CN115611589B - Preparation method of cement-based foam light soil based on carbonization maintenance - Google Patents
Preparation method of cement-based foam light soil based on carbonization maintenance Download PDFInfo
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- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical group [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 17
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JHLNERQLKQQLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium silicate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] JHLNERQLKQQLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicalcium;oxocalcium;silicate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca]=O.[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011417 postcuring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003469 silicate cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021534 tricalcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019976 tricalcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/10—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by using foaming agents or by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam
- C04B38/106—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by using foaming agents or by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam by adding preformed foams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/02—Selection of the hardening environment
- C04B40/0231—Carbon dioxide hardening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/40—Porous or lightweight materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
- Y02P40/18—Carbon capture and storage [CCS]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
- Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, which belongs to the technical field of foam lightweight soil preparation, and comprises the steps of firstly mixing a foaming agent with CO 2 Preparation of CO-containing gas by mixing 2 Is then added to the cement slurry according to the mix ratio design 2 Foam lightweight soil is prepared in a foam reaction kettle under a certain pressure, and the invention adopts CO 2 Gas is used as a foaming source of foam, CO 2 Nearly evenly distributed in the foam lightweight soil, can be contacted with any part of a test piece, and the carbonization depth can be regarded as the size of the whole test piece, thereby greatly enhancing the strength of the foam lightweight soil and fixing more CO 2 。
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, and belongs to the technical field of foam lightweight soil preparation.
Background
Cement is the most important basic raw material for construction engineering, and cement industry is an important sign of national economy and social development level and comprehensive strength. International energy agency issues reports of global energy combustion and CO generated by industrial processes 2 The emission amount is hard rebound in 2021, and is increased by 363 hundred million tons by 6% in year 2020, and the highest annual level is achieved. China is the country with the first total carbon emission, the carbon dioxide emission exceeds 119 hundred million tons and accounts for 33% of the total world. According to statistics, the annual cement production of 2021 is 236281 ten thousand tons, according to production experience, the carbon emission of 1 ton of cement is about 634kg, the annual emission is about 14.98 hundred million tons, accounting for about 12% of the total national carbon emission, and in addition, the cement production also emits dust to generate SO 2 And toxic and harmful gases, and serious environmental pollution is caused.
Carbonization of cement-based materials refers to the hydration of cement products and CO in air in the presence of water 2 A process of generating carbonate by reaction occurs. The chemical property of carbonate is stable, and CO in the atmosphere can be stably fixed 2 Defend againstStopping its entry into the atmosphere helps to reduce the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. In recent years, the scholars have studied about CO 2 Technology combining carbonization with cement-based material curing, i.e. CO 2 Carbonizing and curing. CO 2 Carbonization maintenance means that CO with a certain concentration is introduced at the early stage of hydration of cement-based materials 2 Reacts with cement hydration products and the like to achieve a curing mode for rapidly curing the material. Unlike common carbonization, CO 2 Carbonization curing occurs early in cement hydration rather than in the cement hardening stage. There have been many studies showing that this "carbonation" behavior, which occurs early in cement hydration, can alter the internal chemistry, optimize porosity and increase strength, while improving the durability of the concrete to some extent.
Using CO 2 The carbonization maintenance is used as a strengthening means of cement-based materials, and has obvious environmental and economic benefits besides improvement of performance. On the one hand, CO 2 For CO in carbonization maintenance 2 The capturing and curing of the cement-based material can effectively reduce the overall carbon emission in the cement-based material production process; on the other hand, CO 2 The carbonization curing can be used as an alternative means of steam curing, so that the energy consumption in the curing process of the cement-based material is reduced.
