CN115736048B - Superfine grinding treatment method for Qimen black tea - Google Patents
Superfine grinding treatment method for Qimen black tea Download PDFInfo
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- CN115736048B CN115736048B CN202211476990.7A CN202211476990A CN115736048B CN 115736048 B CN115736048 B CN 115736048B CN 202211476990 A CN202211476990 A CN 202211476990A CN 115736048 B CN115736048 B CN 115736048B
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of tea processing, in particular to a superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea. A superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea comprises the following steps: s1, performing moisture test on the Qimen black tea to be processed, wherein the moisture content of the obtained Qimen black tea is recorded as M1; s2, prefabricating; s3, moisture adjusting treatment: the water content of the obtained Qimen black tea is controlled to be 10-16%; s4, cryolite treatment: mixing liquid nitrogen with the Qimen black tea in the step S3 for 20-40S; s5, placing the Qimen black tea subjected to ice crystal treatment in the S4 into a planetary ball mill for dry ball milling to obtain superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder. The application can rapidly carry out superfine grinding treatment on the Qimen black tea, and the obtained Qimen black tea powder has relatively uniform and fine granularity and can be used as a flavor improver of candies.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of tea processing, in particular to a superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea.
Background
The superfine tea powder is a novel tea product developed on the basis of superfine grinding technology in recent years, and the tea can be widely applied to industries such as food and beverage, medicine and health care, daily chemical industry and the like after being subjected to superfine processing. The superfine pulverizing technology can process the raw materials into micron-sized, submicron-sized or even nanometer-sized powder, and the surface area and the porosity of the powder are increased due to the micronization of particles, so that the material has the novel physical and chemical characteristics of high solubility, high fluidity, high adsorptivity and the like.
The Qimen black tea is one of three-major high-aroma black tea in the world, is an export agricultural product with traditional advantages in China, and can be prepared into ultrafine tea powder to be applied to foods, such as tea candies, tea cakes, tea biscuits, tea noodles, milk tea and the like, so that the absorption rate of nutrient components in tea in vivo can be improved, the flavor of the foods can be enhanced, and the nutrition and health care effects of the foods can be improved.
At present, the superfine grinding of the Qimen black tea mainly depends on an airflow grinder to carry out superfine grinding treatment. Although the air flow pulverizer can process the Qimen black tea into the Qimen black tea micropowder, the air flow pulverizing needs a long time to achieve a finer particle size, the production and processing efficiency is relatively low, and industrialization is not easy to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the related art, the application provides a superfine grinding treatment method of the Qimen black tea.
The application provides a superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
a superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea comprises the following steps:
s1, performing moisture test on the Qimen black tea to be processed, wherein the moisture content of the obtained Qimen black tea is recorded as M1;
S2, prefabricating: placing the keemun black tea to be processed in a black tea prefabricating integrated machine, flushing nitrogen to replace air, adjusting the temperature to 0-10 ℃, vacuumizing until the kettle pressure is 60-80Kpa, maintaining 300-500s, flushing nitrogen to adjust the kettle pressure to 120-140Kpa, maintaining 200-300s, and releasing pressure to restore normal pressure for later use;
S3, moisture adjusting treatment: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) carrying out moisture modulation on the Qimen black tea subjected to the preparation treatment in the step S2 by using a mixed gas in the black tea preparation all-in-one machine, controlling the internal temperature of the black tea preparation all-in-one machine to be 0-4 ℃, mixing atomized water vapor and nitrogen into the mixed gas, carrying out humidification treatment on the Qimen black tea with the atomized water vapor content of 0.1-0.2g/L, controlling the humidification treatment time to be 120-200S, detecting the moisture content of the Qimen black tea after the humidification treatment, controlling the moisture standard reaching content of the Qimen black tea after the humidification treatment to be M2, controlling the range of M2 to be 10-16%, and carrying out the step S4 when the moisture content is controlled to be M2; when the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is lower than 10%, performing humidification processing for 30 seconds again, detecting the moisture content of the Qimen black tea again, when the moisture content is controlled at M2, performing S4 operation, and if the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is still lower than 10%, repeating the humidification processing for 30 seconds and the moisture detection until the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is controlled at M2;
s4, cryolite treatment: mixing liquid nitrogen with the Qimen black tea in the step S3 for 20-40S;
s5, placing the Qimen black tea subjected to ice crystal treatment in the S4 into a planetary ball mill for dry ball milling, wherein the ball milling time is controlled to be 30-60min, and obtaining superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder.
By adopting the technical scheme, the prefabrication treatment in the step S2 is used for removing oxygen in the tea, so that the oxidation of the Qimen black tea can be reduced in the processing process, and the quality of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is ensured; the moisture content of the obtained Qimen black tea can be adjusted through the moisture adjustment treatment of S3, the ice crystal treatment of S4 is facilitated, the internal structure of the Qimen black tea subjected to the ice crystal treatment of S4 is damaged in advance under the action of water changed into ice crystal, the subsequent dry ball milling treatment is facilitated, the dry ball milling time is shortened, and the obtained superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is better. In addition, the black tea prefabricating integrated machine provides an industrial production basis for superfine grinding treatment of the Qimen black tea.
Preferably, the temperature inside the black tea prefabricating integrated machine in the step S3 is controlled to be 4 ℃.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, contain liquid water in the keemun black tea and accomplish the cryolite under 4 ℃ under the effect of liquid nitrogen, can effectively promote whole production efficiency and can improve the quality of the superfine crushed keemun black tea powder that finally obtains.
Preferably, the moisture content of the Qimen black tea in the step S3 is controlled to be 11-12.5%.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, be convenient for black tea prefabrication all-in-one carries out S3' S moisture regulation and handles and keemun black tea moisture content control is 11-12.5%, accomplishes the crystallization of ice under the liquid nitrogen effect, can promote whole production efficiency again can improve the quality of the superfine crushed keemun black tea powder of obtaining.
