CN115657314B - AR diffraction optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides an AR diffraction optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation, which comprises: a light source, a coupling exit grating, a first diffractive optical element, a second diffractive optical element, and a waveguide; the light source emits an incident light beam with an initial wave front to irradiate the first diffraction optical element, a plane wave front is formed after modulation and is vertically incident to the second diffraction optical element, the incident light beam is reflected into the inside of the waveguide along a diffraction angle theta after wave front phase modulation is carried out on the incident light beam through the second diffraction optical element, and the plane wave front phase is kept to be continuously transmitted in the waveguide by utilizing total reflection; the incident light beams are coupled through coupling emergent gratings at different positions to form emergent light beams with different orders to be emergent and enter eyes, and an imaging process is completed. The invention solves the problem that the original light of different orders experiences crosstalk between the emergent light of different orders due to the increase of the light spot size.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of diffraction optics, in particular to an AR diffraction optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation.
Background
The augmented reality technology, namely the AR technology, provides virtual information for a user through technologies such as images, videos and 3D models while displaying a real scene, and realizes fusion of surrounding visual environment and virtual graphic information, namely real environment and virtual objects are overlapped on the same picture or space in real time, and a new environment with richer perception effect is presented to the user. The augmented reality technology can be widely applied to the fields of military, industrial design and manufacture, medical treatment, entertainment, education and the like by means of the unique characteristic that the projected image can be superimposed on the real environment perceived by a user, so that the augmented reality technology affects and even changes certain information interaction modes in various industries, production and life, and has huge potential application value. The optical display schemes in the current mature augmented reality technology are mainly divided into a prism scheme, a birdbath scheme, a free-form surface scheme, an off-axis holographic lens scheme, and a waveguide (Lightguide) scheme.
The existing schemes except the waveguide have the problems of large system size, heavy equipment quality and the like. The waveguide solution can greatly reduce the size and weight of the equipment while ensuring imaging quality. In the current market development and research direction, the diffraction optical waveguide is used as the main stream, and although Microsoft (Microsoft) and Magic Leap and other companies have product output, the products in the market all use two-piece optical waveguide structures to input light (red+green & green+blue) with different wavelengths into different waveguide sheets for image or optical information transmission. In the optical waveguide, the propagation direction of the blue light and part of the green light is deflected by a specific angle by the diffraction effect of the coupling incidence grating (the diffraction optical element 1), and the light can be propagated in the optical waveguide medium by utilizing the characteristic of total reflection. In the same way, the propagation direction of the part of light is deflected by a specific angle by using the diffraction effect of the coupling incidence grating (the diffraction optical element 2) of the remaining green light and red light on the second optical waveguide, and the part of light can be propagated in the optical waveguide medium by using the characteristic of total reflection. After the light propagates to a specific position, the light propagated in each waveguide is deflected by a certain angle by utilizing the diffraction effect of the light propagated in the optical waveguide on the coupling emergent grating (the diffraction optical element 3), and the light enters human eyes to finally image on retina after the total reflection limitation of the optical waveguide is removed.
As shown in fig. 1, light emitted from the light source enters the optical waveguide at different angles after being coupled into the grating, and the light is totally reflected at the interface of the optical waveguide and propagates rightward by utilizing the total reflection effect of the light at the interface of the waveguide material and the outside (air). After traveling a certain distance, the light is incident on the coupling-out grating of the surface, wherein a part of the light is acted upon by the coupling-out grating to leave the optical waveguide, another part is reflected and the light splits at the next time of incidence of the coupling-out grating to leave the optical waveguide, and the other part is reflected to continue to propagate in the optical waveguide. The light coupled out at different positions is regarded as outgoing light of different orders.