Current CO 2 The carbonization maintenance technology mainly comprises three treatment processes, namely a pretreatment process, a carbonization reaction process and a subsequent water maintenance process. The pretreatment process is carried out after the concrete product is poured and before the carbonization reaction, and aims to remove redundant free water in the product and ensure CO 2 Diffusion inside the test piece is possible, but at the same time, since the carbonization reaction needs to be carried out in an environment with water, too low a free water content will limit the carbonization reaction, so that the free water content of the product needs to be controlled within a proper range by a pretreatment process. The carbonization reaction process in the laboratory is generally to introduce high-concentration CO into a closed carbonization reaction box 2 And (3) gas, and maintaining a certain pressure, so that the test piece can quickly perform carbonization reaction. Since the product still has more mineral phases capable of continuing to hydrate in the cement paste after carbonization reaction, however, the preparation is preformedThe water in the product is lost in the process of treatment, and a large amount of water is evaporated in the subsequent carbonization reaction process, so that the test piece needs to be timely supplemented with water to bring the hydration reaction into play, and the subsequent strength is continuously increased. The subsequent water curing is a curing mode in the subsequent treatment of the concrete product after carbonization reaction, and the process is complex and inconvenient to be applied to engineering practice.
As can be seen, the existing carbonization maintenance technology is complex, for example, the pretreatment process cannot properly control the internal water content by technical means in engineering application, so that the pretreatment cannot be realized well; and during carbonization reaction, CO required by the reaction is controlled 2 Concentration, CO 2 The conditions of pressure, temperature and the like consume additional energy.
In addition, conventional CO 2 Carbonization maintenance technology, firstly, hydration products on the surface of a test piece are mixed with CO 2 Reacting to generate CaCO 3 Holes adhered to the surface of the test piece, caCO 3 After the adhesion, the volume of the holes on the surface and in a certain depth below the surface of the test piece is reduced, and the subsequent CO 2 The reaction of carbonization with hydration product in the test piece (within a certain range from the center) is hindered, i.e. the reaction can not be performed after the reaction is performed to a certain depth, and the conventional CO 2 The carbonization depth achieved by the carbonization curing technology is smaller, so that the early-stage development of the strength is faster, the later-stage strength is not obviously increased compared with the common curing mode, and CO is captured 2 Is not strong.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, which adopts CO 2 Gas is used as a foaming source of foam, CO 2 Nearly evenly distributed in the foam lightweight soil, can be contacted with any part of a test piece, and the carbonization depth can be regarded as the size of the whole test piece, thereby greatly enhancing the strength of the foam lightweight soil and fixing more CO 2 。
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 CO is introduced into 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing mass M 1 Is added with the mass of M 2 Uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 Foam mass M 3 The pressure of the reaction kettle is P, and preferably, the pressure of the reaction kettle is equal to the pressure of the high-pressure tank in value, namely P=P 0 ；
And taking out from the reaction kettle after 15min, and pouring and curing.
CO 2 The carbonized maintenance cement-based material mainly comprises cement clinker, hydration product and CO thereof 2 The reaction between them generally consists of the following steps:
(1)CO 2 dissolving in water to form carbonic acid;
(2) Ionization of carbonic acid to produce hydrogen ions, bicarbonate and carbonate ions; the reaction process can be expressed by the following equation:
(3) The carbonate ion reacts with calcium ion in the pore solution, dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate to generate CaCO which is difficult to dissolve in water 3 And hydrated calcium silicate gel crystal nucleus, the solid phase is gradually separated out, and the unhydrated cement particles are covered to fill the concrete pores; c (C) 3 S、C 2 S and CO 2 The reaction of (2) can be expressed by the following equation:
3CaO·SiO 2 +3CO 2 +yH 2 O→SiO 2 ·yH 2 O+3CaCO 3
2CaO·SiO 2 +2CO 2 +yH 2 O→SiO 2 ·yH 2 O+2CaCO 3
(4) The hydrated calcium silicate gel is further reacted with carbonate to be finally converted into silica gel and CaCO 3 。
Ca(OH) 2 +CO 2 →CaCO 3 +H 2 O
xCaO·ySiO 2 ·zH2O+xCO 2 →xCaCO 3 +ySiO 2 ·tH 2 O+(z-t)H 2 O
The CaCO is formed after the carbonization reaction of the concrete 3 C-S-H gel or silica gel, ca (OH) 2 And unreacted complete C 3 S、C 2 S is a mixed microsystem.