Preferably, the inner container of the planetary ball mill is a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container; the grinding balls adopted in the planetary ball mill are nonmetal grinding balls; the nonmetal grinding ball is one of an agate grinding ball, a corundum grinding ball, a tungsten carbide grinding ball and a zirconia grinding ball; the planetary ball mill is a miniature omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P400E, a miniature planetary ball mill F-P400, a high-energy omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P2000E and a miniature planetary ball mill-horizontal tank type F-P400H with a heat dissipation function.
By adopting the technical scheme, the introduction of impurity metal particle impurities can be avoided, and the quality of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder can be further ensured.
Preferably, the grinding ball specification comprises 0.5-1mm grinding ball, 1-3mm grinding ball, 3-5mm grinding ball and 5-8mm grinding ball, wherein the mass of the 0.5-1mm grinding ball accounts for 10-15% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 1-3mm grinding ball accounts for 25-40% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 3-5mm grinding ball accounts for 20-25% of the total mass of the grinding ball, and the balance is 5-8mm grinding ball.
Under the same ball milling time, the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder with finer granularity can be obtained by adopting the technical scheme, and the dissolution rate of the tea inclusion substances of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is higher.
Preferably, the planetary ball mill in S5 performs variable speed dry ball milling on the qin black tea, and the variable speed dry ball milling is specifically performed by performing alternating differential dry milling treatment with a program a and a program B under the protection of nitrogen, and the setting of the program a is as follows: ball milling at 200-260rpm for 100-120s, setting procedure B: ball milling is carried out for 20-30s at 500-600rpm, the starting times of the program A are controlled to be 5-6 times, and the starting times of the program B are controlled to be 4-5 times.
By adopting the technical scheme, the quality of the obtained superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is reduced due to the thermal oxidation effect generated by the too high ball milling speed, and the dissolution rate of the tea inclusion substances of the obtained superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is higher.
Preferably, according to the moisture content M1 of the keemun black tea before the prefabrication treatment and the moisture standard reaching content M2 of the keemun black tea after the humidification treatment, the volume V of the mixture gas introduced into the black tea prefabrication integrated machine can be calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows: v= [ K x M (M2-M1) ] V atomized water vapor , where M is the mass of the keemun black tea; m1 is the water content of the Qimen black tea before the prefabrication treatment; m2 is the moisture content of the humidificated Qimen black tea reaching the standard; v atomized water vapor is the content of atomized water vapor in the mixed gas; k is the loss coefficient of the humidifying water, and the stable value is 1.62-1.68 in test.
By adopting the technical scheme, the volume V of the mixed gas introduced into the black tea prefabricating all-in-one machine can be precisely controlled, and the moisture content of the Qimen black tea subjected to S3 moisture adjustment treatment is precisely controlled, so that the effect of guaranteeing the superfine grinding treatment efficiency of the application is achieved, and the quality of the superfine grinding Qimen black tea powder is guaranteed.
Preferably, the black tea prefabricating all-in-one machine comprises a vacuumizing pump set, a prefabricating kettle body, a stirring and dispersing assembly, an air humidifier and a liquid nitrogen storage tank, wherein the vacuumizing pump set is communicated with the top of the prefabricating kettle body; the air humidifier is communicated with the top of the prefabricated kettle body through a first connecting pipeline; the first connecting pipeline is communicated with a nitrogen storage tank in the circumferential direction; the nitrogen storage tank is communicated with the first connecting pipeline through a second connecting pipeline; the second connecting pipeline is fixedly communicated with a first electromagnetic valve and a first volume flowmeter in sequence along a nitrogen conveying method; the gas distribution assembly is fixedly connected in the prefabricated kettle body and is communicated with the first connecting pipeline; the liquid nitrogen storage tank is communicated with the gas distribution assembly; the stirring and dispersing assembly is rotatably connected in the prefabricated kettle body and is used for stirring the Qimen black tea; a third connecting pipe is fixedly connected to the bottom of the prefabricated kettle body; the third connecting pipe is fixedly communicated with a second electromagnetic valve; one end, back to the prefabricated kettle body, of the third connecting pipe is fixedly communicated with a prefabricated black tea storage box; the third connecting pipe is fixedly connected with a fourth connecting pipe in the circumferential direction; one end of the fourth connecting pipe is fixedly connected to the circumference of the third connecting pipe, and the other end of the fourth connecting pipe is fixedly connected to the nitrogen storage tank; the fourth connecting pipe is fixedly connected with a third electromagnetic valve, a second volumetric flowmeter and a supercharger in sequence along a nitrogen conveying method; the junction of fourth connecting pipe and third connecting pipe is located the second solenoid valve low reaches.
The black tea prefabricating integrated machine can realize prefabricating treatment of S2 and water adjusting treatment of S3, effectively improves the superfine grinding treatment efficiency, ensures the quality of the superfine grinding Qimen black tea powder, ensures the quality stability of products in the same batch, and provides an industrial production basis for superfine grinding treatment of the Qimen black tea.
Preferably, the gas distribution assembly comprises a connecting circular pipe and at least four gas distribution branch pipes, wherein one end of each gas distribution branch pipe is closed, and the other end of each gas distribution branch pipe is communicated with the connecting circular pipe; the gas distribution branch pipes are uniformly arranged around the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body, and included angles formed between adjacent gas distribution branch pipes are equal; the gas distribution branch pipe is provided with a plurality of air holes along the length direction of the gas distribution branch pipe; the air holes are arranged towards the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body.
Through the adoption of the air distribution assembly, the Qimen black tea can quickly absorb moisture, moisture of the humidified Qimen black tea can quickly reach the standard content M2, the superfine grinding efficiency can be effectively improved, the quality of the superfine ground Qimen black tea powder is ensured, and meanwhile, the quality stability of products in the same batch is ensured.
