CN115651429B - Low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 SiC composite high-emissivity coating material - Google Patents
Low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 SiC composite high-emissivity coating material Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 229910010038 TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000013035 low temperature curing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 122
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- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
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- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention relates to a low-temperature curing TiAl 3 ‑Al 2 O 3 ‑CuO‑Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material is suitable for high-emissivity coating of high-temperature titanium alloy of aviation and aerospace craft. The metal-ceramic mixed powder is adopted as a main component, mixed according to a certain proportion, coated by a bonding method and heat treated at the temperature lower than 650 ℃ to form the composite high-emissivity coating. TiAl in parts by volume 3 The content of the components is more than 0 to 30 parts, al 2 O 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 20 parts, the CuO powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, cr 2 O 3 The powder content ranges from more than 0 to 30 parts, and the SiC powder content ranges from more than 0 to 40 parts. The composite high-emissivity coating material contains TiAl 3 The continuous layer has high emissivity and good high-temperature oxidation resistance, can block high-temperature oxidation of the titanium alloy, and ensures high-temperature bonding strength of the composite high-emissivity coating.
Description
Technical field:
the invention relates to a low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material is suitable for high-emissivity coating of high-temperature titanium alloy of aviation and aerospace craft.
The background technology is as follows:
the high-emissivity coating (also called high-emissivity coating) is a heat protection material taking infrared radiation heat exchange as a main way, has the advantages of thin thickness, light weight, stable structure at high temperature and the like, and is an effective way for reducing the surface temperature of a hypersonic aircraft metal skin in the aviation and aerospace fields [ TANG H, SUN Q, YI CG, et al high emissivity coatings on titanium alloy prepared by micro-arc oxidation for high temperature application, J.Mater. Sci,2012,47:2162-2168; HE XD, LIYB, WANG LD, et al, high emissivity coatings for high temperature application: progress and prospect, thin Solid film, 2009,517,5120-5129]. In recent years, along with the development trend of the weight reduction of aviation and aerospace vehicles, a great amount of high-temperature titanium alloy materials are increasingly required to be used, so that the development of high-radiation coatings suitable for high-temperature titanium alloys is increasingly urgent.
Early high-emissivity coating materials mainly comprise silicon carbide, zirconia, zircon sand and other single substances or compounds as radiation components, such as: enecoat infrared radiation coating products, offered by the company Herbert Beven, england, europe and Australia [ Herbert Beven & Co Ltd. Enecoat high emissivity furnace coating, cram. Indust. J.1988,6:76-79]. At present, the development of infrared radiation paint has entered the stages of coating ultrafine thinning, component complicating and functional diversification development. Such as: the ET-4 coating component developed by CRC company in the United states comprises zirconia, silica and alumina; domestic [ Ouyang Degang, zhao Xiujian, hu Tieshan, development and due status of infrared radiation coating and development trend thereof, wu steel technology, 2001, 39:13-16], wherein the HT-1 high-emissivity coating developed by Shanghai silicate research institute comprises various minerals such as chromite, ilmenite, zircon sand and the like; NH9 infrared radiation paint developed by Nanjing aviation aerospace university contains various oxides such as manganese dioxide, cobalt oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide and the like. However, the sintering temperature of the currently applied high-radiation coating material is generally higher than 1000 ℃ [ Liu Lei, fan Xian, hu Xiaoming and the like, the preparation and performance research of the high-thermal-shock-resistance infrared radiation energy-saving coating, the infrared technology, 2014, 36, 156-161] are far higher than the use temperature (not higher than 650 ℃) of the titanium alloy, and the mechanical property of the titanium alloy material is greatly reduced by coating the coating. The low-temperature cured high-emission coating has the advantages that the oxide and the titanium alloy undergo a curing reaction, oxygen diffuses into a matrix to reduce mechanical properties, and meanwhile, the binding force is reduced, so that the actual requirements cannot be met. Therefore, developing a high emissivity coating for high temperature titanium alloys that has better overall properties remains a major challenge.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, and the coating is used for high-temperature titanium alloy aircraft skin, and the height is reduced by Wen TaigeGold surface temperature.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material adopts metal-ceramic mixed powder as a main component, and TiAl is used as a main component according to the volume parts 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, al 2 O 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 20 parts, the CuO powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, cr 2 O 3 The powder content ranges from more than 0 to 30 parts, and the SiC powder content ranges from more than 0 to 40 parts.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, preferably TiAl in parts by volume 3 The powder content ranges from 5 parts to 30 parts, and Al 2 O 3 The powder content ranges from 5 parts to 15 parts, the CuO powder content ranges from 5 parts to 15 parts, and Cr 2 O 3 The powder content range is 10-20 parts, and the SiC powder content range is 10-25 parts.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, preferably TiAl 3 The powder content ranges from 10 parts to 20 parts.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, tiAl 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.5-5 microns, al 2 O 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.005-0.05 micron, the granularity of the CuO powder is 0.5-5 micron, and the granularity of the Cr is 2 O 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.01-1 micron, and the granularity of the SiC powder is 0.1-10 microns.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, and TiAl is coated by adopting a bonding method 3 Powder is coated on the surface of the matrix to form TiAl 3 Continuous layer, and then adopting adhesive coating method to make Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powderCoating the mixed ceramic powder on TiAl 3 The continuous layer surface is prepared into a composite high-emissivity coating by heat treatment, and the composite high-emissivity coating is an inner layer TiAl 3 The coating and the outer ceramic mixed coating form a double-layer structure.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, and adhesive used in the adhesive coating method is derived from, but not limited to, siO 2 Sol, al 2 O 3 Sol, alPO 4 Sol, al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 Sol or water glass.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, the heat treatment temperature being not higher than 650 ℃.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, preferably, has a heat treatment temperature of 300 to 650 ℃.