Preferably, the blending proportion design of the foam lightweight soil is calculated by adopting the following formula:
R L ＝m C +m W
M C ＝m C (1-λ)
M W ＝m W (1-λ)
M F ＝R M -M C -M W
wherein:
m C kg/m for the mass of cement per cubic cement paste 3 ；
m W The mass of water per cubic cement paste is kg/m 3 ；
b is the mass of solid material contained in a unit mass of water in the cement slurry, i.e. water cement ratio = 1: b;
R L kg/m for the mass of cement paste per cubic 3 ；
ρ C Density of cement, kg/m 3 ；
Lambda is the bubble rate of the foam lightweight soil;
R M is the wet density of foam light soil, kg/m 3 ；
ρ f Is CO-containing 2 Density of foam, kg/m 3 ；
M C The mass of cement in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M W The mass of water in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M F Contains CO in the foamed light soil per cubic unit 2 Foam quality, kg/m 3 。
Preferably, the carbonization degree of the foam lightweight soil in the step (2) is 20% -30%.
Preferably, the carbonization degree of the foamed lightweight soil in the step (2) is 25%.
The existing research results show that the test piece is cured in carbon dioxide for 15min, the reaction rate is high, the strength of the test piece after 15min curing can reach about 80% of the measured strength after steam curing, the rate of the increase of the carbon dioxide curing degree is about 1.2%/min from 0 to 15min, and the post curing degree is not more than 30%.
The invention has the advantages that the proper carbonization degree is 20% -30%, preferably 25%, the test shows that after the carbonization degree is more than 20%, the strength of the foam lightweight soil is increased slightly, when the carbonization degree is about 25%, the strength of the foam lightweight soil reaches the maximum value, and when the carbonization degree exceeds 30%, the strength of the foam lightweight soil is reduced compared with that of a non-carbonized test piece.
Preferably, the CO in the foam is determined at a carbonization level of 25% 2 Content of
The carbonization degree of the obtained foam light soil is checked and calculated, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
Wherein m (CaO) is the mass of CaO in the ordinary portland cement, kg; m (SO) 3 ) Is SO in ordinary silicate cement 3 Mass of (3) kg; m (MgO) is the mass of MgO in ordinary Portland cement, kg; m (Na) 2 O) is Na in ordinary Portland cement 2 Mass of O, kg; m (K) 2 O) is K in Portland cement 2 O mass, kg;
(2.2) according to the ideal gas state equation pv=nrt, its density form pm=ρrt, where r=8.314, t=298.15 ℃, M is the molar mass, m=44/mol, derivedObtaining
Wherein the catalyst contains CO 2 Foam pressureObtained by the following formula:
wherein delta is the carbonization degree of the foam lightweight soil, and the recommended range is as follows: 20% -30% (which can be selected in this range manually);
b is the mass of solid material contained in a unit mass of water in the cement slurry, i.e. water cement ratio = 1: b;
R M is the wet density of foam light soil, kg/m 3 ；
Containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->N is the dilution ratio of the foaming agent, F is the expansion ratio of the foaming agent, and the expansion ratio is the volume expansion ratio of the solution after the solution becomes foam, and the expansion ratio is calculated according to the measured foam density and the dilution ratio;
containing CO 2 FoamThe internal gases being all regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
(2.3) calculating whether the selected carbonization degree target is satisfied:
when (when)The target of selecting the carbonization degree of 25% is satisfied;
when (when)The goal of selecting a degree of carbonization of 25% is not met.
Preferably, the foaming agent is sodium dodecyl sulfate, an anionic surfactant, n=50, f=1667.
Preferably, the pressure of the reaction kettle is P, and is preferably 3.2-8.5 MPa.