Preferably, the stirring and dispersing assembly comprises a driving motor, a spiral conveying shaft, a conveying pipeline, a flow guiding circular sheet and a fixed supporting rod, wherein the driving motor is fixedly connected to the top of the prefabricated kettle body; one end of the spiral conveying shaft is fixedly connected with an output shaft of the driving motor through a coupler; the other end of the spiral conveying shaft rotates to penetrate through the top of the prefabricated kettle body and extends to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body; one end of the fixed support rod is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the conveying pipeline, and the other end of the fixed support rod is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the prefabricated kettle body; part of the spiral conveying shaft is positioned in the conveying pipeline; the central axis of the conveying pipeline coincides with the central axis of the spiral conveying shaft; the flow-guiding wafer is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the top of the conveying pipeline, so that the Qimen black tea conveyed to the top of the conveying pipeline through the spiral conveying shaft falls back to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body through the flow guiding of the flow-guiding wafer.
Through the cooperation of stirring dispersion subassembly and gas distribution subassembly, can further accelerate the efficiency that the atomizing aqueous vapor was absorbed fast to the keemun black tea, the keemun black tea moisture after the humidification processing can reach up to standard content M2 fast, can effectively promote the superfine grinding treatment efficiency of this application, guarantees the quality stability of the superfine ground keemun black tea powder of the same batch of product quality when guaranteeing the quality of the superfine ground keemun black tea powder of the product that obtains.
In summary, the application has the following advantages:
1. the application can effectively improve the superfine grinding treatment efficiency, ensure the quality of the superfine grinding Qimen black tea powder and simultaneously ensure the quality stability of the same batch of products.
2. The black tea prefabricating integrated machine provides an industrial production basis for superfine grinding treatment of the Qimen black tea, and is convenient for mass production, popularization and application of superfine grinding of the Qimen black tea powder.
3. The superfine grinding technology provided by the application is used for grinding the tea into superfine tea powder, so that the cell wall breaking rate of the tea reaches more than 95%, the leaching rate of tea polyphenol and the like reaches more than 90%, the original aroma and bioactive components of the tea are maintained, the bioavailability of the tea is effectively improved, the absorption of natural active ingredients in the body is enhanced, the nutrition and health care functions of the tea are effectively utilized, the utilization rate of tea resources is improved, the taste of food is enriched, the edibility and utilization rate of the tea are improved, the components such as tea polyphenol, caffeine and the like in the tea are more utilized, and the taste of the black tea powder is more fragrant and mellow.
4. The superfine tea powder prepared by the application maintains the original color, aroma, taste and various nutritional ingredients of the tea to the maximum extent, can be used as a natural flavor additive in the candy, and improves the quality of the candy such as color, aroma, taste, structure and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the whole structure of a black tea prefabricating integrated machine in the application.
In the figure, 1, a black tea prefabricating all-in-one machine; 2. a vacuum pump group; 201. a vacuum pump; 202. a buffer tank; 21. prefabricating a kettle body; 210. a material adding pipe; 211. a first connecting pipe; 212. a second connecting pipe; 213. a third connection pipe; 214. a second electromagnetic valve; 22. stirring and dispersing components; 221. a driving motor; 222. a screw conveying shaft; 223. a delivery conduit; 224. a diversion wafer; 225. fixing the support rod; 23. an air humidifier; 24. a nitrogen storage tank; 241. a first electromagnetic valve; 242. a first volumetric flow meter; 25. a gas distribution assembly; 251. connecting circular ring pipes; 252. a gas distribution branch pipe; 2521. a first gas distribution branch pipe; 2522. a second gas distribution branch pipe; 253. air holes; 26. a liquid nitrogen storage tank; 261. a fifth connection pipe; 3. a fourth connection pipe; 30. prefabricating a black tea storage box; 31. a third electromagnetic valve; 32. a second volumetric flow meter; 33. a supercharger.
Detailed Description
The application is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Apparatus and method for controlling the operation of a device
Referring to fig. 1, the black tea prefabricating integrated machine comprises a vacuumizing pump set 2, a prefabricating kettle body 21, a stirring and dispersing assembly 22, an air humidifier 23, a nitrogen storage tank 24, a gas distribution assembly 25 and a liquid nitrogen storage tank 26. Wherein, the material adding pipe 210 for adding the keemun black tea is fixedly communicated with the top of the prefabricated kettle body 21. The vacuumizing pump set 2 consists of a buffer tank 201 and a vacuum pump 202, wherein the vacuum pump 202 is communicated with the buffer tank 201 through a pipeline, and the buffer tank is communicated with the top of the prefabricated kettle body 21 through a pipeline.
Referring to fig. 1, a water vapor output port of an air humidifier 23 is fixedly connected with a first connecting pipeline 211, and one end of the first connecting pipeline 211, which is back to the water vapor output port of the air humidifier 23, penetrates through the top of a prefabricated kettle body 21 and is fixedly connected with an air distribution assembly 25. The first connecting pipe 211 is fixedly communicated with a second connecting pipe 212 in the circumferential direction, and the other end, opposite to the first connecting pipe 211, of the second connecting pipe 212 is fixedly communicated with a nitrogen storage tank 24. The nitrogen stored in the nitrogen storage tank 24 is controlled to be between 0 and 10 ℃ through the modulation temperature, and the optimal storage temperature is between 2 and 6 ℃. The second connecting pipe 212 is fixedly connected with a first electromagnetic valve 241 and a first volume flow meter 242 in sequence along the nitrogen gas conveying method.
