CN115568457A

CN115568457A - Controlled release device and method for integrating an active ingredient into a matrix

Info

Publication number: CN115568457A
Application number: CN202211197137.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 诺埃尔·埃尔曼
Original assignee: Nuo AierAierman
Current assignee: Nuo AierAierman
Priority date: 2018-03-16
Filing date: 2019-03-15
Publication date: 2023-01-06
Also published as: WO2019175844A2; CN112218528A; US20210379229A1; US20210038754A1; US11103609B2; CN112218528B; WO2019175844A3; US20240009337A1; US11786623B2

Abstract

The present invention discloses a controlled release device and a method for integrating an active ingredient into a matrix, the device comprising: a reservoir divided into one or more chambers; a first active material disposed in a first chamber of the one or more chambers and a second active material disposed in at least another chamber of the one or more chambers, wherein the first active material comprises an active ingredient that is one of: a pesticide, a spatial repellent, a herbicide, or a larvicide, wherein the at least one second active material comprises one or both of a matrix and an alteration material; a permeable membrane covering the first chamber; a plurality of partitions are positioned between adjacent ones of the one or more chambers for dividing the reservoir into the plurality of chambers such that removal of all or a portion of one or more of the plurality of partitions causes the first active material and the second active material to mix.

Description

Controlled release device and method for integrating an active ingredient into a matrix

The application is divisional application with application number 201980019225.2 (PCT application number PCT/IB 2019/052121), application date 2019, 03 and 15, and invention name of 'device for controlled release of substance'.

Cross reference to related applications

This application is related to and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/643,769 filed on 2018, 3, 16, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to devices and systems for the controlled release of Active Ingredients (AI) into a fluid environment.

Background

The problem of delivering multiple active ingredients in a controlled release manner is known and has been addressed in various ways in the past, such as multiple Controlled Release Devices (CRDs) for vector control in agricultural, military or civilian applications.

Stevenson, jennifer c. Et al in "controlled release spatial repellency devices (CRD) as a new tool against malaria transmission: in the semi-field study of the Kinza horse search. "journal of malaria" 17.1 (2018): 437 to zelnguchi et al, illustrate the efficacy of a plurality of controlled release devices. Bernier, ulrich et al, in "incorporated experiment-calculation methods for assessing the steric protection efficacy of multiple controlled release devices against mosquitoes (anopheles)," Loss Negl Trop Dis journal, march 11 2019; 13 (3) another example of an embodiment of a controlled release device is given.

Challenges faced in developing effective controlled release devices include: controlling the release rate of the active ingredient from within the controlled release device, and preventing activation or combination of the active ingredient and other ingredients in the controlled release device at the controlled release device until the controlled release device is deployed. Furthermore, there is a need to provide a controlled release device that is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and easy to manufacture and assemble.

Disclosure of Invention

Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein relate to devices, systems, and methods for controlled release of active ingredients by active or passive mechanisms. Some exemplary embodiments provide a controlled release device having a plurality of mechanisms for controlling the rate of release of an active ingredient from within the controlled release device, and also provide a mechanism for preventing activation or binding of the active ingredient and other ingredients in the controlled release device until the controlled release device is deployed.

In some exemplary embodiments, the device may be implemented as a wearable device for preventing vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. In some exemplary embodiments, the apparatus may be deployed for applications such as: for homes indoors or outdoors; agricultural applications, for example to prevent various vectors affecting crops, such as weevils or psyllids, by attachment to trees or deployment in the soil; weeding, e.g., with low dose, low toxicity herbicides; floating devices to distribute larvicides to clear a body of water from larvae … and so on. In some exemplary embodiments, the device is made of a biodegradable, environmentally friendly material.

In an exemplary embodiment, a Controlled Release Device (CRD) comprises: a reservoir divided into a plurality of chambers; a first active material disposed in a first chamber of the plurality of chambers and at least a second active material disposed in at least another chamber of the plurality of chambers, wherein the first active material comprises an Active Ingredient (AI), and wherein the at least a second active material comprises one or both of a matrix and a modification material; a permeable membrane covering the first chamber; a plurality of partitions located between adjacent ones of the plurality of chambers for dividing the reservoir into the plurality of chambers such that removal of all or a portion of one or more partitions causes the first active material and the at least one second active material to mix to form the mixed active material; and a cover over the membrane, the cover for sealing the reservoir such that removal of the cover results in controlled release of the active ingredient from a mixed active material through the membrane.