Preferably, the curing method in the step (2) is as follows:
and (3) placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing until the corresponding age after removing the die.
Preferably, the CO-containing in the multiple sets of experiments are fitted by formula 2 Foam pressureThe relation between the 28d compressive strength of the foam lightweight soil is as follows:
s in C Compressive strength of foamed lightweight soil 28dCan reversely push CO according to the compressive strength of the foam lightweight soil 28d required by engineering 2 Foam pressureDue to the presence of CO 2 Foam pressure->The pressure is approximately equal to the pressure P of the reaction kettle, so that the pressure P of the reaction kettle in the preparation method can be approximately obtained, and a theoretical basis is provided for the selection of the pressure P of the reaction kettle in the preparation method.
The invention is not exhaustive and can be seen in the prior art.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. in the traditional carbonization maintenance method, firstly, hydration products on the surface of a test piece are mixed with CO 2 Reacting to generate CaCO 3 The holes attached to the surface of the test piece reduce the volume of the holes on the surface of the test piece and in a certain depth below the surface, and the surface is used for the following CO 2 The product enters the test piece to carry out carbonization reaction with hydration products to generate obstruction, so that the early-stage development of the strength is faster, and the later-stage strength is not obviously increased compared with the common maintenance mode. The invention adopts CO 2 The gas being used as the foaming source of the foam and not involving CO 2 Process of entering into test piece from outside, CO 2 The foam and the hydration product and CO can be directly and uniformly distributed in the test piece 2 Reaction to produce discontinuous CaCO 3 Spherical wall, caCO as the reaction proceeds 3 The spherical wall is continuously supplemented and completely gradually forms a spherical shell. CaCO of the invention 3 The formation of the spherical shell and the nearly uniform distribution of the spherical shell and the inside of the foam lightweight soil greatly enhance the later strength of the foam lightweight soil.
2. CaCO (CaCO) with the progress of reaction in the traditional carbonization maintenance mode 3 The reaction is generated and attached to the hole, and the reaction is prevented from going deep into the test piece, so that the reaction cannot be performed after reaching a certain depth, namely reaching the carbonization depth. While the invention enables CO to 2 Nearly uniformly distributed in the foam lightweight soil, can be contacted with any part of a test piece, and the carbonization depth can be regarded as the size of the whole test piece,thus can fix more CO 2 。
3. The invention adopts CO 2 The gas is used as the foaming source of the foam, and the generated compact foam wraps CO 2 Is consumed by reaction in the material or stored in the internal holes, and the carbon emission is reduced by about 20 percent compared with the production of the traditional cement-based foam lightweight soil.
4. The invention utilizes CO 2 The foamed light soil prepared by gas foaming meets engineering application standard, the strength is obviously improved compared with the traditional cement-based foamed light soil, the 3d strength is improved by about 47.87%, and the 28d strength is improved by about 51.34%.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
in order to better understand the technical solutions in the present specification, the following description will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, but not limited thereto, and the present invention is not fully described according to the conventional technology in the art.
Example 1
A preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 CO is introduced into 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing mass M 1 Is added with the mass of M 2 Uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain the reaction kettleContains CO 2 Foam mass M 3 The pressure of the reaction kettle is P, and preferably, the pressure of the reaction kettle is equal to the pressure of the high-pressure tank in value, namely P=P 0 ；
And taking out from the reaction kettle after 15min, and pouring and curing.
