CN115650636A - Composite modified asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Composite modified asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115650636A CN115650636A CN202210816204.7A CN202210816204A CN115650636A CN 115650636 A CN115650636 A CN 115650636A CN 202210816204 A CN202210816204 A CN 202210816204A CN 115650636 A CN115650636 A CN 115650636A
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- modified asphalt
- asphalt
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- silicon nitride
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- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010042674 Swelling Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- SJECZPVISLOESU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCN SJECZPVISLOESU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001808 coupling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a composite modified asphalt mixture and a preparation method thereof, aiming at solving the technical problems of high and low temperature diseases and water damage of an asphalt pavement. The preparation raw materials mainly comprise mineral aggregate, asphalt parts, nano silicon nitride, silicon mud parts, coupling agent and the like, and the nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt improves the viscosity, can be uniformly coated on the surfaces of the aggregates and improves the interlocking force among the aggregates; meanwhile, the asphalt mixture has stronger deformation recovery capability, and the high-low temperature performance, the water damage resistance and the fatigue damage resistance of the asphalt mixture are obviously improved, so that the pavement performance of the asphalt mixture is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of road engineering materials, in particular to a composite modified asphalt mixture and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the rapid development of highway construction in China, the asphalt pavement has the advantages of sufficient mechanical strength, stable driving, comfort, small vibration, no dust emission, low noise, convenient maintenance and the like, and becomes the most widely applied pavement structural form in China. However, due to the increase of extreme weather of high and low temperatures and uncertainty of use environment, the phenomena of high and low temperature damage and water damage are easy to occur after the asphalt pavements of many expressways in China are built and operated, so that the service life of the pavements is greatly shortened, and many expressways enter the overhaul or transformation period in advance, thereby causing a great amount of economic loss.
The existing asphalt pavement mainly adopts high-temperature road surface cooling coating and other means aiming at high and low temperature technologies, but cannot simultaneously consider the damage of high temperature and low temperature to the pavement, and has no comprehensiveness. Therefore, the development of a novel modified asphalt mixture for solving the problems of high and low temperature diseases of the pavement is particularly critical.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the disclosure and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of at least one of the above technical problems, the present disclosure provides a composite modified asphalt mixture and a preparation method thereof, aiming at solving the technical problems of high and low temperature diseases and water damage of an asphalt pavement.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, a composite modified asphalt mixture is provided, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 portions of mineral aggregate, 4 to 8 portions of asphalt, 0.02 to 0.08 portion of nano silicon nitride, 0.20 to 0.60 portion of silicon mud and 0.003 to 0.016 portion of coupling agent.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the composite modified asphalt mixture is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 portions of mineral aggregate, 5 to 7 portions of asphalt, 0.03 to 0.06 portion of nano silicon nitride, 0.30 to 0.50 portion of silicon mud and 0.004 to 0.014 portion of coupling agent.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the composite modified asphalt mixture is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of mineral aggregate, 6.0 parts of asphalt, 0.036 parts of nano silicon nitride, 0.36 parts of silicon mud and 0.0072 parts of coupling agent.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, the coupling agent is KH-550 epoxy functional silane, gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (WD-56), or gamma- (beta-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (WD-51), in the case of KH-550, the alkoxy groups hydrolyze to form unstable silanol groups when dissolved in water, and the-RO functional group of the silane coupling agent can hydrolyze in water (including free water adsorbed on the surface of the filler) to form silanol groups which can react with Si 3 O 4 And the silicon ether alcohol group is chemically combined or combined with the original silicon ether alcohol group on the surface into a homogeneous system.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the asphalt is road petroleum asphalt, coal asphalt, SBS modified asphalt, PE modified asphalt, or SBR modified asphalt.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a preparation method of a composite modified asphalt mixture is provided, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing a modifier: preparing the raw materials according to the weight ratio;
mixing nano silicon nitride, a coupling agent, water and ethanol in a proportion of 1-4: 0.15 to 0.8:0.4 to 0.6: 1.1-1.4, evenly mixing and soaking for 80-100 min, filtering and drying at 40-70 ℃ to obtain the nano silicon nitride modifier;
(2) Silicon mud treatment: drying the silicon mud at 140 ℃ for 25-35 min to dehydrate for later use;
(3) Preparing composite modified asphalt: heating and melting the base asphalt at the temperature of 180 ℃, adding the modified nano silicon nitride, uniformly stirring by using a high-speed shearing machine, adding the silicon mud, stirring for 45-55 min, and placing the mixture in an environment at the temperature of 160 ℃ for swelling development for 25-350 min to obtain the modified nano silicon nitride;
(4) Preparing a composite modified asphalt mixture: heating the mineral aggregate to 175-180 ℃, and then mixing and stirring the mineral aggregate and the composite modified asphalt uniformly to obtain the asphalt.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in step (1), the coupling agent is first diluted with ethanol and water, wherein the ratio of ethanol to water is 3:7, the concentration of the diluent of the coupling agent is 1 percent, the mixture is kept stand and hydrolyzed for 30min, then the nano silicon nitride is added and soaked for 80-100 min, then the mixture is dried at the temperature of 60-65 ℃ to remove water and ethanol, and the mixture is sieved by a 0.075mm square-hole sieve to obtain the nano silicon nitride modifier.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in the step (3), after the nano silicon nitride is added, the nano silicon nitride is sheared for 8 to 12min at a shearing rate of 5000r/min, and then the silicon mud is sheared for 40 to 60min at a shearing rate of 5000 r/min.
