CN115616196A - Biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device and method - Google Patents
Biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115616196A CN115616196A CN202211628962.2A CN202211628962A CN115616196A CN 115616196 A CN115616196 A CN 115616196A CN 202211628962 A CN202211628962 A CN 202211628962A CN 115616196 A CN115616196 A CN 115616196A
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
- G01N33/246—Earth materials for water content
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/04—Investigating osmotic effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
- G01N2033/245—Earth materials for agricultural purposes
Abstract
The invention discloses a biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device and method, and belongs to the field of agricultural water and soil conservation and agricultural engineering. The device includes: the system comprises a soil container, a water supply unit, a sensor unit and a microcontroller; soil added with charcoal is filled in the soil container; the water supply unit is used for supplying water source to the soil in the soil container; the sensor unit comprises a soil moisture sensor and a time distance camera; the soil moisture sensor is used for detecting the water content of a set soil detection point; the time distance camera is used for shooting the position of a soil wetting peak within a fixed time interval and determining the infiltration radius; the microcontroller is used for determining the water retention capacity of the soil after the biochar is added according to the water content of the set soil detection point, the distance between the water level of the water supply unit and the bottom soil in the soil container and the infiltration radius. The invention takes the data collected by the detection device as the transfer function parameter to predict the water retention, and can solve the problems of difficult acquisition of the biochar-soil hydraulic parameter, high acquisition cost and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural water and soil conservation and agricultural engineering, in particular to a biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device and method.
Background
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced by pyrolysis of biomass. The biochar has porous property and good adsorption performance. The biochar is returned to the field, so that the carbon sink of the soil can be increased, the water and fertilizer retention capability of the soil can be improved, and the biochar is one of important measures for agricultural and environmental sustainable development. The positive effects of biochar on soil water retention include altering soil bulk density and pore structure, thereby increasing soil water retention and crop available moisture content. The water retention performance is related to the characteristics of the pore structure, the specific surface area, the surface functional group and the like of the biochar, and is also influenced by the mixing ratio of the biochar to the soil. Improper mixing may negatively impact the water retention effectiveness of the soil. Therefore, it is very important to develop a simple and rapid evaluation method for the effect of biochar on soil water retention.
The traditional method for acquiring the soil hydraulic parameters mainly comprises 3 methods: (1) and (3) inverting parameters of the soil hydraulic model through observation of the water movement process. Typical soil hydraulic models include a Van Genuchten model, a Brooks-Corey model and the like; (2) predicting soil hydraulic model parameters through easily-measured indexes such as soil granularity, volume weight, texture and the like; (3) the instrument is directly used for measurement in the field.
The problems of the traditional method are as follows: (1) the parameters of the soil hydraulic model are difficult to obtain and have low precision; (2) the soil variability is high and a large amount of data needs to be acquired to estimate the soil hydraulic model parameters. (3) The field direct measurement method is time-consuming and labor-consuming, the sensitivity of a detection instrument is low, and whether the obtained measurement value can represent the distribution characteristic of the non-point source soil is controversial.
In order to intuitively reflect the influence of the biochar on the change of the effective moisture content of crops, an Imhoff team of the university of Telawa in America respectively constructs prediction models of the change of the moisture content of soil under low water potential and medium and high water potential according to the pore structure of the biochar; in order to overcome the problem that the soil hydraulic model parameters are difficult to obtain, kevin of the university of Wyoming in the United states applies a machine learning method to predict a soil water characteristic curve. However, acquisition of the pore structure of the biochar, the texture parameters of the soil, requires expensive instruments and high technical skills. In addition, the machine learning method requires a large amount of data support, and the model has low interpretation capability on the influence factors.
In summary, the current method requires a large expensive detection instrument, obtains more soil indexes, wastes time and labor in the detection process, and lacks an intelligent system with higher integration level for data collection, analysis and feedback integration.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above, the invention provides a biochar-soil water retention detection device and method, which use transfer function parameters as characteristic variables to predict the water retention of soil after adding biochar.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
a biochar-soil water retention amount detection device comprises: the system comprises a soil container, a water supply unit, a sensor unit and a microcontroller;
soil added with biochar is filled in the soil container; the water supply unit is used for supplying water source to the soil in the soil container;
the sensor unit comprises a soil moisture sensor and a time distance camera; the soil moisture sensor is used for detecting the water content of a set soil detection point; the time distance camera is vertically arranged above the soil container and used for shooting the position of a soil wetting peak within a fixed time interval and determining the infiltration radius;
the microcontroller is used for determining the water retention amount of the soil after the biochar is added according to the set water content of the soil detection point, the water level of the water supply unit, the distance between the bottom soil in the soil container and the infiltration radius.