The prior AR diffraction optical waveguide optical system has the problems of light separation of different colors caused by the dispersion characteristic of a medium material, mutual crosstalk among different reflection orders caused by the gradual increase of the beam size caused by the condition of different diffraction angles corresponding to different view angles, and obvious reduction of the light position coupling efficiency of an edge view angle caused by the prior incident coupling grating structure under a large view angle.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation, which designs the microstructure of the diffractive optical element at several positions of the sheet optical waveguide based on the physical optical wavefront analysis and the characteristics of the optical element on wavefront modulation, so as to realize the modulation requirements (wavefront modulation/shaping, and direction deflection) of each diffractive optical element on the optical field at different positions, and further realize the propagation of optical information at a large field angle.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
the invention provides an AR diffraction optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation, which comprises: a light source, a coupling exit grating, a first diffractive optical element, a second diffractive optical element, and a waveguide;
the light source emits an incident light beam with an initial wave front, the incident light beam irradiates a first diffraction optical element positioned on the upper surface of the waveguide, the incident light beam is modulated by the first diffraction optical element to form a plane wave front and vertically enters a second diffraction optical element positioned on the lower surface of the waveguide, and the incident light beam with the plane wave front is modulated by the second diffraction optical element in a wave front phase mode and then is diffracted along a diffraction angle with high diffraction efficiencyReflecting into the interior of the waveguide and continuing to maintain the planar wavefront phase continuing to utilize total reflection into the waveguidePropagating the row; coupling emergent gratings are respectively arranged at different positions on the lower surface of the waveguide, incident light beams are coupled through the coupling emergent gratings at different positions to form emergent light beams with different orders to be emergent and enter human eyes, and an imaging process is completed.
Preferably, the upper and lower surfaces of the waveguide are parallel to each other.
Preferably, one part of the incident light beam is coupled through a coupling emergent grating to form a first-order emergent light beam for emergent;
the other part of the light beam is reflected by the coupling emergent grating and is incident to the coupling emergent grating at the next position for coupling in the next propagation to form a second-stage emergent light beam for emergent, and the other part of the light beam is reflected by the coupling emergent grating to continue to propagate in the waveguide by utilizing total reflection.
Preferably, the design process of the first diffractive optical element is:
is built at a certain position by a local linear grating approximation methodWhere the incident wavefront->Local linear approximation grating period->And emergent wave front->A relationship between;
from the outgoing beam wavefront direction it is possible to determine:；
then a local linear approximation of the grating period at each location can be establishedIncident wavefront wave vector corresponding to position +.>The relation between them is:
wherein,the wave vector and the grating normal angle;
solving for local linear approximate grating periodThen, the band line density function is obtained>；
Further solving a preliminary structure of the first diffractive optical element;
and then, optimally designing the preliminary structural groove type of the first diffractive optical element, improving the diffraction efficiency result of each position, and finally obtaining the structural parameters of the optimized first diffractive optical element.
Preferably, the design process of the second diffractive optical element is:
establishing a relationship between dielectric constant and spatial position for the groove profile in grating period d of the second diffractive optical element by a rigorous coupled wave analysis method；
And solving maxwell's equations in the space near the second diffractive optical element using the periodic distribution of the groove patterns of the second diffractive optical element in the space near the second diffractive optical element;
according to the rigorous coupled wave analysis method, when the electrolyte constants exhibit a periodic distribution, the optical field satisfies the following characteristic equation in the spatial frequency domain:
wherein,,/>,/>,/>4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters of the i-th layer film;
is a coordinate in the spatial frequency domain space;
for the X-component and Y-component of the light field in the vertical propagation direction, +.>；
The distribution of the light field in the nearby space is:
wherein,
for the scaling factor of the feature vector corresponding to not all zero,>；
is the eigenvector of the eigenvector equation>；/>Is an integer number set;
the light field transmission matrix M of the light field in the grating structure is obtained as follows:
wherein,
is a grating period;
is a height distribution function in a single period;
is an electrolyte constant distribution function;
when the light field passes through the multilayer dielectric film structure, the light field passing through the ith layer film is:
wherein,
is the light field behind the ith layer of film;
is the light field after the i-1 th layer film;
A i ,B i ,C i ,D i the coefficients are respectively 4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters (medium refractive index and film thickness) of the ith film.
The exit light field function through the multilayer dielectric filmThe method comprises the following steps:
wherein,
the transmission matrix of the ith layer film to the light field;
thereby obtaining the emergent light field functionIncident light field function with the second diffractive optical element>The relation between the two is:
the method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein M is ML Optical field transmission matrix for multilayer dielectric film of second diffraction optical element, M G Is a transmission matrix of the grating structure of the second diffractive optical element.