The mixing proportion design of the foam light soil is calculated by adopting the following formula:
R L ＝m C +m W
M C ＝m C (1-λ)
M W ＝m W (1-λ)
M F ＝R M -M C -M W
wherein:
m C kg/m for the mass of cement per cubic cement paste 3 ；
m W The mass of water per cubic cement paste is kg/m 3 ；
b is the mass of solid material contained in a unit mass of water in the cement slurry, i.e. water cement ratio = 1: b;
R L kg/m for the mass of cement paste per cubic 3 ；
ρ C Density of cement, kg/m 3 ；
Lambda is the bubble rate of the foam lightweight soil;
R M is the wet density of foam light soil, kg/m 3 ；
ρ f Is CO-containing 2 Density of foam, kg/m 3 ；
M C The mass of cement in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M W The mass of water in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M F Contains CO in the foamed light soil per cubic unit 2 Foam quality, kg/m 3 。
According to the calculated mass M of the ordinary Portland cement 1 Mass M of water 2 And contains CO 2 Mass M of foam 3 。
Example 2
A preparation method of cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, as shown in example 1, except that the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 =3.2 MPa, let in CO 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing 3185.4kg of ordinary Portland cement, adding 1592.7kg of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 The foam mass is 221.9kg, the pressure of the reaction kettle is P=3.2, MPa,
and taking out the test piece from the reaction kettle after 15min, pouring and curing, placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing to the corresponding age after removing the die.
Table 1: chemical cost table for ordinary Portland cement
Table 1 shows the chemical cost table of a certain Portland cement, and the carbonization degree is checked according to Table 1;
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
(2.2) according to the above calculation Lower CO 2 The density of (2) is:
containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->(the foaming agent can be sodium dodecyl sulfate which is an anionic surfactant, and researches show that the sodium dodecyl sulfate can better stabilize carbon dioxide foam to obtain N=50 and F=1667)
Containing CO 2 The gas in the foam is totally regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
example 2 meets the goal of selecting a degree of carbonization of 25%;
example 3
A method for preparing cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, as shown in example 2, except that the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 =4.2 MPa, let in CO 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing 3863.2kg of ordinary Portland cement, adding 1931.6kg of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry;introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 The foam mass is 205.3kg, the pressure of the reaction kettle is P=4.2 MPa,
and taking out the test piece from the reaction kettle after 15min, pouring and curing, placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing to the corresponding age after removing the die.
The chemical cost of ordinary Portland cement is as in Table 1 of example 2, and the carbonization degree is checked;
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
(2.2) according to the above calculation Lower CO 2 The density of (2) is:
containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->(the foaming agent can be sodium dodecyl sulfate which is an anionic surfactant, and researches show that dodecyl sulfideThe sodium acid can better stabilize the carbon dioxide foam to obtain N=50 and F=1667
Containing CO 2 The gas in the foam is totally regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
example 3 meets the goal of selecting a degree of carbonization of 25%;
example 4
A method for preparing cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, as shown in example 2, except that the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 =5.4 MPa, let in CO 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing 4540.9kg of ordinary Portland cement, adding 2270.5kg of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 The foam quality is 188.6kg, the reaction is carried outThe pressure of the reactor is set to be P=5.4MPa,
and taking out the test piece from the reaction kettle after 15min, pouring and curing, placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing to the corresponding age after removing the die.
The chemical cost of ordinary Portland cement is as in Table 1 of example 2, and the carbonization degree is checked;
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
(2.2) according to the above calculation Lower CO 2 The density of (2) is:
containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->(the foaming agent can be sodium dodecyl sulfate which is an anionic surfactant, and researches show that the sodium dodecyl sulfate can better stabilize carbon dioxide foam to obtain N=50 and F=1667)
Containing CO 2 The gas in the foam is totally regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
example 4 meets the objective of choosing a degree of carbonization of 25%.
Example 5
A method for preparing cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, as shown in example 2, except that the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 =6.8 MPa, let in CO 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing 5218.7kg of ordinary Portland cement, adding 2609.3kg of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 The foam mass is 172.0kg, the pressure of the reaction kettle is P=6.8MPa,
and taking out the test piece from the reaction kettle after 15min, pouring and curing, placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing to the corresponding age after removing the die.