Optionally, the water supply unit includes a water supply tank, a water level control unit, and a water tank; the water tank is positioned below the soil container; the water supply tank supplies water into the water tank through a water pipe, and the water tank supplies water to soil in the soil container through a fiber line; the water level control unit is positioned in the water supply tank and used for controlling the water level in the water tank to be kept unchanged.
Optionally, the water level control unit comprises a float, a diaphragm and a valve; the partition is disposed inside the water supply tank, and divides the water supply tank into an upper space and a lower space; the upper space is filled with water, and the lower space is connected with the water tank through a water pipe; the float is arranged in the lower space and is connected with the valve through a lever.
Optionally, the soil container is a rectangular container made of acrylic resin material.
Optionally, a lifting platform is provided below the water supply tank, and the lifting platform is used for adjusting the height of the water supply tank.
The invention also provides a biochar-soil water retention detection method, which is applied to the biochar-soil water retention detection device and comprises the following steps:
determining the distance between the water level of the water tank and the bottom soil in the soil container;
detecting the water content of a set soil detection point in the soil container;
determining an infiltration radius of moisture in the soil receptacle;
acquiring the infiltration time and the transition stage time of the moisture; the transition phase time is determined by a fixed time interval;
establishing a biochar-soil system transfer function by taking the distance as an excitation signal, the water content of the set soil detection point as a gain constant, the infiltration time as a time lag and the transition stage time as a time constant;
and determining the water retention of the soil after adding the biochar based on the biochar-soil system transfer function and the infiltration radius.
Optionally, the biochar-soil system transfer function
The expression of (a) is as follows:
wherein, K p Is a gain constant, τ p Is a time constant, τ d For time lag, s is a complex number.
Optionally, determining the water retention of the soil after adding the biochar based on the biochar-soil system transfer function and the infiltration radius specifically includes:
performing Laplace inverse transformation on the biochar-soil system transfer function to obtain the soil water content;
determining a volume of an infiltration area based on the infiltration radius;
and calculating the water retention of the soil after the biochar is added based on the soil water content, the infiltration area volume and the water density.
Optionally, the formula for calculating the water retention W of the soil after adding the biochar is as follows:
where ρ is w Is the density of water, V is the infiltration area volume,
is the derivative of the soil moisture content theta (t) at time t.
According to the specific embodiment provided by the invention, the invention discloses the following technical effects:
the invention provides a biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device, which comprises: the device comprises a soil container, a water supply unit, a sensor unit and a microcontroller; soil added with biochar is filled in the soil container; the water supply unit is used for supplying water source to the soil in the soil container; the sensor unit comprises a soil moisture sensor and a time distance camera; the soil moisture sensor is used for detecting the water content of a set soil detection point; the time distance camera is used for shooting the position of a soil wetting peak within a fixed time interval and determining the infiltration radius; the microcontroller is used for determining the water retention amount of the soil after the biochar is added according to the set water content of the soil detection point, the water level of the water supply unit, the distance between the bottom soil in the soil container and the infiltration radius. The biochar-soil water retention capacity detection device provided by the invention is simple in equipment structure, less in data to be analyzed and capable of saving manpower and material resource costs. In addition, the invention takes the data collected by the detection device as the transfer function parameter to predict the water retention capacity, and can solve the problems of difficult acquisition of biochar-soil hydraulic parameters, high acquisition cost and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without inventive exercise.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a biochar-soil water retention amount detection device provided by the invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of the biochar-soil water retention detection method provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide a biochar-soil water retention detection device and method, which are used for predicting the water retention of soil after biochar is added by taking a transfer function parameter as a characteristic variable.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, the biochar-soil water retention amount detection device provided by the present invention includes: soil container 1, water supply unit, sensor unit and microcontroller.
The soil container 1 is a rectangular container made of acrylic resin material. Soil added with biochar is filled in the soil container 1; and drying the soil to be detected for 24 hours, sieving, fully mixing with the biochar, and putting into the soil container 1.
The water supply unit is used to supply water to the soil in the soil receptacle 1. The water supply unit includes a water supply tank 2, a water level control unit, and a water tank 6. The water tank 6 is positioned below the soil container 1; the water supply tank 2 supplies water into the water tank 6 through a water pipe, and the water tank 6 supplies water to soil in the soil receptacle 1 through the fiber line 10. The fibre thread 10 is made of a fibre material (Toyobo, BKS 0812G) cut to a suitable width, one end buried in the soil and the other end placed in the tank 6. The water in the water tank 6 infiltrates into the fiber line 10, rises to the soil end along the fiber line 10 through capillary force, forms water potential difference between the fiber line 10 and the surrounding soil, gradually infiltrates into the surrounding soil, and forms a cylindrical infiltration area at the periphery of the fiber line 10.