Compared with the prior art, the invention modulates the wave-front phase of the light field to be coupled into the optical waveguide into a plane wave-front phase by designing the novel diffractive optical element 1. After the phase is modulated into the plane wavefront phase, the diffraction characteristics (high diffraction efficiency of a specific order) of the diffractive optical element 2 are utilized to make the light beam of the plane wavefront reflected and diffracted along the direction of the specific order, the plane wavefront phase is still satisfied, the diffraction angle satisfies the constraint condition that total reflection occurs at the boundary, and the light can be ensured to be transmitted backward in the optical waveguide by utilizing the total reflection at the upper and lower surfaces.
After the modulation into the plane wave front phase, the size of the light beam can be fully limited, and in the subsequent propagation process, the plane wave front phase can still be kept, and the original light beam size is kept for propagation. Under the condition of fixed beam size, the problem that the original light of different orders experiences crosstalk between the outgoing light of different orders due to the increase of the spot size is solved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a one-dimensional optical path structure of a conventional AR diffractive optical waveguide technology.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional optical path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a two-dimensional optical path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a coupled outgoing light path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein reference numerals include: an illumination area 1, a light source 11, a coupling-in grating 2, a coupling-out grating 3, a first diffractive optical element 4, a second diffractive optical element 5 and a waveguide 6.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, like modules are denoted by like reference numerals. In the case of the same reference numerals, their names and functions are also the same. Therefore, a detailed description thereof will not be repeated.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic three-dimensional optical path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a two-dimensional optical path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 2-3, an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an illumination area 1, a light source 11, a coupling-in grating 2, a coupling-out grating 3, a first diffractive optical element 4, a second diffractive optical element 5 and a waveguide 6.
The light source 11 emits an incident light beam with an initial wavefront to illuminate the upper surface of the waveguide 6, and the incident light beam is modulated by the coupling incidence grating 2 positioned on the upper surface of the waveguide 6 and then vertically incident on the lower surface of the waveguide 6. The upper and lower surfaces of the waveguide 6 are parallel to each other.
The coupling-in grating 2 provided in one embodiment of the invention is a first diffractive optical element 4.
The initial wavefront phase of the incident light beam is modulated into a planar wavefront phase by the first diffractive optical element 4, that is, the directions of the incident light wave vectors at the respective positions of the incident light beam are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the waveguide 6, and the modulated planar wavefront passing through the first diffractive optical element 4 is perpendicularly incident on the lower surface of the waveguide 6. After the light with the planar wavefront phase irradiates the lower surface of the optical waveguide 6, the light is modulated again by the wavefront phase of the second diffractive optical element 5 and then enters a specific diffraction angleReflection into the interior of the waveguide 6 occurs with high diffraction efficiency and continues to keep the planar wavefront phase propagating in the optical waveguide using total reflection.
Since the upper and lower surfaces of the waveguide 6 are in a parallel state, the incident angle of the light beam on the upper and lower surfaces of the waveguide 6 during propagation is equal to the diffraction angle at the second diffractive optical element 5(this angle is required to satisfy the condition of total reflection of light on the surface of the optical waveguide material and air:
n waveguide (λ)*sinθ＞n air (λ)/k waveguide (λ)*sinθ＞k air (λ)
the incident light beam propagates along the inside of the waveguide 6 in the form of a planar wavefront phase, propagates to a position near the human eye, is coupled to exit via the wavefront phase modulation of the coupling exit grating 3, and enters into the human eye for imaging.
Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a coupled outgoing light path structure of an AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The incident light beam propagates through the optical waveguide 6 by total reflection, passes through the plurality of illumination areas 1 during propagation, and is incident on the coupling-out grating 3 located on the lower surface of the waveguide 6 after propagation by total reflection a plurality of times. Coupling-out gratings 3 are respectively arranged at different positions on the lower surface of the waveguide 6, and light coupled out by the coupling-out gratings 3 is regarded as emergent light of different orders.
One part of the incident light beam is coupled through the coupling emergent grating 3 to form first-order emergent light for emergent, the other part is reflected and coupled to form second-order emergent light for emergent when the incident light beam is next incident on the coupling emergent grating 3, and the other part is reflected to continue to propagate in the optical waveguide.
The design process of the first diffractive optical element 4 is:
the first diffractive optical element 4 is used to modulate the optical field of the incident light beam having wave vectors of different directions at respective positions into the optical field having wave fronts of the same direction wave vector, and to improve the diffraction efficiency at respective positions as much as possible.
