CN115611568A - Copper tailing based high-performance concrete and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Copper tailing based high-performance concrete and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115611568A CN115611568A CN202211636209.8A CN202211636209A CN115611568A CN 115611568 A CN115611568 A CN 115611568A CN 202211636209 A CN202211636209 A CN 202211636209A CN 115611568 A CN115611568 A CN 115611568A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00017—Aspects relating to the protection of the environment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/34—Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials
- C04B2111/343—Crack resistant materials
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
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Abstract
The application provides copper tailing based high-performance concrete and a preparation method thereof. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass of 100 percent: 15% of cement, 42% of stones, 31% of sand, 5% of fly ash, 0.1% of concrete admixture and 6.9% of water; wherein, the sand is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing sand, and the fly ash is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing admixture. The preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following steps: and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the copper tailing based high-performance concrete. The application provides a new idea for the comprehensive utilization of the copper tailings in a reduction manner.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of solid waste treatment, in particular to copper tailing based high-performance concrete and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The copper ore has the characteristics of low grade and high tailing yield, most of the copper tailings have the characteristics of complex components, high sulfur content, fine grain size and the like, the large-scale reduction and comprehensive utilization difficulty is high, and no effective large-scale value-added absorption way exists at present.
The large amount of stockpiling of the copper tailings causes serious waste of resources, restricts normal production of waste production enterprises, and brings serious environmental pollution and huge potential safety hazard; meanwhile, as concrete is used as a large quantity of building material products which are most widely used, after the exploitation of river sand is forbidden, the price of building sand which is an important raw material of concrete is continuously increased, and meanwhile, as the number of thermal power plants in the south area of Yangtze river in China is small, the quantity of fly ash is relatively lacked, the price is continuously increased, and the production cost of the concrete is continuously increased due to the continuous increase of the price of the raw material, a new cheap substitute raw material needs to be searched urgently.
Therefore, the development of the copper tailings to substitute construction sand and active mineral admixture in concrete in a grading and quality-grading manner is an important subject with application value and social and economic significance when the copper tailings are applied to the concrete. At present, most researches in the field still stay in the way that tailings are simply and directly doped into concrete, and no research is available for applying copper tailings in concrete by grading and grading full components.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide copper tailing based high-performance concrete and a preparation method thereof, so as to solve the problems.
In order to achieve the purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application:
the copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass of 100 percent:
12 to 15 percent of cement, 42 to 46 percent of stone, 26 to 31 percent of sand, 3 to 5 percent of fly ash, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of concrete admixture and 6 to 7 percent of water.
Wherein, the sand is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing sand, and the fly ash is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing admixture;
the copper tailing sand is a particulate matter with the particle size of not less than 0.15mm, which is obtained by drying, desulfurizing and sorting the copper tailing, the copper tailing admixture is obtained by mixing and ball-milling copper tailing fine particles and a modified additive, and the copper tailing fine particles are particulate matter with the particle size of less than 0.15mm, which is obtained by drying, desulfurizing and sorting the copper tailing.
Preferably, the modified admixture comprises one or more of oleic acid, glacial acetic acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
Preferably, the temperature for drying the copper tailings is 400-600 ℃.
Preferably, the flue gas obtained by drying the copper tailings is desulfurized to obtain desulfurized gypsum.
Preferably, the desulfurized gypsum is used to prepare a cement retarder.
Preferably, the sand comprises natural sand and/or machine-made sand.
Preferably, the concrete admixture comprises a water reducing agent.
Preferably, the water reducing agent comprises one or more of lignosulfonate, aliphatic high-efficiency water reducing agent and polycarboxylic acid type water reducing agent.
Preferably, the mineral composition of the copper tailings comprises quartz, hydrocalcium aluminum garnet and limestone.