Referring to fig. 1, the nitrogen gas input into the first connecting pipeline 211 through the second connecting pipeline 212 is mixed with the water vapor in the first connecting pipeline 211 to obtain the mixed gas (the content of atomized water vapor in the mixed gas is 0.1-0.2 g/L), the content of atomized water vapor of the mixed gas input into the prefabricated kettle body 21 through the gas distribution assembly 25 can be regulated, so that the humidification treatment of the qin black tea can be completed more accurately, the moisture standard reaching content of the qin black tea after the humidification treatment is M2 (10-16%), and the product quality of the superfine crushed qin black tea powder is ensured.
Referring to fig. 1, a gas distribution assembly 25 is fixedly connected to the inside of the prefabricated tank body 21, and the gas distribution assembly 25 is communicated with a first connection pipe 211. The stirring and dispersing assembly 22 is rotatably connected to the prefabricated kettle body 21 and is used for stirring and dispersing the Qimen black tea, after the humidification treatment is completed by the Qimen black tea, the moisture standard reaching content of the humidified Qimen black tea is M2 (10-16%), and the product quality of superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is ensured.
Referring to fig. 1, the inner bottom surface of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is a conical surface, so that the keemun black tea which is subjected to humidification and pretreatment is conveniently transported under gravity and stored in the prefabricated black tea storage box 30. The center of the conical bottom surface of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is fixedly communicated with a third connecting pipe 213 along the shaft part. The second electromagnetic valve 214 is fixedly communicated with the third connecting pipe 213, the prefabricated black tea storage box 30 is fixedly communicated with one end, opposite to the prefabricated kettle body 21, of the third connecting pipe 213, when the humidification and pretreatment of the Qimen black tea are completed, the second electromagnetic valve 214 is opened, the Qimen black tea transpose is transferred and stored in the prefabricated black tea storage box 30 under the gravity, the Qimen black tea in the prefabricated black tea storage box 30 is taken to be used for a planetary ball mill, and superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder can be obtained.
Referring to fig. 1, a fourth connection pipe 3 is fixedly connected to the third connection pipe 213 in the circumferential direction, and a junction of the fourth connection pipe 3 and the third connection pipe 213 is located downstream of the second solenoid valve 214. One end of the fourth connecting pipe 3 is fixedly connected to the circumference of the third connecting pipe 213 and the other end of the fourth connecting pipe 3 is fixedly connected to the nitrogen storage tank 24. The fourth connecting pipe 3 is fixedly connected with a third electromagnetic valve 31, a second volumetric flowmeter 32 and a supercharger 33 in sequence along the nitrogen gas conveying method. Under the action of the supercharger 33, the nitrogen gas output from the fourth connecting pipe 3 can transfer the remaining Qimen black tea in the third connecting pipe 213 into the prefabricated black tea storage box 30, so that the material utilization rate can be improved, and the production cost can be reduced. In addition, under the action of the supercharger 33, the nitrogen output in the fourth connecting pipe 3 can be used as a transmission air source in the black tea storage box 30, so that the prefabricated Qimen black tea can be conveniently transported to the planetary ball mill for dry grinding, and the overall production efficiency of the application is improved.
Referring to fig. 1, the air distribution assembly 25 includes a connection circular pipe 251, four air distribution branch pipes 252 communicating with the connection circular pipe 251. Wherein, a single gas distribution branch pipe 252 is closed at one end and fixedly communicated with the connecting circular ring pipe 251 at the other end. The gas distribution branch pipes 252 are uniformly arranged around the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body 21, namely, the included angles formed between the adjacent gas distribution branch pipes 252 are equal, so that the output mixed gas and the Qimen black tea are ensured to be uniformly and fully mixed, and further the superfine crushing quality and the production efficiency of the obtained superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder are ensured. The liquid nitrogen storage tank 26 is communicated with the connecting circular pipe 251 through a fifth connecting pipe 261, and an electromagnetic valve is arranged on the fifth connecting pipe 261 and used for controlling the input of liquid nitrogen, namely controlling S4 cryolite treatment.
Referring to fig. 1, the gas distribution branch pipe 252 is constituted by a first gas distribution branch pipe 2521 and a second gas distribution branch pipe 2522. One end of the first gas distribution branch pipe 2521 is fixedly communicated with the connecting circular ring pipe 251, and the other end of the first gas distribution branch pipe is fixedly communicated with the second gas distribution branch pipe 2522. One end of the second gas distribution branch pipe 2522, which is opposite to the first gas distribution branch pipe 2521, is closed. The first gas distribution branch pipe 2521 and the second gas distribution branch pipe 2522 are provided with a plurality of air holes 253 along the length direction of the first gas distribution branch pipe and the second gas distribution branch pipe, the air holes 253 are arranged towards the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body 21, the output mixed gas and the Qimen black tea are guaranteed to be fully and uniformly contacted, the moisture in the Qimen black tea adsorbed mixed gas improves the water content of the Qimen black tea, the cryolite treatment in S4 is facilitated, the S5 dry ball milling efficiency is further guaranteed, and the quality of the Qimen black tea powder is improved.
Referring to fig. 1, the stirring dispersion assembly 22 includes a driving motor 221, a screw conveying shaft 222, a conveying pipe 223, a flow guiding disk 224, and a fixing pole 225. Wherein, driving motor 221 is fixedly connected to the top of prefabricated cauldron body 21. One end of the screw conveying shaft 222 is fixedly connected to an output shaft of the driving motor 221 through a coupler, the other end of the screw conveying shaft 222 rotates to penetrate through the top of the prefabricated kettle body 21 and extends to the center of the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21, and the linear distance between the end face of the screw conveying shaft 222 and the center face of the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is controlled to be 1-3cm. One end of the fixing support rod 225 is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the conveying pipeline 223, the other end of the fixing support rod 225 is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the prefabricated kettle body 21, the conveying pipeline 223 is further fixedly connected to the prefabricated kettle body 21, part of the spiral conveying shaft 222 is positioned in the conveying pipeline 223, and the central axis of the conveying pipeline 223 coincides with the central axis of the spiral conveying shaft 222. A gap of 1-2mm is reserved between the inner wall of the conveying pipeline 223 and the screw conveying shaft 222, so that friction damage of the screw conveying shaft 222 is avoided. The guide disc 224 is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the top of the conveying pipeline 223, the guide angle formed by the guide disc 224 is 45-60 degrees, the optimal guide angle is 48-50 degrees, and the speed of the keemun black tea flowing to the bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21 can be controlled. The diversion wafer 224 makes the keemun black tea transported to the top of the transport pipeline 223 through the spiral transport shaft 222 fall back to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21 through the diversion of the diversion wafer 224.