In an exemplary embodiment, the active ingredient is one of transfluthrin or metofluthrin, and the modifying material of the at least one second active material is a volatile organic solvent, such that the mixed active material is volatile transfluthrin.

In an exemplary embodiment, the active ingredient is one of transfluthrin or metofluthrin, the modifying material of a first one of the at least one second active materials is a volatile organic solvent, and the modifying material of a second one of the at least one second active materials is dimethylsulfoxide, such that the mixed active material is volatilized transfluthrin or metofluthrin enhanced by dimethylsulfoxide.

In an exemplary embodiment, the active ingredient is one of transfluthrin or metofluthrin, the first active material further comprises dmso for enhancing transfluthrin, and the modifying material of the at least one second active material is a volatile organic solvent, such that the mixed active material is volatilized transfluthrin or metofluthrin enhanced by dmso.

In exemplary embodiments, the volatile organic solvent is one of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, or hexane.

In exemplary embodiments, the active ingredient is provided at a concentration of 20% to 95% of the mixed active material.

In exemplary embodiments, the change material of a first one of the at least one second active material is an exothermic reactant such that the mixed active material is the active ingredient at an elevated temperature.

In exemplary embodiments, the active ingredient is transfluthrin, the change material of a first of the at least one second active materials is a volatile organic solvent, and the change material of a second of the at least one second active materials is an exothermic reactant, such that the mixed active material is transfluthrin that is further volatilized due to an elevated temperature caused by the exothermic reactant.

In exemplary embodiments, the exothermic reactant is provided in the form of a powder or a rod, the exothermic reactant selected from the group consisting of: iron, iron-based compounds, vermiculite (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate), charcoal powder and sodium chloride.

In an exemplary embodiment, the exothermic reactant is an exothermic reactant that is activated when exposed to oxygen, such that the exothermic reactant is activated upon removal of the cover.

In an exemplary embodiment, the active ingredient is one of the following: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide.

In exemplary embodiments, the at least one second active material comprises an active ingredient.

In exemplary embodiments, the cover is attached to the plurality of baffles such that removal of the cover causes removal of the plurality of baffles such that the first active material and the at least one second active material are mixed to form a mixed active material.

In an exemplary embodiment, the device is adapted to continuously mix the first active material and the at least one second active material prior to releasing the mixed active material, wherein the adapting comprises removing the cover only after the plurality of baffles are removed.

In exemplary embodiments, the first active material further comprises one or both of a matrix and a modification material.

In an exemplary embodiment, the controlled release is determined by a controlled release mechanism selected from the group consisting of: changing an evaporation rate of the active ingredient, changing a surface area of the matrix, changing a permeability of the membrane, adding one or more diffusion barriers, changing a viscosity of the first active material, changing a type of the matrix, changing a temperature of the reservoir, utilizing an active release mechanism, changing a formulation of the first active material, changing a formulation of the at least one second active material, changing a permeability of the plurality of spacers, and combinations thereof.

In exemplary embodiments, the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of: a space repellant, an essential oil, a pyrethroid, an insecticide, an organic chloride, an organic phosphate, a carbamate, a neonicotinoid, a herbicide, an attractant, a larvicide, and combinations thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, the change material is selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, an encapsulant, a reinforcing agent, an exothermic reactant, an oil, and combinations thereof.

In exemplary embodiments, the substrate is selected from the group consisting of: a porous material, a material having a high surface to volume ratio, a synthetic material, a material reactive with the modifying material, and combinations thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, the device further comprises at least one diffusion barrier.

In an exemplary embodiment, the diffusion barrier comprises at least one hydrophobic domain.

In exemplary embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a cap release mechanism selected from the group consisting of: a mechanical cap release mechanism, a frangible cap release mechanism, an electrothermal rupture release mechanism, an electrothermal stress rupture release mechanism, an ultrasonic cap release mechanism, a pH-based cap release mechanism, an optical-based release mechanism, and combinations thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, the device is adapted to be wearable.

In exemplary embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a buoyancy mechanism comprising a gas chamber and a stabilizer for deploying the apparatus in a liquid.