The application also provides a preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete, which comprises the following steps:
and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the copper tailing based high-performance concrete.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effect of this application includes:
aiming at the problems of fine granularity, high sulfur content, large annual output and poor activity of the copper tailings, the application provides a method for applying the copper tailings in classification and quality classification into concrete by using all components, and provides a new idea for the reduction and utilization of the copper tailings. On the other hand, because the granularity of the copper tailings is fine, the fineness requirement of the concrete active mineral admixture can be met by simply grinding the sorted fine-grained raw materials, and the production cost can be greatly reduced; compared with the traditional raw materials, the active mineral admixture prepared from the fine-grained copper tailings can play stronger micro-aggregate effect, morphological effect and filling effect in concrete, and play roles in increasing the compressive strength of the concrete and preventing the concrete from cracking.
Aiming at the difficulty that the copper-containing tailings cannot be directly used as raw materials in the cement concrete industry, the copper-tailing-based high-performance concrete provided by the application adopts synchronous desulfurization in the tailing drying and dehydration process, and volatilizes part of sulfur-containing components in the tailings into flue gas, so that the copper-containing tailings can be used in the concrete; aiming at the characteristics of large annual production amount of copper tailings and shortage of raw materials in the concrete industry, the method for grading and separating the whole components of the copper tailings into the concrete is provided; the coarse fraction products (the particles with the particle size of not less than 0.15 mm) separated from the dried and desulfurized copper tailings are used as concrete fine aggregates, and the fine fraction products (the particles with the particle size of less than 0.15 mm) are used as concrete admixture after being modified and processed; the concrete prepared by taking the copper tailings as the main raw material has excellent performance indexes, and provides a new idea for the reduction comprehensive utilization of the copper tailings.
The preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete is simple to operate.
Drawings
To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments are briefly described below, and it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present application.
Figure 1 is a copper tailing XRD spectrum.
Detailed Description
The terms as used herein:
"by 8230; \ 8230; preparation" is synonymous with "comprising". The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, as used herein, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
The conjunction "consisting of 823070, 8230composition" excludes any unspecified elements, steps or components. If used in a claim, this phrase shall render the claim closed except for the materials described except for those materials normally associated therewith. When the phrase "consisting of 8230' \8230"; composition "appears in a clause of the subject matter of the claims and not immediately after the subject matter, it defines only the elements described in the clause; other elements are not excluded from the claims as a whole.
When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is expressed as a range, preferred range, or as a range of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. For example, when a range of "1 to 5" is disclosed, the described range should be interpreted to include the ranges "1 to 4," "1 to 3," "1 to 2 and 4 to 5," "1 to 3 and 5," and the like. When a range of values is described herein, unless otherwise specified, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range.
In these examples, the parts and percentages are by mass unless otherwise indicated.
"parts by mass" means a basic unit of measure indicating a mass ratio of a plurality of components, and 1 part may represent an arbitrary unit mass, for example, 1g or 2.689 g. If we say that the part by mass of the component A is a part by mass and the part by mass of the component B is B part by mass, the ratio of the part by mass of the component A to the part by mass of the component B is a: b. alternatively, the mass of the A component is aK and the mass of the B component is bK (K is an arbitrary number, and represents a multiple factor). It is not to be misunderstood that the sum of the parts by mass of all the components is not limited to the limit of 100 parts, unlike the parts by mass.
"and/or" is used to indicate that one or both of the illustrated conditions may occur, e.g., a and/or B includes (a and B) and (a or B).
The copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass of 100 percent:
12 to 15 percent of cement, 42 to 46 percent of stone, 26 to 31 percent of sand, 3 to 5 percent of fly ash, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of concrete admixture and 6 to 7 percent of water;
wherein, the sand is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing sand, and the fly ash is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing admixture;
the copper tailing sand is a particulate matter with the particle size of not less than 0.15mm obtained by drying and sorting copper tailings, the copper tailing admixture is obtained by mixing and ball-milling copper tailing fine particles and a modified additive, and the copper tailing fine particles are particulate matter with the particle size of less than 0.15mm obtained by drying and sorting copper tailings.