In order to avoid the introduction of metal impurities, the screw conveying shaft 222 is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or is formed by spraying the outer wall of 304 stainless steel; the inner side wall of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is also required to be sprayed to form a polytetrafluoroethylene coating, so that the quality of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder obtained by the application can be ensured.
Examples
Example 1
The application discloses a superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea, which comprises the following steps:
s1, performing moisture test on the Qimen black tea to be processed, wherein the moisture content of the obtained Qimen black tea is recorded as M1;
S2, prefabricating: placing the Qimen black tea to be processed into the prefabricated kettle body 21 through the material adding pipe 210, starting the vacuumizing pump set 2 and the driving motor 221, controlling the rotation speed of the driving motor 221 to be 120rpm, controlling the pressure of the prefabricated kettle body 21 to be 68-70kPa, maintaining for 420s, closing the vacuumizing pump set 2, opening the first electromagnetic valve 241, and adjusting the pressure of the nitrogen kettle to be 128-130Kpa when the air humidifier 23 is not opened, maintaining for 240s, and then decompressing and recovering to normal pressure for standby;
S3, moisture adjusting treatment: opening the air humidifier 23 and the driving motor 221 (the rotation speed of the driving motor 221 is 180 rpm) while controlling the opening of the first electromagnetic valve 241, inputting nitrogen gas of the first connecting pipeline 211 through the second connecting pipeline 212, mixing atomized water vapor generated by the air humidifier 23 in the first connecting pipeline 211 to obtain mixed gas of 0.16g/L, driving the Qimen black tea at the bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21 by the driving of the spiral conveying shaft 222, conveying the Qimen black tea to the top of the conveying pipeline 223 under the driving of the spiral conveying shaft 222, and under the diversion and dispersion of the diversion disc 224, enabling the Qimen black tea conveyed to the top of the conveying pipeline 223 through the spiral conveying shaft 222 to fall back to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body 21 through the diversion of the diversion disc 224, completing humidification processing of the Qimen black tea rapidly and accurately, wherein the temperature inside the prefabricated kettle body 21 is controlled at 4 ℃, and the control method is that the temperature of the nitrogen gas input into the first connecting pipeline 211 through controlling the second connecting pipeline 212, and the volume V inside the prefabricated kettle body 21 is realized, and the mixed gas is introduced into the prefabricated kettle body 21, and the formula is as follows: v= [ K x M (M2-M1) ] V atomized water vapor , where M is the mass of the keemun black tea; m1 is the water content of the Qimen black tea before the prefabrication treatment; m2 is the moisture content of the humidificated Qimen black tea reaching the standard; v atomized water vapor is the content of atomized water vapor in the mixed gas; k is a humidifying water loss coefficient, a test stable value is 1.64, the air pressure balance of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is maintained, redundant air is discharged out of the prefabricated kettle body 21, after the air pressure balance reaches a preset volume V, humidifying treatment time is 200S, the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is detected after the humidifying treatment is finished, the moisture content of the Qimen black tea after the humidifying treatment reaches the standard, the range of M2 is controlled to be 10-12%, and when the moisture content is controlled to be M2, S4 operation is performed; when the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is lower than 10%, performing humidification processing for 30 seconds again, detecting the moisture content of the Qimen black tea again, when the moisture content is controlled at M2, performing S4 operation, and if the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is still lower than 10%, repeating the humidification processing for 30 seconds and the moisture detection until the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is controlled at M2; the moisture content of the humidified keemun black tea in the embodiment is 10.4%;
s4, cryolite treatment: opening an electromagnetic valve on a fifth connecting pipe 261, inputting liquid nitrogen into the prefabricated kettle body 21 through a gas distribution assembly 25 by the fifth connecting pipe 261, enabling the liquid nitrogen to be uniformly mixed with the Qimen black tea in S3, enabling the liquid nitrogen to be introduced for 30 seconds, closing the electromagnetic valve on the fifth connecting pipe 261, opening a first electromagnetic valve 241, inputting nitrogen into the first connecting pipe 211 through a second connecting pipe 212, inputting the nitrogen into the prefabricated kettle body 21 through the gas distribution assembly 25, replacing the liquid nitrogen, restoring normal pressure of the prefabricated kettle body 21, opening a second electromagnetic valve 214, opening a third electromagnetic valve 31 and a booster 33 after 30 seconds, and enabling nitrogen output in a fourth connecting pipe 3 to transfer Qimen black tea subjected to ice crystal formation treatment in the prefabricated kettle body 21 to a liquid nitrogen storage tank 26;
S5, taking out the Qimen black tea which is subjected to ice crystallization treatment from a liquid nitrogen storage tank 26, placing the Qimen black tea into a miniature omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P400E with a heat dissipation function for carrying out variable speed dry ball milling, wherein the inner container of the planetary ball mill is a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container, the adopted grinding balls are zirconium oxide grinding balls made of nonmetal materials, 20g of the Qimen black tea which is subjected to ice crystallization treatment is added into a 100mL grinding ball tank, the mass of the added zirconium oxide grinding balls is 40-42g, and the specific operation of the variable speed dry ball milling is as follows: after the keemun black tea and zirconia grinding balls which are subjected to ice crystallization treatment are added, high-purity 99.9% nitrogen is filled into a grinding ball tank, and under the protection of the nitrogen, the process A and the process B are used for alternating differential dry grinding treatment, and the process A is set: ball milling at 220rpm for 120s, setting procedure B: ball milling at 580rpm for 24s, controlling the starting times of the procedure A at 5 times and the starting times of the procedure B at 4 times to obtain superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder.