In exemplary embodiments, the device further comprises a parachute connected to the cover such that release of the controlled release device from a flying platform will cause the parachute to open, thereby pulling the cover apart and releasing the active ingredient.

In exemplary embodiments, the device further comprises an indicator for indicating an amount of the active ingredient remaining in the device, the indicator comprising a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same volatility as the mixed active material, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in the device.

In an exemplary embodiment, a controlled release device for controlled release of an active ingredient in a liquid comprises: a reservoir; a first active material located in the reservoir, wherein the first active material comprises the Active Ingredient (AI) which is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide; and the buoyancy mechanism comprises an air chamber and a stabilizer.

In exemplary embodiments, the device further comprises an outer layer of superhydrophobic/oleophobic material.

In an exemplary embodiment, a Controlled Release Device (CRD) for deployment from a flying platform, comprises: a reservoir; a first active material located in the reservoir, wherein the first active material comprises an Active Ingredient (AI) that is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide; and a parachute connected to a cover, the cover covering a plurality of apertures of the reservoir, such that release of the controlled release device from a flying platform will cause the parachute to open, thereby pulling the cover open, exposing the plurality of apertures, thereby releasing the active ingredient.

In an exemplary embodiment, a controlled release device comprises: a reservoir divided into a plurality of chambers; a plurality of active materials, each active material disposed in one of the plurality of chambers, wherein the plurality of active materials comprises an active ingredient that is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide or a larvicide; and a plurality of apertures from each of the plurality of chambers for releasing the active ingredient from each of the plurality of active materials through the plurality of apertures.

In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of apertures are positioned to be exposed when the controlled release device is inserted into the periodically spaced fabrics of a vest. In an exemplary embodiment, the vest is a U.S. military standard vest.

In exemplary embodiments, the number of the plurality of apertures corresponding to each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

In exemplary embodiments, the size of the plurality of apertures corresponding to each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

In exemplary embodiments, the percentage concentration of the active ingredient in each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

In an exemplary embodiment, the controlled release device is adapted to be wearable.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus further comprises: an indicator for indicating an amount of the active ingredient remaining in each of the plurality of chambers of the device, the indicator comprising a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same volatility as the active material in each of the plurality of chambers, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in each of the plurality of chambers.

In an exemplary embodiment, a method for integrating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a matrix, comprises the steps of: heating the active ingredient to its liquid state; soaking the substrate into the active ingredient in a liquid state; and cooling the soaked matrix so that the active ingredient solidifies to be integrated in the matrix.

In one exemplary method, the active ingredient is transfluthrin.

In one exemplary method, the cooling is active cooling or passive cooling.

In an exemplary embodiment, a method for integrating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a matrix, comprises the steps of: combining the active ingredient with a solvent to liquefy the active ingredient; immersing the substrate in a mixture of the active ingredient in liquid form and the solvent; and evaporating the solvent such that the active ingredient is solidified to be integrated in the matrix.

In one exemplary method, the active ingredient is transfluthrin.

In an exemplary embodiment, a controlled release device comprises: a reservoir; a first active material located in the reservoir, the first active material comprising an Active Ingredient (AI), wherein the active ingredient is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide; a permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and a cover over the membrane, the cover for sealing the reservoir such that removal of the cover results in controlled release of the active ingredient from the first active material through the membrane.

In an exemplary embodiment, the controlled release is determined by a controlled release mechanism selected from the group consisting of: changing an evaporation rate of the first active material, changing a surface area of the matrix, changing a permeability of the membrane, adding one or more diffusion barriers, changing a viscosity of the first active material, changing a type of the matrix, changing a temperature of the reservoir, utilizing an active release mechanism, changing a formulation of the first active material, and combinations thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, the cover hermetically seals the reservoir.

In an exemplary embodiment, the device is adapted to be wearable.

In exemplary embodiments, the device includes a buoyant means for deploying the device in a liquid.

In exemplary embodiments, the device is adapted to be deployed from a flying platform, wherein the device is adapted to contain a parachute. In an exemplary embodiment, the reservoir is formed by a folded container.

In exemplary embodiments, the device further comprises an indicator for indicating an amount of the active ingredient remaining in the device, the indicator comprising a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same volatility as the active material, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in the device.