The coarse-fraction tailings in the copper tailings can be independently sorted to be used as a substitute raw material of building sand, and meanwhile, the fine-fraction tailings with potential volcanic ash activity can replace a part of concrete active mineral admixture to play a micro-aggregate effect, a filling effect, a dilution effect, a morphological effect and the like in concrete, so that the performance of the concrete is enhanced.
Optionally, in the raw materials of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete, the dosage of the cement can be 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or any value between 12% and 15%; the dosage of the stones can be any one of 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46% or 42-46%; the amount of the sand can be 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31% or any value between 26% and 31%; the usage amount of the fly ash can be 3%, 4%, 5% or any value between 3% and 5%; the dosage of the concrete admixture can be any value between 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% or 0.1 to 0.3%; the amount of water used may be 6%, 6.5%, 7%, or any of 6 to 7%.
In an alternative embodiment, the modifying admixture comprises one or more of oleic acid, glacial acetic acid, polyvinyl alcohol.
The surface modification of the copper tailings is realized under the non-alkali condition, and the inert silicon-aluminum component in the copper tailings is activated, so that the volcanic ash activity of the copper tailings is greatly improved.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature for drying the copper tailings is 400 to 600 ℃.
The sulfur-containing minerals in the copper tailings mainly comprise pyrite, pyrrhotite and the like, the sulfur in the FeS mainly exists in the form of FeS, and the sulfur in the FeS volatilizes when the drying temperature reaches about 400 ℃, so that the drying temperature not only needs to ensure the drying effect of the tailings, but also needs to reach the volatilization temperature of the sulfur in the tailings.
Optionally, the temperature for drying the copper tailings may be any value between 400 ℃, 500 ℃, 600 ℃ or 400 ℃ to 600 ℃.
In an alternative embodiment, the copper tailings are dried to obtain flue gas desulfurization gypsum.
In an alternative embodiment, the desulfurized gypsum is used to prepare a cement retarder.
In an alternative embodiment, the sand comprises natural sand and/or machine-made sand.
In an alternative embodiment, the concrete admixture comprises a water reducing agent.
In an alternative embodiment, the water reducer comprises one or more of a lignosulfonate salt, an aliphatic superplasticizer, and a polycarboxylic acid type water reducer.
In an alternative embodiment, the mineral composition of the copper tailings comprises quartz, hydrocalcium aluminum garnet and limestone.
The application also provides a preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete, which comprises the following steps:
and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the copper tailing based high-performance concrete.
Embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only illustrative of the present application and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present application. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a copper tailing based high-performance concrete, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15% of cement, 42% of stones, 31% of copper tailing sand, 5% of copper tailing admixture, 6.9% of water and 0.1% of concrete admixture (BASF polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent RHEOPLUS 410).
The preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following specific steps:
(1) Firstly, drying the copper tailings in a drum, performing dry-type wind separation on the dried and desulfurized copper tailings, separating the separated +0.15mm copper tailing sand, and performing ball milling on the-0.15 mm copper tailings in cooperation with a modifier to obtain a copper tailing admixture;
the water content of the copper tailing raw material is 15%, and the particle size distribution of the copper tailing is shown in table 1; the main mineral components are quartz, calcium aluminate garnet and limestone, the chemical compositions of the main mineral components are shown in a table 2, and an XRD pattern is shown in a figure 1.
TABLE 1 particle size distribution of copper tailings
TABLE 2 copper tailings chemical composition
(2) Mixing and stirring copper tailing sand, copper tailing admixture, cement, stones, concrete admixture and water in proportion to prepare concrete with the slump of 185mm, the expansion degree of 455mm and the density of 2500kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 23.78Pa, the 28d compressive strength is 34.38MPa, the prepared concrete has excellent performance, all indexes meet the requirements of C30 concrete, the single-side production cost of the prepared concrete is 228 yuan, the details are shown in the following table 3, and 900kg of copper tailings can be consumed in producing each side of concrete.