According to the above requirement, a local linear grating approximation method (Local Linear Grating Approximation) is adopted to establish a certain positionWhere the incident wavefront->Local linear approximation grating->An outgoing wavefrontIs a relationship of (3).
Emergent wave front according to requirementsThe direction may be determined as:then, at each position, an equation between the local linear approximation grating period and the corresponding position wave vector can be established as follows:
wherein,is the angle between the wave vector and the grating normal.
After solving the local period, then solving the line density functionAnd then solving the preliminary structure (the distribution of the score lines and the local width of the groove pattern) of the preliminary first diffraction optical element 4, and then optimally designing the groove pattern to improve the diffraction efficiency result of each position. Finally, the optimized structural parameters of the first diffractive optical element 4 are obtained.
The design process of the second diffractive optical element 5 is:
establishing a relation between dielectric constants and spatial positions for groove-type distribution (height function z (x, y)) in single period d of second diffraction optical element by using strict coupled wave analysis method；
And solving maxwell's equations in the space near the second diffractive optical element using the periodic distribution of the groove patterns of the second diffractive optical element in the space;
according to the rigorous coupled wave analysis method, when the electrolyte constants are periodically distributed, the optical field satisfies the following characteristic equation in the space (k-domain) of the spatial frequency domain:
wherein:,/>,/>,/>4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters of the layer 1 film; />Representing coordinates in the spatial frequency domain space, +.>Two components representing the vertical propagation direction of the light field, due to the remaining 4 light field components E z ,H x ,H y ,H z Can be combined by Maxwell's equations->Calculated, and therefore not represented in the formula.
The distribution of the light field in this space can be expressed as:
in the middle ofRepresenting the corresponding scale factor of each feature vector, which is not all zero, < >>，/>Is an integer number set;representative characteristic squareCharacteristic vector of the program, ">The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the According to the light transmission requirement, eliminate->The part of the evanescent wave represented, which actually represents the calculation, contains only +.>Is described. Wherein the eigenvector consists of the incident light field and the dielectric constant distribution function +.>The scaling factor is determined by the boundary conditions determined by the incident light field. Each feature vector actually represents a different diffraction order corresponding to the diffraction effect that occurs during light transmission.
At the same time according to the grating periodHeight distribution function within a single period +.>Electrolyte constant distribution functionDetermining a light field transmission matrix of a light field in a grating structure>。
Regarding the diffraction light of the required order as the direction information, the diffraction order energy distribution ratio (andrelated) results on the same. Its overall effect can be achieved by using a light field transmission matrix M G And (3) representing.
The process of light field passing through the single-layer dielectric film structure can be expressed in a matrix form:
then, under the multi-layer dielectric film structure, the process of passing through the ith layer film can be expressed as:
wherein the method comprises the steps ofRepresenting the light field after the ith film, i.e. the light field before the i+1 film, and the same applies +.>Representing the light field after the i-1 th layer film, namely the light field before the i layer film; a is that i ,B i ,C i ,D i Is 4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters (medium refractive index, film thickness) of the ith film.
The light field before and after passing through the entire multilayer dielectric film can be related by a plurality of matrices:
in the middle ofRepresenting the transmission matrix of the ith film to the light field, the result shows that the corresponding light field modulation effect under the multi-layer dielectric film structure can use a matrix M ML And (3) representing.
Thereby obtaining the light field function of the required diffraction orderIncident light field function with second diffractive optical elementThe relation of (2) is:
；M ML optical field transmission matrix for multilayer dielectric film of second diffraction optical element, M G Is a transmission matrix of the grating structure of the second diffractive optical element.
The energy of the light field of the required order is maximized by optimizing the groove type structure of the grating and optimizing the parameters of the dielectric film structure.
While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives and variations may be made to the above embodiments by one of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the invention.