Embodiments of the methods and systems of the present invention are directed to performing or completing certain selected tasks or steps manually, automatically, or a combination thereof.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Drawings

The various aspects, embodiments and features disclosed herein will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Like elements may be numbered with like reference numerals in different figures:

FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device with a cover open;

FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device with a cover closed;

FIG. 1C shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having a single chamber;

FIGS. 1D, 1E and 1F illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having a diffusion barrier;

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate cross-sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having two chambers;

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate cross-sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having three chambers;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show a flow chart of a process for integrating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a substrate;

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D illustrate alternate (alternate view) and exploded views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device;

FIG. 5E illustrates an exemplary distribution rate profile for a controlled release device having a plurality of chambers;

FIGS. 5F and 5G show photographs of an exemplary controlled release device suitable for attachment to a garment;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device for deployment into a fluid environment;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device for deployment from a flying platform; and

fig. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device formed from a folded reservoir.

Detailed Description

Exemplary embodiments relate to a system, apparatus and method for the controlled release of an Active Ingredient (AI) from a reservoir into a fluid environment. In some exemplary embodiments, the reservoir is wearable. Illustratively, the fluid environment is air. In exemplary embodiments, the plurality of active ingredients of the present disclosure are any one of: multiple spatial repellents, multiple insecticides, multiple herbicides, multiple larvicides, or a combination of these. Optionally, the plurality of devices of the present disclosure are used to release a plurality of active ingredients having other functions.

FIG. 1A shows an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device with a cover open, and FIG. 1B shows an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device with a cover closed. As shown, a reservoir 110 of a controlled release device 100 stores an active material 120. The active material 120 includes an active ingredient 122 and other various materials as further described herein. The reservoir 110 is covered by a permeable membrane 114. The membrane 114 contains a plurality of release apertures 112, the plurality of release apertures 112 being covered by a sealing cap 130 to prevent release of the active ingredient 120. The plurality of apertures 112 are shown in fig. 1A-1B as being rectangular, but may alternatively be any shape. The size of the plurality of pores 112 may be selectively adjusted to control the release kinetics of the active ingredient 122. The plurality of apertures 112 are shown here as visible as a plurality of openings, but are optionally microscopic permeable paths through the permeable membrane 114.

Fig. 1A shows the closure positioned over the reservoir 110 and fig. 1B shows the closure 130 removed to release the active ingredient 120 through the plurality of apertures 112. The lid 130 includes a lid release mechanism 132, the lid release mechanism 132 being shown here as a pull tab for pulling off the lid 130 where the lid 130 is attached to the reservoir 110, such as by an adhesive. In some embodiments, the cover 130 may be replaced onto the reservoir 110 after being removed to reseal the reservoir 110. In other embodiments, the cover 130 cannot be replaced onto the reservoir 110 to reseal the reservoir 110 after being removed.

Alternatively, the cover release mechanism 132 may be any of the following:

a mechanical lid release mechanism wherein the lid 130 is secured to the reservoir by means known in the art (e.g., a screw lid or a pull lid);

a frangible lid release mechanism, wherein the lid 130 is adapted to be broken open by a user using mechanical force, such as by having a pre-scored portion;

an electrothermal rupture release mechanism, such as the electrothermal induced structural failure actuator (ETISFA) of a microelectromechanical systems based implantable controlled drug delivery device, published in Elman, n.m., et al, journal of lab-on-a-chip 10.20 (2010): 2796-2804, wherein the cover 130 comprises a base material, such as silicon nitride, and one or more planar fuses, such as titanium, gold, and/or copper, disposed on the base material. The plurality of fuses are opened upon application of an electric pulse having a given current, and then the cover 130 is opened due to the thermoelectric reaction;

an electrothermal stress-rupture release mechanism, wherein the lid 130 comprises a base material, such as silicon nitride, and one or more fuses comprising, for example, titanium, gold, and/or copper, wherein the plurality of fuses are located at the inner periphery of the lid 130, typically with the center where the mechanical stress is highest. By applying a voltage to the plurality of fuses, the plurality of fuses act as a plurality of resistors, thereby transferring heat to the cover 130, forcing the cover 130 to expand beyond the yield strength of the base material, thereby breaking the cover 130;