The grinding ball specification is 0.8mm grinding ball, 1.6mm grinding ball, 3.2mm grinding ball and 5mm grinding ball, wherein the mass of the 0.8mm grinding ball accounts for 15% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 1.6mm grinding ball accounts for 40% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 3.2mm grinding ball accounts for 25% of the total mass of the grinding ball, and the balance is 10% of the 5mm grinding ball.
Example 2
Example 2 differs from example 1 in that: s3, controlling the internal temperature of the prefabricated kettle body 21 at 2 ℃.
Example 3
Example 3 differs from example 1 in that: s3, controlling the water content of the Qimen black tea to be 11.2%
Example 4
Example 4 differs from example 1 in that: and S3, controlling the moisture content of the Qimen black tea at 12.3%.
Example 5
Example 5 differs from example 1 in that: and S3, controlling the moisture content of the Qimen black tea at 15.8%.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1 differs from example 1 in that: in S3, the internal temperature of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is controlled at 12 ℃.
Comparative example 2 differs from example 1 in that: and S3, controlling the moisture content of the Qimen black tea at 8.8%.
Comparative example 3 differs from example 1 in that: and S3, controlling the moisture content of the Qimen black tea at 17.6%.
Comparative example 4 differs from example 1 in that: the grinding balls of the planetary ball mill are zirconium oxide grinding balls with the diameter of 1mm, and the ball milling is carried out for 15min.
Comparative example 5 differs from example 1 in that: the S5 treatment is directly carried out without the S1-S4 treatment.
Performance test
Detection method/test method
1. The particle size detection of the superfine Qimen black tea comprises the following steps of:
Test equipment: mastersizer2000 type laser particle sizer and malvern panaceae-particle size analyzer.
The control sample set was distinguished from example 1 in that the balls of the planetary ball mill were zirconia balls 1mm in diameter, and ball-milled for 30 minutes.
2. Sensory evaluation of tea powder: the sensory quality of the black tea powder is evaluated by a national tea evaluation engineer and a tea evaluation person.
Data analysis
Table 1 shows the particle size distribution detection parameters of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5
Table 2 shows physicochemical index parameters of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5
| Project | Moisture/% | Total ash g/100g | Crude fiber g/100g | Tea polyphenols/% |
| Control sample group | 3.29 | 4.26 | 7.92 | 10.52 |
| Example 1 | 3.26 | 4.22 | 7.89 | 10.61 |
| Example 2 | 3.32 | 4.24 | 7.88 | 10.54 |
| Example 3 | 3.18 | 4.15 | 7.85 | 10.71 |
| Example 4 | 3.20 | 4.17 | 7.86 | 10.66 |
| Example 5 | 3.28 | 4.23 | 7.95 | 10.60 |
| Comparative example 1 | 3.41 | 4.29 | 7.92 | 10.23 |
| Comparative example 2 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 8.12 | 10.53 |
| Comparative example 3 | 3.26 | 4.18 | 7.95 | 10.36 |
| Comparative example 4 | 3.58 | 4.34 | 8.02 | 10.32 |
| Comparative example 5 | 3.89 | 4.57 | 8.21 | 9.89 |
Table 3 shows the dissolution rate parameters of the tea powder inclusion substances of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5
| Project | Dissolution rate of tea powder content substances% |
| Control sample group | 40.62 |
| Example 1 | 42.91 |
| Example 2 | 42.28 |
| Example 3 | 43.28 |
| Example 4 | 43.19 |
| Example 5 | 42.72 |
| Comparative example 1 | 40.95 |
| Comparative example 2 | 41.26 |
| Comparative example 3 | 41.65 |
| Comparative example 4 | 40.02 |
| Comparative example 5 | 40.21 |
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5 and the combination of table 1, compared with the comparative sample, the particle size and the particle size distribution of example 1 are similar to those of the comparative sample, and the particle size distribution of the present application is relatively better, so that the superfine crushed keemun black tea powder can be obtained efficiently by adopting the superfine crushing treatment method provided by the present application, and the production efficiency of the superfine crushed keemun black tea powder can be effectively improved. The black tea prefabricating integrated machine which is designed independently can finish prefabricating, controlling the moisture content and pre-prefabricating treatment of tea leaves and realizing cryolite, the ball milling time can be shortened by combining the variable speed dry ball milling method, and the improvement technology obtained by combining the variable speed dry ball milling method and the variable speed dry ball milling method provides an industrial production foundation for superfine grinding treatment of Qimen black tea.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5 and table 1, the particle size distribution of example 1 is finer than that of example 2, the average particle size of example 1 is finer, the particle size distribution of example 1 is relatively concentrated, and the quality of the prepared superfine crushed keemun black tea powder is better; the particle size distribution of example 2 is finer than that of comparative example 1, the average particle size of example 2 is relatively more concentrated, and the quality of the prepared ultra-fine crushed keemun black tea powder is better, so that the quality of the prepared ultra-fine crushed keemun black tea powder is better when the internal temperature of the prefabricated kettle body 21 in S3 is controlled to be 0-4 ℃. The best scheme is as follows: in S3, the internal temperature of the prefabricated kettle body 21 is controlled at 4 ℃.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-5 and Table 1, the particle size distributions of examples 3-4 are finer in average particle size and the particle size distributions of examples 3-4 are relatively concentrated, and the prepared ultra-fine crushed Qimen black tea powder is better in quality than the particle size distributions of examples 1 and 5. The particle size distributions of examples 1 and 5 were finer in average particle size and relatively concentrated in particle size distribution of examples 1 and 5 relative to those of comparative examples 2 to 3, and the quality of the prepared ultrafine crushed keemun black tea powder was better. In conclusion, the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared by controlling the moisture content of the Qimen black tea in the step S3 to be 10-16% is good in quality. The best scheme is as follows: the moisture content of the Qimen black tea in S3 is controlled to be 11-12.5%.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-5 and Table 1, the particle size distribution of example 1 was finer in average particle size than that of comparative example 4, and the particle size distribution of example 1 was relatively concentrated, and the quality of the prepared ultrafine crushed Qimen black tea powder was better. Therefore, compared with the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared by adopting the crushing technology of single-specification grinding balls, the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared by controlling the particle size of the grinding balls has better quality.