CN115602805A - Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN115602805A
CN115602805A CN202210507846.9A CN202210507846A CN115602805A CN 115602805 A CN115602805 A CN 115602805A CN 202210507846 A CN202210507846 A CN 202210507846A CN 115602805 A CN115602805 A CN 115602805A
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nitrogen
hollow carbon
doped hollow
stirring
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CN115602805B (en
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姚卫棠
黄港
熊伟
蒋见昊
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Chengdu University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/364Composites as mixtures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) Preparing a template melamine-formaldehyde resin ball by adopting a self-assembly method; (2) Coating the prepared template with tannic acid, and adding tetraethylenepentamine to react with the tannic acid to perform Schiff base reaction for nitrogen doping; (3) And carrying out heat treatment on the prepared precursor, namely carbonizing the organic matter to obtain the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres. The preparation method is simple, the operation is simple and convenient, the repeatability is good, and the product purity is high. The prepared nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere material has a regular structure and good stability, and has the advantage of high capacity when used as a battery cathode material.

Description

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of porous cathode materials, and particularly relates to a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
A large number of non-carbonaceous materials with different sodium storage mechanisms have been developed as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries, including metal oxides/sulfides (e.g., tiO) 2 ,SnS 2 ,MoS 2 ) And metals/alloys (e.g. Sn, niSe) 2 ). Overall, these materials are intercalated with Na + Severe volume changes still occur, resulting in reduced cycling stability. On the contrary, the reasonable design and convenient synthesis of non-noble metal materials have high requirements on sodium ion batteries, low price andcarbon materials that are simple to fabricate have been widely studied as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries. However, the practical application of graphite with good structure in the high energy density sodium ion battery is hindered by the defects of low theoretical specific capacity, unsatisfactory rate performance and the like. In addition, other carbon species, including porous carbon, heteroatom-doped carbon, and carbon of different structures, have also been used as anode materials to increase the energy and power density of rechargeable secondary batteries.
As described above, the structural design of the carbon electrode is skillfully combined with the interlayer expansion of the carbon host to accommodate more inserted sodium ions, which is one of the most effective ways to improve the sodium storage capacity of the carbon electrode. Therefore, the development of carbon-based negative electrodes for high-performance sodium ion batteries is still a very necessary research direction.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method is simple to operate, good in repeatability and high in product purity, and has high energy density, good rate capability and high specific capacity when used as a negative electrode material of a sodium-ion battery.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a preparation method of a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing a melamine-formaldehyde resin ball template by adopting a self-assembly method;
(2) Adding tetraethylenepentamine into the prepared template to react with tannic acid to prepare a precursor;
(3) And performing heat treatment on the precursor to obtain the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere.
Further, the self-assembly method specifically includes the following processes:
(1.1) uniformly mixing the formaldehyde solution and deionized water, stirring, adding melamine, and continuously stirring;
(1.2) adding acetic acid into the mixed solution prepared in the step (1.1), continuing stirring, and centrifuging to collect a sample after stirring is finished;
and (1.3) washing and drying the sample in sequence to obtain the template.
Furthermore, the volume ratio of the formaldehyde solution to the deionized water to the acetic acid is 4-5 to 100-150: 4 to 5g.
Further, the stirring speed is 95-105r/min, the stirring time with the deionized water in the step (1.1) is 3-7min, the stirring time after the melamine is added is 50-70min, and the stirring time in the step (1.2) is 2.5-3.5h.
Further, the rotation speed of the centrifugation is 7500-8500r/min, the drying temperature is 75-85 ℃, and the drying time is 10-14h.
Further, the step (2) specifically comprises the following processes:
(2.1) dispersing the template in a buffer solution, adding tannic acid, uniformly stirring, adding tetraethylenepentamine, and continuously stirring;
and (2.2) centrifuging the mixed solution prepared in the step (2.1), washing and drying to prepare the precursor.