an ultrasonic cover release mechanism that applies sound waves with sufficient energy to break the cover 130 by matching the applied sound frequency to the resonant frequency of the cover 130. Alternatively, where more than one cover 130 is provided, each cover 130 has a different resonant frequency to enable each cover 130 to be selectively disconnected. Optionally, additional structural features may be added to a cover, such as additional rectangular features, to predefine such variation in resonant frequency without changing the lateral dimensions of the cover 130;

a pH-based cover release mechanism, wherein the cover 130 comprises a plurality of materials susceptible to degradation by reaction with a given environmental pH, until the mechanical structure of the cover 130 is completely compromised. In a non-limiting example, an apparatus 100 for releasing an active ingredient 122 into a body of water may chemically degrade the cover 130 depending on the pH of the body of water;

an optically-based release mechanism in which the cover 130 is ruptured using light energy, such as a laser.

The cover 130, reservoir 110, and membrane 114 may be transparent, translucent, or opaque. The cover 130 and reservoir 110 are shown here as translucent for clarity. In some exemplary embodiments, the cover 112 hermetically seals the reservoir 110. In some exemplary embodiments, the reservoir 110 and the cap 130 are formed from a non-porous material.

In the illustrative figures of fig. 1A-1B, the reservoir 110 is shown as having a rectangular shape, but this should not be considered limiting, and the reservoir 110 and active material 120 therein may alternatively have any desired shape, as shown in fig. 1E (top-down cross-sectional view of a circular device 100).

FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having a single lumen. The device 100 is provided with an active material 120, the active material 120 comprising an active ingredient 122, an optional matrix 124 and/or an optional modifying material 126. The change material 126 may comprise a plurality of solvents, a plurality of oils, a plurality of enhancers, a plurality of exothermic reactants, a plurality of encapsulants, a plurality of excipients, or a combination thereof. It should be understood that where the active ingredient 122 is combined with the change material 126, the device 100 may diffuse/release the active ingredient 122 as well as the change material 126. The controlled release device 100 optionally includes an indicator 108 to indicate an amount of active ingredient 122 remaining in the controlled release device 100. The indicator 108 is optionally a window of the device 100 having a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same or similar volatility as the formulation of the active material 120, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient 122.

Fig. 1C shows an active material 120, the active material 120 comprising a plurality of cells of a matrix 124 having the same size and spacing. It should be appreciated that the matrix 124 as shown is illustrative, and that the active ingredient 122 and other materials will typically mix together at a molecular level and diffuse throughout the matrix 124. The active material may optionally be provided in a gel form.

In the embodiment of fig. 1C-1E, reservoir 110 comprises a single chamber. In such embodiments, where the active material 120 comprises a ready-mixed formulation, the reservoir 110 is hermetically sealed by the cap 130 to prevent release or activation of the active material 120. Exemplary embodiments having more than one chamber are described below.

In some exemplary embodiments, the matrix 124 comprises a porous (sponge) material, such as, but not limited to, cellulose. The matrix 124 holds the active ingredient 122 through an absorption-adsorption mechanism. The matrix 124 may optionally be provided with a high surface to volume ratio to increase the surface area for evaporation of the active ingredient 122. The matrix 124 optionally adsorbs/absorbs the active ingredient 122 for modifying the release rate of the active ingredient 122. The substrate 124 may optionally comprise a synthetic material such as, but not limited to, polyurethane (ether and ester grades), microcellular polyurethane, reticulated polyurethane foam filters, crosslinked polyethylene webs, crosslinked polyethylene, and/or polyurethane.

Optionally, the matrix 124 is reacted with a change material 126, such as a solvent, such that the matrix 124 dissolves or biodegrades at a given rate, thereby releasing the active ingredient 122 contained therein. By way of non-limiting example, a matrix 124 of cellulose sponge may be reacted with an acetone solvent.

In some exemplary embodiments, the active ingredient 122 comprises a space repellant, insecticide, herbicide, larvicide, or a combination of these materials. The active ingredient 122 may be any one of, or a combination of, the following, but is not limited to:

various essential oils, such as citronella, geraniol, lemon grass, mint, cedar oil, eugenol, and the like;

a pyrethroid such as metofluthrin, transfluthrin, allethrin (Allethrin), bifenthrin (Bifenthrin), cyhalothrin (Cyhalothrin), pyronine (lamda-Cyhalothrin), cypermethrin (Cypermethrin), cyfluthrin (Cyfluthrin), deltamethrin (Deltamethrin), etofennine (Etofenprox), fenvalerate (Fenvalerate), permethrin (Permethrin), phenothrin (Phenothrin), propynethrin (Prallethrin), resmethrin; (Resmethrin), tetramethrin, tralomethrin;