The above embodiments of the present invention do not limit the scope of the present invention. Any of various other corresponding changes and modifications made according to the technical idea of the present invention should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation, comprising: a light source, a coupling exit grating, a first diffractive optical element, a second diffractive optical element, and a waveguide;
the light source emits an incident light beam with an initial wave front to irradiate a first diffraction optical element positioned on the upper surface of the waveguide, the incident light beam is modulated by the first diffraction optical element to form a plane wave front and vertically incident to a second diffraction optical element positioned on the lower surface of the waveguide, and the incident light beam with the plane wave front is modulated by the second diffraction optical element in a wave front phase mode and then is diffracted along a diffraction angle with high diffraction efficiencyReflecting into the interior of the waveguide and continuing to maintain a planar wavefront phase continuing to propagate in the waveguide using total reflection; at different positions of the lower surface of the waveguideThe coupling emergent gratings are arranged, the incident light beams are coupled through the coupling emergent gratings at different positions to form emergent light beams with different orders to be emergent and enter eyes, and an imaging process is completed;
the waveguide is characterized in that the upper surface and the lower surface of the waveguide are parallel to each other;
one part of the incident light beams are coupled through the coupling emergent grating to form a first-order emergent light beam for emergent;
another part of the light beams are reflected by the coupling emergent grating and are incident to the coupling emergent grating at the next position in the next propagation to be coupled to form a second-stage emergent light beam for emergent, and the other part of the light beams are reflected by the coupling emergent grating to continue to propagate in the waveguide by using total reflection;
the design process of the first diffractive optical element is as follows:
is built at a certain position by a local linear grating approximation methodWhere the incident wavefront->Local linear approximation grating period->And emergent wave front->A relationship between;
from the outgoing beam wavefront direction it is possible to determine:；
then a local linear approximation of the grating period at each location can be establishedWith incident wave front vector at corresponding positionThe relation between them is:
wherein,the wave vector and the grating normal angle;
solving for local linear approximate grating periodThen, the band line density function is obtained>；
Further solving a preliminary structure of the first diffractive optical element;
and optimally designing the preliminary structure groove type of the first diffractive optical element, improving the diffraction efficiency result of each position, and finally obtaining the optimized structural parameters of the first diffractive optical element.
2. The AR diffractive optical waveguide device based on optical field wavefront phase modulation according to claim 1, wherein the design process of the second diffractive optical element is:
establishing a relationship between dielectric constant and spatial position for the groove profile in grating period d of the second diffractive optical element by a rigorous coupled wave analysis method；
And solving maxwell's equations in the space near the second diffractive optical element using the periodic distribution of the groove patterns of the second diffractive optical element in the space near the second diffractive optical element;
according to the rigorous coupled wave analysis method, when the electrolyte constants exhibit a periodic distribution, the optical field satisfies the following characteristic equation in the spatial frequency domain:
wherein,,/>,/>,/>4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters of the layer 1 film;
is a coordinate in the spatial frequency domain space;
for the X-component and Y-component of the light field in the vertical propagation direction, +.>；
The distribution of the light field in the nearby space is:
wherein,
is characterized byThe vector corresponds to a scaling factor of not all zeros, ">；
Is the eigenvector of the eigenvector equation>；/>Is an integer number set;
the optical field transmission matrix M of the optical field in the grating structure is obtained by:
regarding the diffraction light of the required order as the result of the direction information acting on the corresponding eigenvector by the light field transmission matrix M containing the grating structure information and the diffraction order energy distribution proportion of the energy information determined by the incident light, the whole acting effect can be achieved by using one light field transmission matrix M G A representation;
wherein,for the grating period;
is a height distribution function in a single period;
is an electrolyte constant distribution function;
when the light field passes through the multilayer dielectric film structure, the light field passing through the ith layer film is as follows:
wherein,
is the light field behind the ith layer of film;
is the light field after the i-1 th layer film;
A i ,B i ,C i ,D i 4 coefficients determined by the multidimensional structural parameters of the i-th layer film;
the exit light field function through the multilayer dielectric filmThe method comprises the following steps:
wherein M is i The transmission matrix of the ith layer film to the light field; the result shows that the corresponding light field modulation effect under the multi-layer dielectric film structure can use a matrix M ML A representation;
thereby obtaining the emergent light field functionIncident light field function with said second diffractive optical element>The relation between the two is:
；
wherein M is ML For the second diffractive optical elementOptical field transmission matrix of multi-layer dielectric film, M G Is a transmission matrix of the grating structure of the second diffractive optical element.
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| CN115657314A (en) | 2023-01-31 |
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