Further, the mass-volume ratio of the template to the tannic acid to the tetraethylenepentamine is 0.1g to 0.2mL, the stirring speed is 95 to 105r/min, and the stirring time is 3 to 7min and 3.5 to 4.5h respectively;
the rotation speed of the centrifugation is 7500-8500r/min, the drying temperature is 75-85 ℃, and the drying time is 10-14h.
Further, the heat treatment specifically includes the following processes: heating the precursor to 750-850 ℃ at the heating rate of 2-6 ℃/min in the inert gas atmosphere, and calcining for 100-150min. Preferably, the rate of temperature rise is 5 ℃/min.
The invention also provides a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere prepared by the preparation method of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere.
The invention also provides application of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere in preparing a button cell
The invention also provides a button cell, and the cathode material of the button cell is prepared from the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres.
In summary, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the method adopts a coating method to prepare the precursor, and then carries out carbonization to obtain the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres to be used as the cathode material of the sodium ion battery, and the obtained material has unique structure, uniform shape and good stability, and has high capacity and good rate capability when being used as the cathode material.
2. The preparation method is simple, good in repeatability, simple and easily available in raw materials, environment-friendly, and high in purity of the prepared product.
3. According to the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere material prepared by taking the MF sphere as the template, due to the fact that nitrogen and carbon have similar covalent radiuses, when the nitrogen is doped into a carbon-containing material, the electronic structure and charge density distribution can be effectively adjusted, and the sodium storage capacity is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) image of a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres of example 1 of the present invention at 100mA g -1 A 100-circle charge-discharge cycle curve chart measured under the current density;
FIG. 3 shows the sample at 1Ag for example 2 -1 A 500-turn charge-discharge cycle curve chart measured under the current density;
FIG. 4 shows that the carbonization temperature is reduced to 100m Ag in comparative example 2 -1 100 cycles of charge and discharge cycles measured at current density.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with embodiments, which are included to explain the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are conventional products which are not indicated by manufacturers and are commercially available.
Unless otherwise specified,% "in the present invention means the mass percentage, i.e., wt%.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 5mL of formaldehyde solution with 150mL of deionized water at room temperature, and stirring at the rotating speed of 100r/min for 5min; then 5g of melamine is added into the mixed solution, and the mixed solution is stirred for 60min at the rotating speed of 100 r/min; dropwise adding 1mL of acetic acid into the mixed solution, and stirring for 3h at the rotating speed of 100 r/min; after stirring, centrifuging at 8000r/min by a high-speed centrifuge to collect samples, washing with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and finally drying the samples in a constant-temperature vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for 12h; the resulting white powder was the template MF sphere, a melamine-formaldehyde resin sphere template.
(2) Dispersing 0.1g MF spheres in 100mL buffer (pH = 8), after which 0.3g tannic acid was added to the mixture, and stirred at 100r/min for 5min; dripping 0.1mL of tetraethylenepentamine into the mixed solution, and stirring for 4h at the rotating speed of 100 r/min;
after stirring, centrifuging at 8000r/min by a high-speed centrifuge to collect samples, washing with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and finally drying the samples in a constant-temperature vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for 12h; the brown powder obtained is mf @ npta, a precursor.
(3) At Ar 2 Calcining 0.1g MF @ NPTA powder at 800 ℃ for 2h at the temperature rise rate of 5 ℃/min in the atmosphere to obtain black powder which is the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres.
The embodiment also comprises a process of preparing the cathode material of the button cell by using the obtained nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres and further assembling the button cell, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Active material (nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres) (80 wt%), acetylene black (10 wt%) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (10 wt%) dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) were added to a mortar and ground until mixed to obtain slurry.
(2) Coating the slurry on a copper foil and transferring the copper foil to a vacuum oven at 60 ℃ for 12h to obtain the negative electrode material.
(3) The electrolyte consists of 1M sodium perchlorate dissolved in ethylene carbonate/divinyl carbonate (volume ratio 1.