Table 3 example 1 cost table
Example 2
The embodiment provides a copper tailing based high-performance concrete, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15% of cement, 42% of stones, 15% of natural sand, 16% of copper tailing sand, 5% of copper tailing admixture, 6.9% of water and 0.1% of concrete admixture (polycarboxylic acid type high-efficiency water reducing agent).
The preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following specific steps:
(1) Firstly, carrying out drum returning drying on the copper tailings, carrying out dry-type wind separation on the dried and desulfurized copper tailings, separating the copper tailings with the particle size of +0.15mm, and carrying out ball milling on the tailings with the particle size of-0.15 mm in cooperation with a modifier to obtain a copper tailing admixture;
(2) Mixing and stirring copper tailing sand, copper tailing admixture, cement, stones, concrete admixture and water in proportion to prepare concrete with slump of 175mm, expansion degree of 440mm and density of 2460kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 24.78Pa, the 28d compressive strength is 32.38MPa, the prepared concrete has excellent performance, all indexes meet the requirements of C30 concrete, the single-formula production cost of the prepared concrete is 265 yuan, and 525kg of copper tailings can be consumed in producing each formula of concrete.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a copper tailing based high-performance concrete, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15% of cement, 42% of pebbles, 31% of copper tailing sand, 2% of fly ash, 3% of copper tailing admixture, 6.9% of water and 0.1% of concrete admixture (polycarboxylic acid type high-efficiency water reducing agent).
The preparation method of the copper tailing based high-performance concrete comprises the following specific steps:
(1) Firstly, carrying out drum returning drying on the copper tailings, carrying out dry-type wind separation on the dried and desulfurized copper tailings, separating the copper tailings with the particle size of +0.15mm, and carrying out ball milling on the tailings with the particle size of-0.15 mm in cooperation with a modifier to obtain a copper tailing admixture;
(2) Mixing and stirring copper tailing sand, copper tailing admixture, cement, stones, concrete admixture and water in proportion to prepare concrete with slump of 175mm, expansion of 435mm and density of 2400kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 21.31Pa, the 28d compressive strength is 32.24MPa, the prepared concrete has excellent performance, all indexes meet the requirements of C30 concrete, the single-side production cost of the prepared concrete is 236 yuan, and 850kg of copper tailings can be consumed in producing each side of concrete.
Comparative example 1
Mixing and stirring cement, construction sand, fly ash, pebbles, concrete admixture and water according to a certain proportion, wherein the preparation proportion is 15 percent of cement, 42 percent of pebbles and construction sand31 percent of fly ash, 5 percent of water, 6.9 percent of water and 0.1 percent of concrete admixture, and the prepared concrete has the slump of 185mm, the spreading degree of 455mm and the density of 2500kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 24.65Pa, the 28d compressive strength is 35.48MPa, the prepared concrete has excellent performance, each index meets the requirements of C30 concrete, the single-formula production cost of the prepared concrete is about 285 yuan, and the details are shown in the following table 4.
Table 4 comparative example 1 cost table
Comparative example 2
Mixing and stirring cement, construction sand, copper tailings, fly ash, stones, concrete admixture and water according to a certain proportion, wherein the preparation proportion is 15 percent of cement, 42 percent of stones, 31 percent of copper tailing sand, 5 percent of unmodified copper tailing crude ore, 6.9 percent of water and 0.1 percent of concrete admixture, and the prepared concrete has the slump of 140mm, the expansion degree of 370mm and the density of 2500kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 19.65MPa, the 28d compressive strength is 27.48MPa, and the prepared concrete can not meet the index requirement of C30 concrete.