The low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 SiC composite high-emissivity coating material with inner layer TiAl 3 The thickness of the coating is 2-20 micrometers, and the thickness of the outer ceramic mixed coating is 10-50 micrometers.
The design idea of the invention is as follows:
the invention designs low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material can form stable and compact combination with high-temperature titanium alloy, and the coating has good compatibility with a matrix, wherein: tiAl 3 The function is to block the diffusion of oxide components of the coating or oxygen elements in the air into the substrate; al (Al) 2 O 3 The function is to form coating filler, so as to ensure the uniform compactness of the coating; cuO, cr 2 O 3 The SiC plays a role of high emissivity filler, so that the coating has high radiation performance in multiband and multi-temperature areas, and the surface skin temperature is reduced.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the composite high-emissivity coating material designed by the invention has good high emissivity (the emissivity of the coating is not less than 0.900) and the effect of reducing the surface temperature of the titanium alloy.
2. The composite high-emissivity coating material is prepared by adopting a mixed powder method, the proportion of the mixed powder is easy to regulate and control, and the construction process is simple and flexible.
3. The composite high-emissivity coating is prepared by a low-temperature curing method, and has no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy.
4. The invention has simple operation, easy control, high efficiency and lower cost, and the performance test shows that the coating has stable high-temperature radiation performance, and the technology is not reported at home and abroad.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 Sectional tissue map of SiC composite high-emissivity coating. In the figure, the composite high-emissivity coating is divided into a double-layer structure, and the part close to the substrate is TiAl 3 A continuous layer outside of Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC mixed layer, substrate.
Detailed Description
In the specific implementation process, the composite high-emissivity coating material adopts metal-ceramic mixed powder as a main component, and TiAl is selected 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC mixed powder, tiAl in parts by volume 3 The content of the components is more than 0 to 30 parts, al 2 O 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 20 parts, the CuO powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, cr 2 O 3 The powder content ranges from more than 0 to 30 parts, and the SiC powder content ranges from more than 0 to 40 parts. The metal powder and the ceramic mixed powder are sequentially coated by adopting a bonding coating method, and then the composite high-emissivity coating is cured by heat treatment at the temperature lower than 650 ℃ so as to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with better compactness, matrix compatibility and thermal stability.
As shown in fig. 1, from TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 Of a composite high-emissivity coating of SiCAs can be seen from the sectional tissue diagram, the coating thickness is about 50 microns, and is composed of an inner layer of TiAl 3 And an outer hybrid coating. The coating is continuous, uniform and compact, has no penetrating crack, is tightly combined with the matrix, and has good bonding strength.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
In this embodiment, according to 3:4:3:3:7, taking TiAl 3 Powder (particle size 5 microns), al 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.005 μm), cuO powder (particle size of 0.5 μm), cr 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 1 micron), siC powder (particle size of 10 microns), and Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Mixing and ball milling the powder and SiC powder for 60min.
First, siO is used as 2 The sol is adhesive, tiAl 3 Powder and SiO 2 Sol according to volume ratio 1:1 are uniformly mixed and then coated on the surface of a Ti65 matrix to form TiAl 3 A continuous layer; then, with SiO 2 The sol was used as a binder, and ceramic mixed powder (Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powder) and SiO 2 Sol according to volume ratio 1:1 are uniformly mixed and then coated on the surface of the Ti65 alloy. And then heat-treating at 300 ℃ for 24 hours, cooling along with a furnace, and solidifying to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with the thickness of 50 micrometers.