A water level control unit is provided in the water supply tank 2 for controlling the water level in the water tank 6 to be maintained constant. The water level control unit comprises a float 5, a partition 3 and a valve 4. A partition 3 disposed inside the water supply tank 2, the partition 3 dividing the water supply tank 2 into an upper space and a lower space; the upper space is filled with water, and the lower space is connected with a water tank 6 through a water pipe; the float 5 is disposed in the lower space, and the float 5 is connected to the valve 4 by a lever.
When moisture permeates into soil, the water level in the water tank 6 below the soil is lowered, water flows to the water tank 6 from the lower space of the water supply tank 2, the floater 5 moves downwards along with the water level, the floater 5 is connected with a lever, the lever touches the valve 4 in the water supply tank 2, so that the water flows to the lower space from the upper space of the water supply tank 2 and then flows to the water tank 6 through a water pipe until the water level in the water tank 6 is restored to a preset value, and the valve 4 is closed. This ensures that the depth Δ h of the water supply remains constant during the infiltration process. The distance delta h between the water level of the water tank 6 and the soil is the water supply depth, and the adjustment range of delta h is 0-20cm.
The lower part of the water supply tank 2 is also provided with a lifting platform 9, and the height of the water supply tank 2 can be adjusted by adjusting the height of the lifting platform 9, so that the water supply depth delta h can be adjusted.
The sensor unit comprises a soil moisture sensor 7 and a time distance camera 8; the soil moisture sensor 7 is used for detecting the water content of a set soil detection point; the time distance camera 8 is vertically arranged above the soil container 1 and used for shooting the position of a soil wetting peak within a fixed time interval and determining the infiltration radius.
The microcontroller is used for determining the water retention capacity of the soil after the biochar is added according to the water content of the set soil detection point, the distance between the water level of the water supply unit and the bottom soil in the soil container 1 (namely the water supply depth delta h) and the infiltration radius, and determining the water retention performance according to the water retention capacity.
And (3) constructing a biochar-soil system transfer function by taking the water supply depth delta h as an excitation signal, the water content of a set soil detection point as a gain constant, the infiltration time of water as time lag and the time of a transition stage as a time constant. The transition stage time is determined by the fixed time interval, which is 3/5 of the fixed time interval. The water retention of the soil after the biochar is added can be calculated according to the biochar-soil system transfer function, and the water retention performance of the soil after the biochar is added is further determined.
Example two
Aiming at the device provided by the first embodiment, the invention provides a biochar-soil water retention detection method.
The principle of the biochar-soil water retention capacity detection method provided by the invention is as follows:
at a certain water pressure, the change in soil moisture content during water infiltration can be considered as a step response in a linear time-invariant system. And (3) determining transfer functions of different biochar-soil systems by using a system identification method, and predicting the water retention of the soil after adding the biochar by taking parameters of the transfer functions as characteristic variables.
Parameters of the first order system transfer function include: time constant, gain constant, and time lag. The time constant reflects the transition phase time; the gain constant reflects the water content of the set soil detection point; the time lag reflects the infiltration time of the water, which is related to the hydrophilicity of the charcoal and the location from the water source. These system parameters are directly related to the water retention characteristics of the soil to which the biochar is added. And (3) taking the parameters as characteristic variables of the system, and predicting the water retention capacity of the soil added with the biochar so as to evaluate the quality of the effect of the biochar on the water retention performance of the soil.
As shown in fig. 2, the biochar-soil water retention amount detection method provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
step 101: and determining the distance between the water level of the water tank and the bottom soil in the soil container.
Step 102: and detecting the water content of a set soil detection point in the soil container. And arranging the soil moisture sensor at a set monitoring point, and acquiring the transient response of the soil moisture under the given water supply depth delta h.
Step 103: the penetration radius of the water in the soil container is determined.
Step 104: acquiring infiltration time and transition stage time of water; the transition phase time is determined by a fixed time interval.
Step 105: and (3) constructing a biochar-soil system transfer function by taking the distance as an excitation signal, setting the water content of a soil detection point as a gain constant, taking the infiltration time as time lag and taking the transition stage time as a time constant.
The distance delta h between the water level of the water tank and the bottom soil in the soil container is the water supply depth, the delta h determines the infiltration water pressure, the water pressure is the excitation h (t) of the step response signal, and different excitations can be generated by changing the delta h, so that the intensity of the response signal is changed. After one system response data is obtained, the water supply depth delta h is changed, system step response signals under different excitations are obtained, and the transfer function of the system is determined according to the relation between the excitations and the responses.