One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least any one of the following technical effects or advantages:
1. the nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture has excellent road performance, can enhance the high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance and water stability of the asphalt pavement and can prolong the service life of the asphalt pavement; the raw materials are nontoxic and harmless, the sources of the raw materials are wide, the production process is pollution-free, and the price is low; the invention has simple preparation process, low cost and good economic benefit.
2. The surface pretreatment is carried out on the nano silicon nitride by a silane coupling agent (such as KH-550) so that the nano silicon nitride can be connected with silicon mud in the asphalt mixture to form a net-shaped connecting structure under the coupling action of the nano silicon nitride recoupling agent, and the mechanical strength, the impact resistance and the stability of the asphalt mixture are further enhanced.
3. The nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt has higher viscosity, can be uniformly wrapped and attached to the surfaces of aggregates, and improves the interlocking force among the aggregates; meanwhile, the asphalt mixture has stronger deformation recovery capability, and the high-low temperature performance, the water damage resistance and the fatigue damage resistance of the asphalt mixture are obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The following examples refer to materials:
nano silicon nitride: high hardness, stable structure, small thermal expansion coefficient, good oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, and is a high-grade ceramic material integrating excellent thermodynamic properties and chemical properties.
Silicon sludge: the silicon cutting slurry is a mud formed by depositing silicon powder generated when a diamond wire cuts a monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon rod into cutting slurry together with other impurities.
The instruments and devices referred to in the following examples are conventional instruments and devices unless otherwise specified; the raw materials and reagents are all conventional raw materials which are sold in the market unless otherwise specified; the detection, test, preparation methods and the like are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
In order to better understand the technical solution of the present application, the following detailed description will be given on the technical solution described above with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1: the embodiment discloses a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of mineral aggregate, 5 parts of asphalt, 0.03 part of nano silicon nitride, 0.3 part of silicon mud and 0.006 part of silane coupling agent (KH-550); the mineral aggregate adopted in the embodiment is AC-13 type mineral aggregate, and the asphalt adopted is road petroleum asphalt.
Example 2: the embodiment discloses a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of AC-13 type mineral aggregate, 5.5 parts of coal tar pitch, 0.033 part of nano silicon nitride, 0.33 part of silicon mud and 0.0066 part of silane coupling agent (KH-550).
Example 3: the embodiment discloses a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of AC-13 type mineral aggregate, 6 parts of SBS pitch, 0.036 part of nano silicon nitride, 0.36 part of silicon mud and 0.0072 parts of silane coupling agent (KH-550).
Example 4: the embodiment discloses a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of AC-13 type mineral aggregate, 6.5 parts of PE modified asphalt, 0.039 part of nano silicon nitride, 0.39 part of silicon mud and 0.0078 parts of silane coupling agent (KH-550).
Example 5: the embodiment discloses a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of AC-13 type mineral aggregate, 7 parts of SBR modified asphalt, 0.042 part of nano silicon nitride, 0.42 part of silicon mud and 0.0084 part of silane coupling agent (KH-550).
The preparation method of the nanocomposite modified asphalt mixture in the above embodiment comprises the following steps:
the raw materials were selected in the parts by weight described in examples 1-5, respectively.
(1) Preparing a modifier:
uniformly mixing nano silicon nitride, a coupling agent, water and ethanol in a corresponding proportion, soaking for 90min, filtering, and drying at 60 ℃ to obtain a nano silicon nitride modifier; the KH550 type coupling agent is used for modifying the silicon nitride, so that an organic functional group R' which is carried by the other end of the silane coupling agent and has good affinity with a high-molecular polymer can be firmly covered on the surface of the silicon nitride particles to form a coating film with reactivity, and the coating film can be well and uniformly dispersed in the asphalt.
(2) And (3) drying the silicon mud in an oven at 140 ℃ for 30min to dehydrate for later use to obtain the prepared silicon mud modifier.
(3) Preparing nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt: heating and melting base asphalt at 180 ℃, adding nano silicon nitride (improving the high-temperature stability of the asphalt mixture and the problem of poor compatibility of silicon mud and matrix asphalt), uniformly stirring by using a high-speed shearing machine, adding silicon mud (improving the low-temperature crack resistance and water stability of the asphalt mixture), stirring for 50min, and placing the mixture in an environment at 160 ℃ for swelling development for 30min to obtain the nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt.
(4) Preparing a nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture: and (4) heating the mineral aggregate to 175-180 ℃, and mixing and stirring the mineral aggregate and the nano silicon nitride/silicon sludge composite modified asphalt obtained in the step (3) uniformly according to a conventional method to obtain the nano silicon nitride/silicon sludge composite modified asphalt mixture.
The nano silicon nitride/silicon sludge composite modified asphalt mixture in the examples 1-5 was subjected to pavement performance tests, the test items include a high-temperature rutting test, a low-temperature trabecular bending test (-10 ℃), a freeze-thaw splitting test and a water immersion marshall test, the pavement performance of the nano composite modified asphalt mixture obtained in each example is tested, and the test results are compared and analyzed with a common asphalt mixture without nano materials, and the test results are shown in table 1 below.
TABLE 1 pavement performance test data for nano-silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixtures in examples 1-5
As can be seen from Table 1, the nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture meets the relevant requirements of JTG F40-2004 technical Specification for construction of road asphalt pavement issued by Ministry of communications, and the indexes of high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance, water stability and the like of the nano silicon nitride/silicon mud composite modified asphalt mixture are obviously higher than those of a common asphalt mixture, which shows that the pavement performance of the asphalt mixture is superior.
While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present application and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (8)
1. The composite modified asphalt mixture is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 portions of mineral aggregate, 4 to 8 portions of asphalt, 0.02 to 0.08 portion of nano silicon nitride, 0.20 to 0.60 portion of silicon mud and 0.003 to 0.016 portion of coupling agent.
2. The composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 1, which is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 portions of mineral aggregate, 5 to 7 portions of asphalt, 0.03 to 0.06 portion of nano silicon nitride, 0.30 to 0.50 portion of silicon mud and 0.004 to 0.014 portion of coupling agent.
3. The composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 1, which is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of mineral aggregate, 6.0 parts of asphalt, 0.036 parts of nano silicon nitride, 0.36 parts of silicon mud and 0.0072 parts of coupling agent.
4. The composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said coupling agent is KH-550 epoxy functional silane, gamma-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane or gamma- (beta-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.
5. The composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the asphalt is road petroleum asphalt, coal asphalt, SBS modified asphalt, PE modified asphalt or SBR modified asphalt.
6. The method for preparing the composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:
(1) Preparing a modifier: preparing the raw materials according to the weight ratio in claim 1;
mixing nano silicon nitride, a coupling agent, water and ethanol in a proportion of 1-4: 0.15 to 0.8:0.4 to 0.6: 1.1-1.4, evenly mixing and soaking for 80-100 min, filtering and drying at 40-70 ℃ to obtain the nano silicon nitride modifier;
(2) Silicon mud treatment: drying the silicon mud at 140 ℃ for 30min to dehydrate for later use;
(3) Preparing composite modified asphalt: heating and melting the base asphalt at the temperature of 180 ℃, adding nano silicon nitride, uniformly stirring by using a high-speed shearing machine, adding silicon mud, stirring for 45-55 min, and placing the mixture in an environment of 160 ℃ for swelling development for 25-35 min to obtain the base asphalt;
(4) Preparing a composite modified asphalt mixture: heating the mineral aggregate to 175-180 ℃, and then mixing and stirring the mineral aggregate and the composite modified asphalt uniformly to obtain the asphalt.
7. The preparation method of the composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 6, wherein in the step (1), the coupling agent is diluted with ethanol and water, the ratio of water to ethanol is 3.
8. The preparation method of the composite modified asphalt mixture according to claim 6, wherein in the step (3), the nano silicon nitride is added and then the mixture is sheared for 8-12 min at the shearing rate of 5000r/min, and then the silicon mud is added and sheared for 40-60 min at the shearing rate of 5000 r/min.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210816204.7A CN115650636B (en) | 2022-07-09 | 2022-07-09 | Composite modified asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210816204.7A CN115650636B (en) | 2022-07-09 | 2022-07-09 | Composite modified asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof |
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| CN115650636A true CN115650636A (en) | 2023-01-31 |
| CN115650636B CN115650636B (en) | 2024-03-22 |
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Cited By (1)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116854406A (en) * | 2023-07-07 | 2023-10-10 | 常熟路桥工程有限公司 | Foaming warm mix asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof |
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| CN116854406B (en) * | 2023-07-07 | 2024-03-26 | 常熟路桥工程有限公司 | Foaming warm mix asphalt mixture and preparation method thereof |
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| CN115650636B (en) | 2024-03-22 |
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