In this embodiment, the composite high emissivity coating is an inner TiAl layer 3 Double-layer structure formed by coating and outer ceramic mixed coating, tiAl 3 The thickness of the coating was 5 microns, the thickness of the ceramic mix coating was 45 microns, and the emissivity of the coating was 0.900.
Example 2
In this embodiment, the following is 1:4:5:5:4, taking TiAl 3 Powder (particle size 1 micron), al 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.01 micron), cuO powder (particle size of 2 micron), cr 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.5 μm), siC powder (particle size of 0.8 μm), and Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder and SiC powder mixed ballGrinding for 60min.
First, al is used as 2 O 3 The sol is adhesive, tiAl 3 Powder and Al 2 O 3 Sol according to volume ratio 1:2, after being uniformly mixed, coating the mixture on the surface of a Ti60 matrix to form TiAl 3 A continuous layer; then, with Al 2 O 3 The sol was used as a binder, and ceramic mixed powder (Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powder) and Al 2 O 3 Sol according to volume ratio 1:1 are uniformly mixed and then coated on the surface of the TA32 alloy. And then heat-treating at 500 ℃ for 5 hours, cooling along with a furnace, and solidifying to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with the thickness of 32 micrometers.
In this embodiment, the composite high emissivity coating is an inner TiAl layer 3 Double-layer structure formed by coating and outer ceramic mixed coating, tiAl 3 The thickness of the coating was 2 microns, the thickness of the ceramic mix coating was 30 microns, and the emissivity of the coating was 0.916.
Example 3
In this embodiment, according to 3:1:3:5:6, taking TiAl 3 Powder (particle size 1 micron), al 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.01 micron), cuO powder (particle size of 2 micron), cr 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.5 μm), siC powder (particle size of 0.8 μm), and Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Mixing and ball milling the powder and SiC powder for 60min.
First, alPO is used 4 The sol is adhesive, tiAl 3 Powder and AlPO 4 Sol according to volume ratio 1:2, uniformly mixing, and coating on the surface of the TA32 matrix to form TiAl 3 A continuous layer; then, with AlPO 4 The sol was used as a binder, and ceramic mixed powder (Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powder) and AlPO 4 Sol according to volume ratio 1:2, uniformly mixing and coating on the surface of the TA32 alloy. And then heat-treating at 600 ℃ for 2 hours, cooling along with a furnace, and solidifying to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with the thickness of 27 micrometers.
In this embodiment, the composite high emissivity coating is an inner TiAl layer 3 Double-layer structure formed by coating and outer ceramic mixed coating，TiAl 3 The thickness of the coating was 7 microns, the thickness of the ceramic mix coating was 20 microns, and the emissivity of the coating was 0.918.
Example 4
In this embodiment, according to 3:1:3:5:6 volume ratio of TiAl 3 Powder (particle size of 2 μm), al 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.05 micron), cuO powder (particle size of 1 micron), cr 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.5 μm), siC powder (particle size of 0.8 μm), and Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Mixing and ball milling the powder and SiC powder for 60min.
First, al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 The sol is adhesive, tiAl 3 Powder and Al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 Sol according to volume ratio 1:3, uniformly mixing, and coating the mixture on the surface of a Ti65 matrix to form TiAl 3 A continuous layer; then, al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 The sol was used as a binder, and ceramic mixed powder (Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powder) and Al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 Sol according to volume ratio 1: and 3, uniformly mixing and coating the mixture on the surface of the Ti65 alloy layer. And then heat-treating at 650 ℃ for 2 hours, cooling along with a furnace, and solidifying to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with the thickness of 36 micrometers.
In this embodiment, the composite high emissivity coating is an inner TiAl layer 3 Double-layer structure formed by coating and outer ceramic mixed coating, tiAl 3 The thickness of the coating was 11 microns, the thickness of the ceramic mix coating was 25 microns, and the emissivity of the coating was 0.907.
Example 5
In this embodiment, the following is 1:4:5:5:4 volume ratio, tiAl 3 Powder (particle size of 2 μm), al 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.05 micron), cuO powder (particle size of 1 micron), cr 2 O 3 Powder (particle size of 0.5 μm), siC powder (particle size of 1.0 μm), and Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Mixing and ball milling the powder and SiC powder for 60min.