The chemical cost of ordinary Portland cement is as in Table 1 of example 2, and the carbonization degree is checked;
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
(2.2) according to the above calculation Lower CO 2 The density of (2) is:
containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->(the foaming agent can be sodium dodecyl sulfate which is an anionic surfactant, and researches show that the sodium dodecyl sulfate can better stabilize carbon dioxide foam to obtain N=50 and F=1667)
Containing CO 2 The gas in the foam is totally regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
example 5 meets the objective of choosing a degree of carbonization of 25%.
Example 6
A method for preparing cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance, as shown in example 2, except that the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine through a funnel, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 =8.5 MPa, let in CO 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable (putting the discharge pipeline into water, observing whether generated bubbles are continuous or not, and if the generated bubbles are uniform and continuous, the pressure is regarded as stable) to obtain the foam containing CO 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing 5896.4kg of ordinary Portland cement, adding 2948.2kg of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture containing CO in the reaction kettle 2 The foam mass is 155.4kg, the pressure of the reaction kettle is P=8.5 MPa,
and taking out the test piece from the reaction kettle after 15min, pouring and curing, placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing to the corresponding age after removing the die.
The chemical cost of ordinary Portland cement is as in Table 1 of example 2, and the carbonization degree is checked;
(2.1) theoretical calculation of maximum absorbable CO 2 Measuring amount
(2.2) according to the above calculation Lower CO 2 The density of (2) is:
containing CO 2 Foam volumeWherein->(the foaming agent can be sodium dodecyl sulfate which is an anionic surfactant, and researches show that the sodium dodecyl sulfate can better stabilize carbon dioxide foam to obtain N=50 and F=1667)
Containing CO 2 The gas in the foam is totally regarded as CO 2 I.e.
Obtaining CO 2 CO in foam 2 The mass is as follows:
example 6 meets the objective of choosing a degree of carbonization of 25%.
In the above examples 2 to 6, two batches of the same test pieces were prepared in addition according to the same mix ratio, one batch was cured according to the foam lightweight soil ordinary curing system, and the other batch was cured according to the existing carbonization curing technique, i.e., in each example, three groups of test pieces were fabricated in total according to the same mix ratio, one group was subjected to ordinary curing, the second group was subjected to the existing carbonization curing, and the third group was subjected to the method of the present invention;
common maintenance system: and (3) placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing until the corresponding age after removing the die.
The existing carbonization maintenance system: before carbonization curing, the test piece is placed in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of 60+/-2% for 24 hours for pre-curing, and after the die is removed, the carbonization curing is carried out, wherein the carbonization curing temperature is set to be 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity is set to be 70+/-2%, and CO 2 The concentration is 20+/-1%, the carbonization curing time is 8 hours, and after the carbonization curing is finished, the test piece is subjected to water curing until the test piece reaches the corresponding age.
The compressive strength test was carried out on three groups of test pieces of examples 2 to 6 at corresponding ages to obtain table 2:
table 2: compressive strength of test piece at corresponding age
As can be seen from Table 2, the existing carbonization curing and the present invention have improved curing strength compared with the common curing, in terms of 3d strength, the carbonization curing and the present invention have improved curing strength compared with the common curing by 42.82% and 47.87%, respectively, and the present invention has improved curing strength by 11.79%; in the aspect of 7d strength, the carbonization curing and the invention respectively improve 68.64 percent and 106.55 percent compared with the common curing strength, and the invention improves 55.24 percent compared with the carbonization curing strength; in the 28d strength aspect, the carbonization curing and the invention respectively improve 30.88 percent and 51.34 percent compared with the common curing strength, and the invention improves 66.27 percent compared with the carbonization curing strength; in conclusion, the invention can be seen to have a great degree of improvement on the early strength and the later strength of the foam lightweight soil.
According to the compressive strength data of Table 2, the CO content of multiple groups of experiments was fitted by a formula 2 Foam pressureThe relation between the 28d compressive strength of the foam lightweight soil is as follows:
s in C To be the compressive strength of the foamed lightweight soil 28d, the formula can be used to extrapolate the CO-containing according to the compressive strength of the foamed lightweight soil 28d required for engineering 2 Foam pressureDue to the presence of CO 2 Foam pressure->The pressure is approximately equal to the pressure P of the reaction kettle, so that the pressure P of the reaction kettle in the preparation method can be approximately obtained, and a theoretical basis is provided for the selection of the pressure P of the reaction kettle in the preparation method.