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-5 and Table 1, the particle size distribution of example 1 was finer in average particle size than that of comparative example 5, and the particle size distribution of example 1 was relatively concentrated, and the quality of the prepared ultrafine crushed Qimen black tea powder was better. Therefore, the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared by combining S1-S4 with S5 has better quality.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-5 and Table 2, the physicochemical index parameters of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared in examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-3 are close, and the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared in examples 1-5 is only slightly dominant from the point of numerical comparison, but has no obvious advantage, and the superfine crushing treatment of the Qimen black tea can be completed by the methods provided in examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-3 based on the factors such as test errors. The ultra-fine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared in examples 1 to 5 has physical and chemical index parameters superior to those of comparative example 4, and the ultra-fine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared by controlling the particle size of the grinding balls has a certain advantage compared with the grinding technology adopting single-specification grinding balls. The physicochemical index parameters of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared in the examples 1-5 are superior to those of the comparative example 5, namely, the superfine crushing technology of the Qimen black tea is superior to the conventional ball milling crushing technology.
As can be seen from the combination of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-5 and Table 3, the dissolution rate of the tea powder content in examples 1-5 is relatively high, and can reach 42.72-43.28%, so that the quality of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder prepared in examples 1-5 is relatively good. In addition, the moisture content of the Qimen black tea in S3 is controlled to be 11-12.5%, the quality of the prepared superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder is relatively good, and the dissolution rate of tea powder inclusion substances is 43.19-43.28%.
The sensory quality of the superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder in the example 1 and the control sample group is orange red and bright in appearance color, fine and uniform in particles, high in fragrance, fresh, sweet and fruit-flavored, fresh, mellow and sweet in taste and orange red in soup color. In contrast, the ultra-micro crushed Qimen black tea powder in comparative example 5 has the sensory quality of red appearance, fine and uniform particles, sweet aroma, fresh and mellow taste, sweet taste and orange-red color of soup. The reason for the dark appearance is mainly that the heat generated in the ball milling process and the oxygen generate a thermal oxygen effect, and the thermal oxygen effect also can consume beneficial dissolved substances contained in the Qimen black tea. Therefore, in the application, the Qimen black tea is prefabricated S1-4, and then the Qimen black tea is subjected to variable speed dry ball milling under the protection of nitrogen, and the planetary ball mill also needs to have a heat dissipation function (preferably a miniature omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P400E or a miniature planetary ball mill-horizontal tank type F-P400H)
The present embodiment is only for explanation of the present application and is not to be construed as limiting the present application, and modifications to the present embodiment, which may not creatively contribute to the present application as required by those skilled in the art after reading the present specification, are all protected by patent laws within the scope of claims of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A superfine grinding treatment method of Qimen black tea is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, performing moisture test on the Qimen black tea to be processed, wherein the moisture content of the obtained Qimen black tea is recorded as M1;
S2, prefabricating: placing the keemun black tea to be processed in a black tea prefabricating integrated machine (1), flushing nitrogen to replace air, adjusting the temperature to 0-10 ℃, vacuumizing until the kettle pressure is 60-80Kpa, maintaining 300-500s, flushing nitrogen to adjust the kettle pressure to 120-140Kpa, maintaining 200-300s, decompressing and recovering normal pressure for later use;
s3, moisture adjusting treatment: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) carrying out moisture modulation on the Qimen black tea subjected to the preparation treatment in the step S2 through mixed gas, controlling the internal temperature of the black tea preparation machine (1) to be 0-4 ℃, mixing atomized water vapor and nitrogen to form the mixed gas, carrying out humidification treatment on the Qimen black tea, controlling the humidification treatment time to be 120-200S, detecting the moisture content of the Qimen black tea after the humidification treatment is finished, controlling the moisture standard reaching content of the Qimen black tea after the humidification treatment to be M2, controlling the range of M2 to be 10-16%, and carrying out S4 operation when the moisture content is controlled to be M2; when the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is lower than 10%, performing humidification processing for 30 seconds again, detecting the moisture content of the Qimen black tea again, when the moisture content is controlled at M2, performing S4 operation, and if the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is still lower than 10%, repeating the humidification processing for 30 seconds and the moisture detection until the moisture content of the Qimen black tea is controlled at M2;
s4, cryolite treatment: mixing liquid nitrogen with the Qimen black tea in the step S3 for 20-40S;
s5, placing the Qimen black tea subjected to ice crystal treatment in the S4 into a planetary ball mill for dry ball milling to obtain superfine crushed Qimen black tea powder;
The inner container of the planetary ball mill is a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container; the grinding balls adopted in the planetary ball mill are nonmetal grinding balls; the nonmetal grinding ball is one of an agate grinding ball, a corundum grinding ball, a tungsten carbide grinding ball and a zirconia grinding ball; the planetary ball mill is a miniature omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P400E, a miniature planetary ball mill F-P400, a high-energy omnibearing planetary ball mill F-P2000E or a miniature planetary ball mill-horizontal tank type F-P400H with a heat dissipation function;
The grinding ball specification comprises 0.5-1mm grinding ball, 1-3mm grinding ball, 3-5mm grinding ball and 5-8mm grinding ball, wherein the mass of the 0.5-1mm grinding ball accounts for 10-15% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 1-3mm grinding ball accounts for 25-40% of the total mass of the grinding ball, the mass of the 3-5mm grinding ball accounts for 20-25% of the total mass of the grinding ball, and the balance is 5-8mm grinding ball.
2. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 1, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: and in the step S3, the internal temperature of the black tea prefabricating integrated machine (1) is controlled at 4 ℃.
3. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 1, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the moisture content of the Qimen black tea in the step S3 is controlled to be 11-12.5%.
4. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 1, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the planetary ball mill in S5 carries out variable speed dry ball milling on the Qimen black tea, and the variable speed dry ball milling is specifically carried out by alternately carrying out differential dry milling treatment by a program A and a program B under the protection of nitrogen, and the program A is set: ball milling at 200-260rpm for 100-120s, setting procedure B: ball milling is carried out for 20-30s at 500-600rpm, the starting times of the program A are controlled to be 5-6 times, and the starting times of the program B are controlled to be 4-5 times.
5. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 1, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: according to the moisture content M1 of the Qimen black tea before the prefabrication treatment and the moisture standard reaching content M2 of the Qimen black tea after the humidification treatment, the volume V of the mixture gas inside the black tea prefabrication integrated machine (1) can be calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows: v= [ K x M (M2-M1) ] V atomized water vapor , where M is the mass of the keemun black tea; m1 is the water content of the Qimen black tea before the prefabrication treatment; m2 is the moisture content of the humidificated Qimen black tea reaching the standard; v atomized water vapor is the content of atomized water vapor in the mixed gas; k is the loss coefficient of the humidifying water, and the stable value is 1.62-1.68 in test.
6. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 1, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the black tea prefabricating integrated machine (1) comprises a vacuumizing pump set (2), a prefabricating kettle body (21), a stirring and dispersing assembly (22), an air humidifier (23) and a liquid nitrogen storage tank (26), wherein the vacuumizing pump set (2) is communicated with the top of the prefabricating kettle body (21); the air humidifier (23) is communicated with the top of the prefabricated kettle body (21) through a first connecting pipeline (211); the first connecting pipeline (211) is circumferentially communicated with a nitrogen storage tank (24); the nitrogen storage tank (24) is communicated with the first connecting pipeline (211) through a second connecting pipeline (212); the second connecting pipeline (212) is fixedly communicated with a first electromagnetic valve (241) and a first volume flowmeter (242) in sequence along a nitrogen conveying method; the gas distribution assembly (25) is fixedly connected in the prefabricated kettle body (21), and the gas distribution assembly (25) is communicated with the first connecting pipeline (211); the liquid nitrogen storage tank (26) is communicated with the gas distribution assembly (25); the stirring and dispersing assembly (22) is rotatably connected to the prefabricated kettle body (21) and is used for stirring and dispersing the Qimen black tea; a third connecting pipe (213) is fixedly connected to the bottom of the prefabricated kettle body (21); the third connecting pipe (213) is fixedly communicated with a second electromagnetic valve (214); one end of the third connecting pipe (213) back to the prefabricated kettle body (21) is fixedly communicated with a prefabricated black tea storage box (30); the third connecting pipe (213) is fixedly connected with a fourth connecting pipe (3) in the circumferential direction; one end of the fourth connecting pipe (3) is fixedly connected with the circumference of the third connecting pipe (213) and the other end of the fourth connecting pipe is fixedly connected with the nitrogen storage tank (24); the fourth connecting pipe (3) is fixedly communicated with a third electromagnetic valve (31), a second volumetric flowmeter (32) and a supercharger (33) in sequence along a nitrogen conveying method; the connection part of the fourth connecting pipe (3) and the third connecting pipe (213) is positioned at the downstream of the second electromagnetic valve (214).
7. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 6, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the gas distribution assembly (25) comprises a connecting circular pipe (251) and at least four gas distribution branch pipes (252), wherein one end of each gas distribution branch pipe (252) is closed, and the other end of each gas distribution branch pipe is communicated with the connecting circular pipe (251); the gas distribution branch pipes (252) are uniformly arranged around the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body (21), and included angles formed between adjacent gas distribution branch pipes (252) are equal; the gas distribution branch pipe (252) is provided with a plurality of air holes (253) along the length direction of the gas distribution branch pipe; the air hole (253) is arranged towards the central axis of the prefabricated kettle body (21).
8. The superfine grinding treatment method of the keemun black tea according to claim 6, wherein the superfine grinding treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the stirring and dispersing assembly (22) comprises a driving motor (221), a spiral conveying shaft (222), a conveying pipeline (223), a flow guiding wafer (224) and a fixing support rod (225), wherein the driving motor (221) is fixedly connected to the top of the prefabricated kettle body (21); one end of the spiral conveying shaft (222) is fixedly connected with an output shaft of the driving motor (221) through a coupler; the other end of the spiral conveying shaft (222) rotates to penetrate through the top of the prefabricated kettle body (21) and extends to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body (21); one end of the fixed support rod (225) is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the conveying pipeline (223), and the other end of the fixed support rod (225) is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the prefabricated kettle body (21); a part of the spiral conveying shaft (222) is positioned in the conveying pipeline (223); the central axis of the conveying pipeline (223) coincides with the central axis of the spiral conveying shaft (222); the flow-guiding wafer (224) is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the top of the conveying pipeline (223), so that the Qimen black tea conveyed to the top of the conveying pipeline (223) through the spiral conveying shaft (222) falls back to the inner bottom of the prefabricated kettle body (21) through the flow guiding of the flow-guiding wafer (224).
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