Firstly, water glass is used as adhesive, tiAl 3 Powder and waterGlass is prepared from the following components in percentage by volume: 1 are uniformly mixed and then coated on the surface of a Ti65 matrix to form TiAl 3 A continuous layer; then, the ceramic mixed powder (Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 Powder, siC powder) and water glass in a volume ratio of 1:1 are uniformly mixed and then coated on the surface of the Ti65 alloy. And then heat-treating at 650 ℃ for 1h, cooling along with a furnace, and solidifying to obtain the composite high-emissivity coating with the thickness of 50 micrometers.
In this embodiment, the composite high emissivity coating is an inner TiAl layer 3 Double-layer structure formed by coating and outer ceramic mixed coating, tiAl 3 The thickness of the coating was 15 microns, the thickness of the ceramic mix coating was 35 microns, and the emissivity of the coating was 0.906.
The results of the examples show that the composite high emissivity coating material of the invention contains TiAl 3 The continuous layer has high emissivity and better high-temperature oxidation resistance, can block high-temperature oxidation of the titanium alloy, ensures high-temperature bonding strength of the composite high-temperature coating, and is suitable for high-temperature titanium alloy high-temperature coatings of aerospace vehicles.
Claims (5)
1. Low-temperature curing TiAl 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 The SiC composite high-emissivity coating material is characterized in that the composite high-emissivity coating material adopts metal-ceramic mixed powder as a main component, and TiAl is used as a main component according to the volume parts 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, al 2 O 3 The powder content is more than 0 to 20 parts, the CuO powder content is more than 0 to 30 parts, cr 2 O 3 The powder content range is more than 0 to 30 parts, and the SiC powder content range is more than 0 to 40 parts;
TiAl is adhered and coated 3 Powder is coated on the surface of the matrix to form TiAl 3 Continuous layer, and then adopting adhesive coating method to make Al 2 O 3 Powder, cuO powder, cr 2 O 3 The mixed ceramic powder of the powder and the SiC powder is coated on TiAl 3 The continuous layer surface is prepared into a composite high-emissivity coating by heat treatment, and the composite high-emissivity coating is an inner layer TiAl 3 Coating and outer ceramic mixed coatingA bilayer structure of layers;
the adhesive used in the adhesive coating method is derived from SiO 2 Sol, al 2 O 3 Sol, alPO 4 Sol, al (H) 2 PO 4 ) 3 Sol or water glass;
the heat treatment temperature is 300-650 ℃.
2. The low temperature cured TiAl of claim 1 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, characterized in that, preferably, in parts by volume, tiAl 3 The powder content ranges from 5 parts to 30 parts, and Al 2 O 3 The powder content ranges from 5 parts to 15 parts, the CuO powder content ranges from 5 parts to 15 parts, and Cr 2 O 3 The powder content range is 10-20 parts, and the SiC powder content range is 10-25 parts.
3. A low temperature cured TiAl according to claim 2 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material, characterized in that, preferably, tiAl 3 The powder content ranges from 10 parts to 20 parts.
4. The low temperature cured TiAl of claim 1 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high-emissivity coating material characterized by TiAl 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.5-5 microns, al 2 O 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.005-0.05 micron, the granularity of the CuO powder is 0.5-5 micron, and the granularity of the Cr is 2 O 3 The granularity of the powder is 0.01-1 micron, and the granularity of the SiC powder is 0.1-10 microns.
5. The low temperature cured TiAl of claim 1 3 -Al 2 O 3 -CuO-Cr 2 O 3 -SiC composite high emissivity coating material characterized by an inner layer of TiAl 3 The thickness of the coating is 2-20 micrometers, and the thickness of the outer ceramic mixed coating is 10-50 micrometers.
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| RU2769142C1 (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-03-28 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Новые Технологии Покрытий" | METHOD FOR OBTAINING COATINGS BASED ON THE Ti-Al SYSTEM, SYNTHESIZED IN A MEDIUM OF REACTION GASES |
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| CN102134714A (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2011-07-27 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Alumina-reinforced high-temperature protective coating and preparation method thereof |
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| CN111910105A (en) * | 2019-05-09 | 2020-11-10 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | High-temperature oxidation resistant coating for titanium 65 alloy phosphate and preparation method thereof |
| RU2769142C1 (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-03-28 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Новые Технологии Покрытий" | METHOD FOR OBTAINING COATINGS BASED ON THE Ti-Al SYSTEM, SYNTHESIZED IN A MEDIUM OF REACTION GASES |
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