Table 3 shows carbon sequestration and emission reduction tables of examples 2 to 6
In Table 3, OPC refers to Portland cement, and the carbon emission amount generated by OPC can be calculated according to the background art in this document, according to the production experience, the carbon emission amount per 1 ton of cement produced is about 634kg, and the emission reduction rate is calculated by CO in foam 2 The carbon emissions produced by the content/OPC are shown, from the data in table 3, that the reduction rate of each example exceeds 20% at a preferred carbonization level of 25%, indicating that the carbon sequestration and emission reduction effects of the present invention are significant.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, and such modifications and adaptations are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The preparation method of the cement-based foam light soil based on carbonization maintenance is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Preparation of foam:
pouring the foaming agent into a foaming machine, adding distilled water according to the mass ratio of 1:50, and then enabling the foaming machine to react with CO through an air pipe 2 The high-pressure tank is connected with the CO opening 2 Vent valve and CO 2 The pressure of the high-pressure tank is regulated to P 0 CO is introduced into 2 Closing after the pressure of the foaming machine is stable, and obtaining the CO-containing material 2 Foaming; then the foam outlet valve of the foaming machine is opened to contain CO 2 Conveying the foam into a reaction kettle;
(2) Preparing foam light soil:
weighing mass M 1 Is added with the mass of M 2 Uniformly stirring to obtain cement slurry; introducing the cement slurry into a reaction kettle, and uniformly stirring to obtainWherein the reaction kettle contains CO 2 Foam mass M 3 The pressure intensity of the reaction kettle is P, and P=P 0 ；
Taking out from the reaction kettle after 15min, and pouring and curing;
the carbonization degree of the foam light soil is 25%;
wherein delta is the carbonization degree of the foam lightweight soil;
b is the mass of solid material contained in a unit mass of water in the cement slurry, i.e. water cement ratio = 1: b;
R M is the wet density of foam light soil, kg/m 3 ；
Containing CO 2 Foam pressureIs approximately equal to the pressure P of the reaction kettle.
2. The preparation method of the cement-based foam lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance according to claim 1, wherein the blending proportion design of the foam lightweight soil is calculated by adopting the following formula:
R L ＝m C +m W
M C ＝m C (1-λ)
M W ＝m W (1-λ)
M F ＝R M -M C -M W
wherein:
m C kg/m for the mass of cement per cubic cement paste 3 ；
m W The mass of water per cubic cement paste is kg/m 3 ；
b is the mass of solid material contained in a unit mass of water in the cement slurry, i.e. water cement ratio = 1: b;
R L kg/m for the mass of cement paste per cubic 3 ；
ρ C Density of cement, kg/m 3 ；
Lambda is the bubble rate of the foam lightweight soil;
R M is the wet density of foam light soil, kg/m 3 ；
ρ f Is CO-containing 2 Density of foam, kg/m 3 ；
M C The mass of cement in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M W The mass of water in each cubic foam light soil is kg/m 3 ；
M F Contains CO in the foamed light soil per cubic unit 2 Foam quality, kg/m 3 。
3. The method for preparing the cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance according to claim 1, wherein the foaming agent is sodium dodecyl sulfate serving as an anionic surfactant, n=50, f=1667, N is the foaming agent dilution ratio, and F is the foaming agent expansion ratio.
4. The method for preparing cement-based foamed lightweight soil based on carbonization maintenance according to claim 1, wherein the maintenance method in the step (2) is as follows:
and (3) placing the test piece in an environment with the temperature of 20+/-1 ℃ and the relative humidity of not less than 95% for 24 hours for curing, and continuously curing until the corresponding age after removing the die.
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