At NEPerforming constant current charge and discharge test on the WARE cell test system, wherein the cut-off voltage of the sodium ion cell is 0.01V-3.0V; the voltage range of the cyclic voltammetry distribution (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) performed on a VersasTAT workstation was 0.01V to 3.0V, and the scan rate was 0.1mV s -1 (ii) a The ESI is obtained by applying a sine wave with an amplitude of 5mV in the frequency range of 100kHz to 0.01 Hz. All tests were performed at room temperature.
The appearance of the prepared nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres can be seen from a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) picture of fig. 1; the sodium ion battery cathode material nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres prepared in the example 1 are prepared into a button battery, a constant current charge and discharge test is carried out on a NEWARE battery test system, the cut-off voltage of the sodium ion battery is set to be 0.01V to 3.0V, and the current density is set to be 100mA g -1 The number of cycles is 100 cycles.
The test results are shown in figure 2, and as can be seen from figure 2, the button cell prepared by the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres prepared by the method is 100mA g -1 The specific capacity is kept at 339mAhg after the circulation for 100 circles under the current density of (1) -1 The first coulombic efficiency was 51% mainly due to electrolyte decomposition and SEI formation on the surface of the material, and then the coulombic efficiency tended to be stable.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 4mL of formaldehyde solution with 100mL of deionized water at room temperature, and stirring at the rotating speed of 100r/min for 5min; then 4g of melamine is added into the mixed solution, and the mixed solution is stirred for 60min at the rotating speed of 100 r/min; dropwise adding 0.5mL of acetic acid into the mixed solution, and stirring for 3h at the rotating speed of 100 r/min; after stirring, centrifuging at 8000r/min by a high-speed centrifuge to collect samples, washing with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and finally drying the samples in a constant-temperature vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for 12h; the resulting white powder was the template MF sphere, a melamine-formaldehyde resin sphere template.
(2) Dispersing 0.1g of MF spheres in 100mL of buffer (pH = 8), and thereafter adding 0.3g of tannic acid to the mixture, and stirring at 100r/min for 5min; dripping 0.1mL of tetraethylenepentamine into the mixed solution, and stirring for 4h at the rotating speed of 100 r/min; after stirring, centrifuging at a rotation speed of 8000r/min by a high-speed centrifuge to collect a sample, washing with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and finally drying the sample in a constant-temperature vacuum oven at a temperature of 80 ℃ for 12 hours; the brown powder obtained is mf @ npta, a precursor.
(3) At Ar 2 Calcining 0.1g MF @ NPTA powder at 800 ℃ for 2h in the atmosphere at the temperature rise rate of 5 ℃/min to obtain black powder which is the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres.
The nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres prepared in example 2 were made into button cells, and constant current charge and discharge tests were performed on a NEWARE cell test system. Setting the current density at 1Ag -1 The number of cycles is 500 cycles. All tests were performed at room temperature and the results are shown in figure 3.
As shown in FIG. 3, the button cell made of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres prepared by the invention is 1Ag -1 After circulating for 500 circles, the specific capacity is kept at 181mAhg -1 It can be seen that at relatively high current densities, there is also little capacity fade and reversibility is very good, with the subsequent coulombic efficiency remaining very stable in addition to the first turn coulombic efficiency.
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 the preparation method of the present invention is the same as that of example 1, only the mass ratio of tannic acid to tetraethylenepentamine is changed, and the mass ratio is 1:2, the amount of tetraethylenepentamine added was increased, and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
No suspension occurred during the stirring, i.e.no precursor MF @ NPTA was produced.
Comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 the preparation was carried out in the same manner as in example 1, only in step (3), the carbonization temperature was lowered, i.e., in Ar 2 Calcining 0.1g MF @ NPTA powder at 600 deg.C for 2h at a temperature rise rate of 5 deg.C/min in atmosphere.