Biochar-soil system transfer function
The expression of (c) is as follows:
wherein, K p Is a gain constant, τ p Is a time constant, τ d S is a complex number for the lag.
Step 106: and determining the water retention capacity of the soil after adding the biochar based on the biochar-soil system transfer function and the infiltration radius.
The calculation formula of the water retention W of the soil after adding the biochar is as follows:
where ρ is w Is the density of water, V is the infiltration area volume,
is the derivative of the soil moisture content theta (t) at time t. The volume V of the infiltration area is determined based on the infiltration radius, and the soil water content theta (t) is obtained by performing Laplace inverse transformation on a biochar-soil system transfer function. Δ u is the value of the step function,
is the hervesseld function.
The biochar-soil water retention detection device and method provided by the invention have the beneficial effects that:
(1) The design of the invention does not need large-scale expensive equipment, and only needs simple instruments. The invention reduces the cost of manpower and material resources required by data acquisition and data analysis.
(2) The detection device designed by the invention can freely change the infiltration water pressure according to the requirements, obtain response signals under different excitations and define a transfer function.
(3) According to the invention, the transfer function parameters are used as characteristic variables to predict the water retention capacity, so that the problems of difficult parameter acquisition, high acquisition cost and the like can be reduced.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The principle and the implementation manner of the present invention are explained by applying specific examples, the above description of the embodiments is only used to help understanding the method of the present invention and the core idea thereof, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a charcoal-soil water retention capacity detection device which characterized in that includes: the device comprises a soil container, a water supply unit, a sensor unit and a microcontroller;
soil added with charcoal is filled in the soil container; the water supply unit is used for supplying water source to the soil in the soil container;
the sensor unit comprises a soil moisture sensor and a time distance camera; the soil moisture sensor is used for detecting the water content of a set soil detection point; the time distance camera is vertically arranged above the soil container and used for shooting the position of a soil wetting peak within a fixed time interval and determining the infiltration radius;
the microcontroller is used for determining the water retention amount of the soil after the biochar is added according to the set water content of the soil detection point, the water level of the water supply unit, the distance between the bottom soil in the soil container and the infiltration radius.
2. The biochar-soil water retention amount detection apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the water supply unit includes a water supply tank, a water level control unit, and a water tank; the water tank is positioned below the soil container; the water supply tank supplies water into the water tank through a water pipe, and the water tank supplies water to soil in the soil container through a fiber line; the water level control unit is positioned in the water supply tank and used for controlling the water level in the water tank to be kept unchanged.
3. The biochar-soil water retention amount detection device according to claim 2, wherein the water level control unit includes a float, a partition plate, and a valve; the partition is disposed inside the water supply tank, and divides the water supply tank into an upper space and a lower space; the upper space is filled with water, and the lower space is connected with the water tank through a water pipe; the float is arranged in the lower space and is connected with the valve through a lever.
4. The biochar-soil water retention amount detection device according to claim 1, wherein the soil container is a rectangular container made of an acrylic resin material.
5. The biochar-soil water retention amount detection device according to claim 2, wherein a lifting table is provided below the water supply tank, and the lifting table is used for adjusting the height of the water supply tank.
6. A biochar-soil water retention amount detection method applied to the biochar-soil water retention amount detection device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the method comprising:
determining the distance between the water level of the water tank and the bottom soil in the soil container;
detecting the water content of a set soil detection point in the soil container;
determining the infiltration radius of the water in the soil container;
acquiring infiltration time and transition stage time of water; the transition phase time is determined by a fixed time interval;
establishing a biochar-soil system transfer function by taking the distance as an excitation signal, the water content of the set soil detection point as a gain constant, the infiltration time as a time lag and the transition stage time as a time constant;
and determining the water retention capacity of the soil after adding the biochar based on the biochar-soil system transfer function and the infiltration radius.
7. The biochar-soil water retention detection method according to claim 6, wherein the biochar-soil system transfer function
The expression of (c) is as follows:
wherein, K p Is a gain constant, τ p Is a time constant, τ d S is a complex number for the lag.
8. The biochar-soil water retention detection method according to claim 6, wherein determining the water retention of the biochar-added soil based on the biochar-soil system transfer function and the infiltration radius specifically comprises:
performing Laplace inverse transformation on the biochar-soil system transfer function to obtain the soil water content;
determining a volume of an infiltration area based on the infiltration radius;
and calculating the water retention of the soil after the biochar is added based on the soil water content, the infiltration area volume and the water density.
9. The biochar-soil water retention capacity detection method according to claim 8, wherein the calculation formula of the water retention capacity W of the soil after adding the biochar is as follows:
where ρ is w Is the density of water, V is the infiltration area volume,
is the derivative of the soil moisture content theta (t) at time t.
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