Comparative example 3
Mixing and stirring cement, construction sand, copper tailings, fly ash, stones, concrete admixture and water according to a certain proportion, wherein the preparation proportion is that the cement is 15 percent, the stones are 42 percent, the copper tailings sand which is not graded after pretreatment is 31 percent, the copper tailings admixture is 5 percent, the water is 6.9 percent and the concrete admixture is 0.1 percent, and the prepared concrete has the slump of 270mm, the expansion degree of 520mm and the density of 2600kg/m 3 The 3d compressive strength is 20.45MPa, the 28d compressive strength is 28.476MPa, and the prepared concrete can not meet the index requirements of C30 concrete.
Comparative example 4
Mixing and stirring cement, construction sand, copper tailings, fly ash, stones, concrete admixture and water according to a certain proportion, wherein the preparation proportion is 10 percent of cement, 42 percent of stones, 31 percent of copper tailing sand, 10 percent of copper tailing admixture, 6.9 percent of water and 0.1 percent of concrete admixture, and the prepared concrete has the slump of 250mm, the expansion degree of 480mm and the density of 2580kg/m 3 3d compressive strength of 17.46MPa,28d resistanceThe pressure intensity is 21.07MPa, and the prepared concrete can not meet the index requirement of C30 concrete.
According to the copper tailing based high-performance concrete and the preparation method thereof, the copper tailings can be applied to the concrete in a grading and quality-grading manner, coarse-grained copper tailing sand in the copper tailings is used for replacing natural sand which is forbidden to be exploited in the traditional concrete, and copper tailing admixture prepared by processing fine-grained copper tailing powder can replace traditional building materials such as fly ash, so that the production cost of the concrete industry is greatly reduced.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present application, and not for limiting the same; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.
Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that while some embodiments herein include some features included in other embodiments, rather than other features, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the application and form different embodiments. For example, in the claims above, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination. The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the application and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass of 100 percent of the total mass of raw materials:
12 to 15 percent of cement, 42 to 46 percent of stone, 26 to 31 percent of sand, 3 to 5 percent of fly ash, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of concrete admixture and 6 to 7 percent of water;
wherein, the sand is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing sand, and the fly ash is partially or completely replaced by copper tailing admixture;
the copper tailing sand is a particulate matter with the particle size not smaller than 0.15mm, which is obtained by drying and sorting copper tailings, the copper tailing admixture is obtained by mixing and ball-milling copper tailing fine particles and a modified additive, and the copper tailing fine particles are a particulate matter with the particle size smaller than 0.15mm, which is obtained by drying and sorting copper tailings.
2. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to claim 1, wherein the modifying additive comprises one or more of oleic acid, glacial acetic acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
3. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to claim 1, wherein the temperature for drying the copper tailings is 400 to 600 ℃.
4. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to claim 1, characterized in that flue gas obtained by drying the copper tailings is desulfurized to obtain desulfurized gypsum.
5. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to claim 1, wherein the desulfurized gypsum is used for preparing a cement retarder.
6. The copper tailings based high performance concrete of claim 1, wherein the sand comprises natural sand and/or machine-made sand.
7. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to claim 1, wherein the concrete admixture comprises a water reducing agent.
8. The copper tailing based high-performance concrete of claim 7, wherein the water reducing agent comprises one or more of lignosulfonate, an aliphatic high-efficiency water reducing agent and a polycarboxylic acid type water reducing agent.
9. The copper tailings based high performance concrete according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the mineral composition of the copper tailings comprises quartz, calcium aluminate garnet and limestone.
10. A method for preparing the copper tailing based high-performance concrete according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the copper tailing based high-performance concrete.
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| CN116496040A (en) * | 2023-03-30 | 2023-07-28 | 上海建工建材科技集团股份有限公司 | Self-compacting concrete and preparation method thereof |
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| 中国建筑工业出版社, 哈尔滨工业大学出版社 * |
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| CN116496040A (en) * | 2023-03-30 | 2023-07-28 | 上海建工建材科技集团股份有限公司 | Self-compacting concrete and preparation method thereof |
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