Active material (nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres) (80 wt%), acetylene black (10 wt%) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (10 wt%) dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) were added to the mortar and ground until mixed. The slurry was then coated on copper foil and transferred to a vacuum oven at 60 ℃ for 12h. The electrolyte consisted of 1M sodium perchlorate dissolved in ethylene carbonate/divinyl carbonate (volume ratio 1. And the button cell is manufactured in the glove box.
Performing constant current charge and discharge test on a NEWARE cell test system, wherein the cut-off voltage of the sodium ion cell is 0.01V-3.0V; the voltage range of the cyclic voltammetry distribution (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) performed on a VersasTAT workstation is 0.01V to 3.0V, and the scanning rate is 0.1mVs -1 (ii) a ESI is obtained by applying a sine wave with an amplitude of 5mV over a frequency range of 100kHz to 0.01 Hz. All tests were performed at room temperature. The experimental test result is poor, the circulation stability is poor, and the capacity is low. The specific results are shown in FIG. 4.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the battery prepared in comparative example 2 has poor cycle stability and low capacity at 100mAg -1 After circulating for 100 circles, the specific capacity is kept at 188mAhg -1 This is because the lower carbonization temperature results in incomplete shrinkage of the material structure, lower porosity and defects, lower specific surface area and pores which are detrimental to electrolyte penetration and Na + The diffusion of ions greatly reduces the capacity.
While the present invention has been described in particular detail, it should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. Various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without inventive work within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. The preparation method of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Preparing a melamine-formaldehyde resin ball template by adopting a self-assembly method;
(2) Adding tetraethylenepentamine into the prepared template to react with tannic acid to prepare a precursor;
(3) And performing heat treatment on the precursor to obtain the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere.
2. The method for preparing the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere according to claim 1, wherein the self-assembly method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1.1) uniformly mixing the formaldehyde solution and deionized water, stirring, adding melamine, and continuously stirring;
(1.2) adding acetic acid into the mixed solution prepared in the step (1.1), continuing stirring, and centrifuging to collect a sample after stirring is finished;
and (1.3) washing and drying the sample in sequence to obtain the template.
3. The preparation method of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere according to claim 2, wherein the volume ratio of the formaldehyde solution to the deionized water to the acetic acid is (4-5): 4 to 5g.
4. The method for preparing nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres according to claim 2, wherein the stirring speed is 95-105r/min, the stirring time with deionized water in the step (1.1) is 3-7min, the stirring time after the addition of melamine is 50-70min, and the stirring time in the step (1.2) is 2.5-3.5h.
5. The method for preparing nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres of claim 2, wherein the rotation speed of the centrifugation is 7500-8500r/min, the drying temperature is 75-85 ℃, and the drying time is 10-14h.
6. The method for preparing nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps:
(2.1) dispersing the template in the buffer solution, adding the tannin, stirring uniformly, adding the tetraethylenepentamine, and continuing to stir; the mass volume ratio of the template to the tannic acid to the tetraethylenepentamine is 0.1g to 0.2mL; stirring for 3-7min after adding tannic acid, and stirring for 3.5-4.5h after adding tetraethylenepentamine; the rotating speed of the stirring is 95-105r/min;
(2.2) centrifuging the mixed solution prepared in the step (2.1), washing and drying to prepare a precursor; the rotation speed of the centrifugation is 7500-8500r/min, the drying temperature is 75-85 ℃, and the drying time is 10-14h.
7. The method for preparing nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment specifically comprises the following steps: heating the precursor to 750-850 ℃ at the heating rate of 2-6 ℃/min in the inert gas atmosphere, and calcining for 100-150min.
8. A nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere, which is prepared by the method for preparing a nitrogen-doped hollow carbon sphere according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. Use of nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres as claimed in claim 8 for the preparation of button cells.
10. Button cell, characterized in that the negative electrode material of the button cell is prepared from the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres of claim 8.
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