
| EP1688397A1 (en) | Lithium silicate glass ceramic | |
| CN108751721A (en) | A kind of lithium bisilicate glass ceramics and its preparation method and application for dental zirconium oxide surface decorations porcelain | |
| CN108210101B (en) | False tooth support manufacturing process | |
| CA2928819A1 (en) | Dental restoration material having improved adhesive strength and manufacturing method of the same | |
| CN108658628A (en) | A kind of method of zirconium oxide prosthesis combination Nian Jie with natural teeth | |
| US6361721B1 (en) | Method of forming tooth restoration | |
| CN104434328A (en) | Wet forming production method of dental all-ceramic restoration | |
| CN112638349A (en) | Glazing composition for dental zirconia product, sintering method and kit | |
| US6450813B1 (en) | Repair porcelain product, composition and method | |
| JP2001508464A (en) | Machinable leucite-containing porcelain composition and process for its production | |
| WO2009091552A1 (en) | Strengthened ceramic restoration | |
| CN115745408A (en) | Machinable lithium disilicate ceramic block and production process thereof | |
| Pollington et al. | An update of ceramics in dentistry | |
| CN110236716B (en) | Removable denture processing technology | |
| JP2007190087A (en) | Method for producing tooth-crown prosthesis | |
| KR102532578B1 (en) | Phosphoric acid-calcium based glass ceramic block and manufacturing method thereof | |
| Koseyan et al. | A study of ceramic-metal restoration process |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |