CN115628155B - Common-bottom storage tank and rocket structure thereof - Google Patents
Common-bottom storage tank and rocket structure thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115628155B CN115628155B CN202211526924.6A CN202211526924A CN115628155B CN 115628155 B CN115628155 B CN 115628155B CN 202211526924 A CN202211526924 A CN 202211526924A CN 115628155 B CN115628155 B CN 115628155B
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K9/00—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
- F02K9/42—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof using liquid or gaseous propellants
- F02K9/60—Constructional parts; Details not otherwise provided for
- F02K9/605—Reservoirs
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Abstract
The invention relates to a common-bottom storage tank and a rocket structure thereof, belonging to the technical field of rockets, and comprising a front bottom of the storage tank, a first Y-shaped butt joint frame, a front tank shell, a common bottom, a rear tank shell, a second Y-shaped butt joint frame and a rear bottom of the storage tank which are sequentially connected from top to bottom; the front bottom of the storage box protrudes upwards and the rear bottom of the storage box protrudes downwards; the first Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the stage section at the upper part, and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the power cabin at the lower part. The invention simplifies the structural design, removes the transition section, the end frame and the box section, adopts the Y-shaped butt joint frame and the common bottom structure, reduces the matching quantity of the storage box structural members, saves corresponding production or welding assembly tooling equipment, reduces the process difficulty of boxing production and manufacturing, can effectively reduce the manufacturing cost of the storage box, can reduce the length-diameter ratio of the rocket, and is beneficial to the overall optimization design.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rockets, and particularly relates to a common-bottom storage tank and a rocket structure thereof, in particular to a spherical common-bottom rocket storage tank with a simplified structure and a rocket structure.
Background
The carrier rocket mainly comprises a structure, power, an electrical control system and the like, and the rocket structure is an important component of the carrier rocket. A general liquid rocket structure is shown in fig. 3a to 3C and mainly comprises a first-stage rocket body structure A, a second-stage rocket body structure B, a fairing and the like C; the first-level arrow body structure A mainly comprises a power cabin A5, a first-level rear box A1, a first-level box interval A3, a first-level front box A2, a first-level interval A4 and the like.
The first-stage front box A1 and the first-stage rear box A2 are two storage boxes in the first-stage arrow body structure A, and are respectively filled with an oxidant and a combustion agent which are separated by a first-stage box interval section A3. The front box A1 mainly comprises a front box front end frame A11, a front box front transition section A12, a front box front bottom A13, a front box front Y-shaped ring A14, a front box shell A15 (formed by multiple sections of shells), a front box rear Y-shaped ring A16, a front box rear bottom A17, a front box rear transition section A18 and a front box rear end frame A19 which are connected. Similarly, the rear box A2 mainly includes a rear box front end frame a21, a rear box front transition section a22, a rear box front bottom a23, a rear box front Y-ring a24, a rear box casing a25 (made up of multiple sections of casing), a rear box rear Y-ring a26, a rear box rear bottom a27, a rear box rear transition section a28, and a rear box rear end frame a29, which are connected.
Therefore, the existing storage tank has the disadvantages of complex structure, more parts, high production and processing difficulty and high cost.
In addition, the storage tank is required to be filled with oxidant and combustion agent fuel, bear pressure and ensure sealing, and also bear internal pressure or axial pressure, aerodynamic force and thermal load, and the storage tank is required to be lighter as a rocket type aircraft product. The existing project adopts 2195 aluminium alloy material of high strength at present, also there is a storage tank adopting composite material or composite structure; the ultra-large rocket also adopts a stainless steel material storage box structure, but the material has the problems of higher price or higher density, so that a material with the performance meeting the requirement, lighter weight and lower price is required to be selected, and the rocket structure with lower cost is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a common-bottom storage tank and a rocket structure thereof, which are a spherical common-bottom rocket storage tank with a simplified structure and a rocket structure, and solve the problems of complex structure and high cost of the conventional storage tank and rocket.
According to a first aspect of the technical scheme, the invention provides a common-bottom storage box structure which comprises a front bottom of a storage box, a first Y-shaped butt joint frame, a front box shell, a common bottom, a rear box shell, a second Y-shaped butt joint frame and a rear bottom of the storage box, wherein the front bottom, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame, the front box shell, the common bottom, the rear box shell, the second Y-shaped butt joint frame and the rear bottom of the storage box are sequentially connected from top to bottom; the front bottom of the storage box protrudes upwards and the rear bottom of the storage box protrudes downwards; the first Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the stage section at the upper part, and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the power cabin at the lower part.
Furthermore, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame are connected with the adjacent stage section or the power cabin through respective first butt joint ends; the first butt joint end is provided with a first connecting hole, the second connecting holes are formed in the stage section and the power cabin, and the first connecting hole and the second connecting hole are aligned and penetrate through bolts or rivets.
Furthermore, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame are both provided with grooves inwards from the outer sides, and the grooves are communicated with the first connecting holes.
Furthermore, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame are respectively and oppositely welded with the adjacent front box shell or the adjacent rear box shell in a grounding mode through respective second butt joint ends.
Further, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame are butt-welded with the front bottom or the rear bottom of the adjacent storage tank through respective third butt joint ends.
Furthermore, the outer side surfaces of the stage section, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame, the front box shell, the rear box shell, the second Y-shaped butt joint frame and the power cabin are aligned.
Furthermore, the front bottom of the storage box, the rear bottom of the storage box and the common bottom are all spherical or conical.
Further, the aluminum alloy welding rod is made of aluminum alloy materials and welded by a friction stir welding process.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is also provided a rocket structure having the above-described common-bottom tank structure.
Furthermore, the power cabin comprises a fairing, a two-stage arrow body structure, a stage section, a common-bottom storage box structure and a power cabin which are sequentially connected from top to bottom.
Compared with the prior art, the common-bottom storage tank and the rocket structure thereof have the following beneficial technical effects:
1. the common-bottom storage tank and the rocket thereof have simplified structural design, eliminate transition sections, end frames and tank interval sections, and adopt Y-shaped butt-joint frames and common-bottom structures, thereby reducing the matching quantity of structural members of the storage tank, saving corresponding production or welding assembly tooling equipment, reducing the process difficulty of boxing production and manufacturing, effectively reducing the manufacturing cost of the storage tank, simultaneously reducing the length-diameter ratio of the rocket and being beneficial to the overall optimization design.
2. According to the co-bottom storage tank and the rocket structure thereof, the 2A14 aluminum alloy material is used as the low-temperature storage tank structural material of the liquid oxygen and methane rocket, the 2A14 aluminum alloy has better low-temperature strength, the structural weight is favorably reduced or controlled, the load efficiency of the rocket is improved, the comprehensive performance of the storage tank is better, and the cost performance is higher.
3. In the common-bottom storage tank and the rocket structure thereof, the Y-shaped butt joint frame is provided with the groove, so that the installation of the connecting bolt and the weight reduction of the structure are facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1a is a schematic structural diagram of a first Y-shaped docking frame according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 1b and 1c are schematic structural views of rockets having the structure shown in fig. 1a, respectively.
Fig. 2a is a schematic structural diagram of a first Y-shaped docking frame according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2b and 2c are schematic structural views of rockets having the structure shown in fig. 2a, respectively.
Fig. 3a to 3c are schematic structural views of a conventional rocket.
Fig. 4 and 5 are schematic structural diagrams of the first Y-shaped docking frame in further embodiments of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals in the drawings:
A. a first-level arrow structure; B. a second order arrow structure; C. a cowling; a1, a first-stage front box; a2, a first-stage rear box; a3, a first-level box interval section; a4, a stage section; a5, a power cabin; a11, a front box front end frame; a12, a front box front transition section; a13, the front bottom of the front box; a14, a front Y-shaped ring of the front box; a15, a front box shell; a16, a front box rear Y-shaped ring; a17, the rear bottom of the front box; a18, a front box rear transition section; a19, a front box rear end frame; a21, a front end frame of the rear box; a22, a rear box front transition section; a23, the front bottom of the rear box; a24, a Y-shaped ring in front of the rear box; a25, a rear box shell; a26, a rear box rear Y-shaped ring; a27, the rear bottom of the rear box; a28, a rear box rear transition section; a29, a rear box rear end frame;
1. the front bottom of the storage box; 2. a first Y-shaped docking frame; 3. bottom sharing; 4. a second Y-shaped docking frame; 5. the rear bottom of the storage box; 6. a first butt end; 7. a first connection hole; 8. a second connection hole; 9. a groove; 10. a second butt joint end; 11. a third butt end; 12. an inner groove; 13. and (4) riveting.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that, for convenience of description, only the portions related to the related invention are shown in the drawings. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and the like in the present invention are only used for distinguishing different devices, modules or units, and are not used for limiting the order or interdependence of the functions performed by the devices, modules or units.
It is noted that references to "a" or "an" or "the" modification(s) in the present invention are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting and that those skilled in the art will understand that reference to "one or more" unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The invention relates to a common-bottom storage tank and a rocket structure thereof, belonging to the technical field of rockets, and the common-bottom storage tank is a spherical common-bottom rocket storage tank with a simplified structure and the rocket structure, and comprises a storage tank front bottom, a first Y-shaped butt joint frame, a front tank shell, a common bottom, a rear tank shell, a second Y-shaped butt joint frame and a storage tank rear bottom which are sequentially connected from top to bottom; the front bottom of the storage box protrudes upwards and the rear bottom of the storage box protrudes downwards; the upper part of the first Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the stage section, and the lower part of the second Y-shaped butt joint frame is connected with the power cabin; the common-floor tank structure is free of endbells and transitions. The invention simplifies the structural design, removes the transition section, the end frame and the box section, adopts the Y-shaped butt joint frame and the common bottom structure, reduces the matching quantity of the storage box structural members, saves corresponding production or welding assembly tooling equipment, reduces the process difficulty of boxing production and manufacturing, can effectively reduce the manufacturing cost of the storage box, can reduce the length-diameter ratio of the rocket, and is beneficial to the overall optimization design.
Referring to fig. 3a to 3c, a conventional liquid rocket is shown, wherein fig. 3a is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion D in fig. 3 b. The outer side of the tank-shaped storage tank is provided with a storage tank shell, the two ends of the storage tank are storage tank bottoms, the storage tank bottoms are exposed out of the storage tank shell, and the storage tank bottoms at the two ends of the storage tank are respectively provided with a multi-section connected annular connecting structure. Therefore, in addition to the bottom of the reservoir and the outer shell, the first-stage rocket body structure totally comprises 12 connecting parts, namely a front-reservoir front end frame A11, a front-reservoir front transition section A12, a front-reservoir front Y-shaped ring A14, a front-reservoir rear Y-shaped ring A16, a front-reservoir rear transition section A18, a front-reservoir rear end frame A19, a rear-reservoir front end frame A21, a rear-reservoir front transition section A22, a rear-reservoir front Y-shaped ring A24, a rear-reservoir rear Y-shaped ring A26, a rear-reservoir rear transition section A28 and a rear-reservoir rear end frame A29. Furthermore, the parts need to be manufactured, assembled and connected respectively, the process is complex, the processing difficulty is high, the cost is high, the total weight is also high, and the development of a commercial carrier rocket which is required to reduce the cost is hindered.
Therefore, the invention provides a common-bottom storage box structure, which is improved mainly by eliminating a transition section, an end frame and a Y-shaped ring split type structure, fusing and optimizing the structures and functions of the transition section, the end frame and the Y-shaped ring split type structure to form a first Y-shaped butt joint frame and a second Y-shaped butt joint frame; all parts within the range of the front box rear bottom A17, the primary box section A3 and the rear box front bottom A23 are eliminated, and a common bottom form is replaced; thereby significantly simplifying construction and also reducing weight.
Referring to fig. 1a to fig. 1c, the common-bottom storage tank structure of the present invention includes a front bottom 1, a first Y-shaped butt-joint frame 2, a front tank shell a15, a common bottom 3, a rear tank shell a25, a second Y-shaped butt-joint frame 4 and a rear bottom 5 of the storage tank, which are connected in sequence from top to bottom, and have no end frame and transition section. The front bottom of the storage tank protrudes upward and the rear bottom of the storage tank protrudes downward. The first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2 is connected with the stage section A4 at the upper part, and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame 4 is connected with the power cabin A5 at the lower part. The outer side surfaces of the stage section A4, the first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2, the front box shell A15, the rear box shell A25, the second Y-shaped butt joint frame 4 and the power cabin A5 are aligned, so that assembly is facilitated, and pneumatic resistance is reduced.
The first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2 and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame 4 are ring structures with Y-shaped cross sections, and three ends of the Y shapes are respectively connected with the adjacent storage box shell, the storage box bottom and the stage section A4/power cabin A5, so that a stable integrally fixed arrow body structure is formed.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1a, it is a schematic cross-sectional view of portion E in fig. 1 b. The front bottom 1, the rear bottom 5 and the common bottom 3 of the storage tank are all conical. The first Y-shaped butt-joint frame 2 is connected with the adjacent stage section A4 through a first butt-joint end 6. The first butt joint end 6 is provided with a first connection hole 7, the stage section A4 is provided with a second connection hole 8, and the first connection hole 7 and the second connection hole 8 are aligned and provided with a bolt or a rivet in a penetrating mode. The connection between the second Y-shaped butt joint frame 4 and the power cabin A5 is basically the same as the connection structure between the first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2 and the stage section A4, and the first butt joint end 6 is connected with the power cabin A5 in a bolt or rivet mode. Preferably, a groove 9 is formed in each of the first Y-shaped docking frame 2 and the second Y-shaped docking frame 4, and the groove 9 is communicated with the first connection hole 7. Thereby being convenient for the installation of the outer through bolt butt-joint bolt and simultaneously playing a role in reducing weight. The first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2 and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame 4 are in relative grounding welding with the adjacent front box shell A15 or the adjacent rear box shell A25 through respective second butt joint ends 10, the thicknesses of the welding positions are similar, and the butt joint end faces are in fit welding to form a butt joint welding seam. Similarly, the first Y-shaped docking frame 2 and the second Y-shaped docking frame 4 are each welded to the adjacent front tank bottom 1 or rear tank bottom 5 via respective third docking ends 11.
In another embodiment shown in fig. 4, the first Y-shaped docking frame 2 and the stage section A4 are also bolted through a flange portion, but an inner groove 12 is formed in the first Y-shaped docking frame 2 from the inside to the outside, so that the bolts can be conveniently installed from the inside, and the weight reduction effect is achieved. The second butt joint end 10 and the third butt joint end 11 have ring grooves, that is, ring grooves recessed inward to accommodate the ends of the boards to be connected by clamping, or it can be understood that on the basis of the structure shown in fig. 3a, a ring baffle is additionally arranged on the inner side; in a word, the area of the first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2, the front bottom 1 of the storage box and the front box shell A15 is increased through the structure, welding can be performed through the lock bottom welding seam, sealing of the welding seam is guaranteed, and the welding effect is more stable.
In another embodiment as shown in fig. 5, the first abutting end 6 has a ring groove structure, and the end of the step section A4 and the ring groove are correspondingly provided with through holes, such as two rows of holes distributed uniformly in the circumferential direction, and the through holes are fixed by rivets 13 or bolts. The first Y-shaped butt joint frame 2 is welded with the front bottom 1 of the storage box and the front box shell A15 through butt joint welding seams.
It can be understood that the connection mode of the three ends of the Y shape of the first Y-shaped docking frame 2 and the second Y-shaped docking frame 4 and whether the groove 9 or the inner groove 12 is provided can be selected and combined as required, the Y-shaped docking frame can be connected with the storage tank shell and the bottom of the storage tank by bolts or rivets, and can be welded with the stage section A4/power cabin A5, and in consideration of the assembly convenience and the subsequent use requirement of the whole structure, the Y-shaped docking frame is preferably directly welded and fixed with the storage tank shell and the bottom of the storage tank to form a structure connected with the storage tank main body, and the stage section A4/power cabin A5 is connected by detachable bolts, so that the work of maintenance and the like is facilitated. In addition, the above is given only for the example of the one-level arrow body structure, and it is conceivable that the aspect of the present invention can also be adopted for the two-level arrow body structure and the like.
Referring to fig. 2a to 2c, fig. 2a is a schematic cross-sectional view taken at F in fig. 2 b. The front bottom 1, the rear bottom 5 and the common bottom 3 of the storage box are all spherical.
In addition, in terms of materials, a project adopts 2195 aluminum alloy materials with higher strength, a storage tank adopting composite materials or composite structures, and a storage tank structure adopting stainless steel materials for ultra-large rockets. The common-bottom storage box preferably adopts 2A14 aluminum alloy materials with better comprehensive performance and cost performance, and the material performance is shown in the following tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 mechanical properties at room temperature of 2A14 aluminum alloy and other materials commonly used for rocket tanks:
table 2 low temperature performance parameters for 2A14 aluminum alloys:
therefore, as a storage tank of a liquid oxygen and methane rocket, the low-temperature strength of the 2A14 aluminum alloy is close to 500MPa, and the low-temperature property is better; and the relatively low density helps to reduce rocket weight; in addition, the 2A14 aluminum alloy is relatively low in cost and is therefore a desirable material. And a solid-phase welding process of friction stir welding is adopted, so that the strength coefficient of a welding seam can be effectively improved, and quality defects such as welding pores, impurities, cracks and the like are reduced.
The invention also provides a low-cost rocket structure which is provided with the common-bottom storage tank structure. The two-stage rocket body structure is particularly suitable for a two-stage rocket carrier and comprises a fairing C, a two-stage rocket body structure B, a stage section A4, a common-bottom storage box structure and a power cabin A5 which are sequentially connected from top to bottom, so that the length-diameter ratio of the rocket can be effectively reduced, and the launching cost of the commercial rocket carrier can be reduced.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A common-bottom storage box structure is characterized by being a spherical common-bottom rocket storage box and a rocket structure with a simplified structure, and comprising a storage box front bottom (1), a first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2), a front box shell (A15), a common bottom (3), a rear box shell (A25), a second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) and a storage box rear bottom (5) which are sequentially connected from top to bottom; the front bottom of the storage box protrudes upwards and the rear bottom of the storage box protrudes downwards; the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2) is connected with the stage section (A4) at the upper part, and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) is connected with the power cabin (A5) at the lower part;
the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2) and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) are connected with the adjacent stage section (A4) or the power cabin (A5) through respective first butt joint ends (6); the first butt joint end (6) is provided with a first connecting hole (7), the stage section (A4) and the power cabin (A5) are both provided with a second connecting hole (8), and the first connecting hole (7) and the second connecting hole (8) are aligned and provided with a bolt or a rivet in a penetrating manner;
the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2) and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) are both provided with a groove (9) inwards from the outer side, and the groove (9) is communicated with the first connecting hole (7); the outer side surfaces of the stage section (A4), the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2), the front box shell (A15), the rear box shell (A25), the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) and the power cabin (A5) are aligned;
the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2) and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) are in relative grounding welding with the adjacent front box shell (A15) or the adjacent rear box shell (A25) through respective second butt joint ends (10);
the first Y-shaped butt joint frame (2) and the second Y-shaped butt joint frame (4) are in relative grounding welding with the adjacent front bottom (1) or rear bottom (5) of the storage tank through respective third butt joint ends (11);
the second butt joint end (10) and/or the third butt joint end (11) is/are provided with annular grooves, and the annular grooves are clamped with welded components to form a sealed lock bottom welding seam.
2. A common bottom tank structure according to claim 1, characterized in that said tank front bottom (1), said tank rear bottom (5) and said common bottom (3) are both spherical or both conical.
3. A common floor tank structure according to any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that it is made of 2a14 aluminium alloy material and welded using friction stir welding.
4. A rocket structure having a common-bottom tank structure according to any one of claims 1-3.
5. A rocket structure according to claim 4, characterized in that it comprises, from top to bottom, successively connected, a fairing (C), a secondary rocket body structure (B), said stage section (A4), said common-bottom tank structure and said power pod (A5).
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| CN104439686A (en) * | 2014-11-13 | 2015-03-25 | 首都航天机械公司 | Friction stir welding method for lock bottom circular seam of carrier rocket storage tank |
| CN215984225U (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2022-03-08 | 火箭派(北京)航天科技有限公司 | Liquid rocket for bioburden launching |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5085343A (en) * | 1989-10-23 | 1992-02-04 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Nested tank construction |
| DE102008050404B4 (en) * | 2008-10-04 | 2010-07-22 | Mt Aerospace Ag | Containers for receiving and storing liquids and viscous substances, in particular cryogenic fluids, and process for its preparation and for use thereof |
| CN104668804B (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2017-01-25 | 北京宇航系统工程研究所 | Tank bottom and cylinder section butt joint structure for rocket propellant tank |
| CN109736973B (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2022-04-29 | 北京星际荣耀空间科技股份有限公司 | Storage tank transition ring and propellant storage tank |
| CN109911247A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-06-21 | 北京星际荣耀空间科技有限公司 | Rocket and its propellant tank |
| CN112523897B (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2022-06-03 | 北京宇航系统工程研究所 | Special-shaped storage box outflow device |
| CN112832927B (en) * | 2021-01-21 | 2022-05-31 | 江苏深蓝航天有限公司 | Fuel storage tank |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104439686A (en) * | 2014-11-13 | 2015-03-25 | 首都航天机械公司 | Friction stir welding method for lock bottom circular seam of carrier rocket storage tank |
| CN215984225U (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2022-03-08 | 火箭派(北京)航天科技有限公司 | Liquid rocket for bioburden launching |
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