a pesticide such as imidacloprid (imidacloprid), heptachlor (Heptachlor), hexachlorobenzene (Hexachlorobenzene), lindane (Lindane) (γ -hexachlorocyclohexane), methoxychlor (Methoxychlor), mirex (Mirex), pentachlorophenol (pentachlorrophenol), decabromodiphenylethane (TDE);

mono-organic chlorides such as Aldrin (Aldrin), chlordane (chloredane), chlordecone (chloredcone), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin (Dieldrin), endosulfan (Endrin), endrin (Endrin);

an organic phosphate salt of an organic acid, such as Acephate (Acephate), methyl glutathione (Azinphos-methyl), bensulide (Bensulide), chlorothiophos (Chlorethoxyfos), chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos), chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon (Diazinon), dichlorvos (DDVP), dicrotophos (Dicrotophos), dimethoate (Dimethoate), disulfoton (Disulfoton), ethoprop (Ethoprop), fenamiphos (fenmiphos), fenitrothion (fenstrothion), fenthion (Fenthion) Fosthiazate (Fosthiazate), malachite (Malathion), methamidophos (Methamidophos), methidathion (Methidathion), metosulam (Mevinphos), naled (Naled), omethoate (Omethoate), oxydemethon (oxydemethon-methyl), malachite (Parathion), parathion-methyl, phorate (phosphate), phosphate (Phosalone), phosvitin (Phosmet), meprophos (phosbutimim), phoxim (phenoxim), pirimiphos (phos); (Pirimiphos-methyl), profenofos (Profenofos), terbufos (Terbutos), chlorfenphos (Tetrachlorovinphos), terbufos (Tribufos), trichlorfon (Trichlorofon);

monocarbamates such as Aldicarb, bendiocarb (Bendiocarb), carbofuran (Carbofuran), carbaryl (Carbaryl), dioxacarb (Dioxacarb), fenobucarb (Fenobucarb), fenoxycarb (Fenoxycarb), isoprocarb (Isoprocarb), methomyl (Methomyl), 2- (1-methylpropyl) phenylmethylcarbamate;

neonicotinoids such as Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid), clothianidin (Clothianidin), imidacloprid (Imidacloprid), nitenpyram (Nitenpyram), nithiazine (Nithiazine), thiacloprid (Thiacloprid), thiamethoxam (Thiamethoxam), anabasine (Anabasine), anethole (Anethole), anninin Asimina for silicon, azadirachtin (Azadirachtin), caffeine (Caffeine), carapa (Carapapa), cinnamic aldehyde (Cinnamadalexide), cinnamon leaf oil (Cinnamon leaf oil), cinnamyl acetate (Cinnamyl acetate), deguelin (Degurerin), derris (Dermatope), sophora minor (Desmodula), eugenol (Eugenol), linalool (myristyl alcohol), myristyl (Melia), quaterol (Melia seed), and Melia officinalis (Melia officinalis).

A herbicide, such as glyphosate (glyphosate) and/or paraquat, and/or

A larvicide, such as Bacillus Thuringiensis Israeli (BTI).

Optionally, the change material 126 is a solvent. A solvent optionally provides dilution of the active ingredient 122 and further optionally increases the likelihood of volatilization of the compounded formulation by an azeotrope for which the resulting mixture has an evaporation temperature that is lower than the evaporation temperature of its own active ingredient 122. An alternative non-limiting example of an active ingredient 122 combined with an altering material 126 (where the altering material 126 is a solvent) includes: metofluthrin and isopropanol, or transfluthrin and ethanol. Alternatively, due to the relatively high melting point, the active ingredient 122 is a solid at room temperature, and a solvent improves volatilization by relying on a phase change from a liquid to a vapor (rather than from a solid to a vapor). One non-limiting example of an active ingredient 122 that is a solid at room temperature is transfluthrin, which has a melting point of 32 ℃. Non-limiting methods for incorporating such solid active ingredients 122 into a matrix 124 are described below with reference to fig. 4A-4B. In a formulation of an active ingredient 122 of transfluthrin or metofluthrin with a volatile organic solvent, the active ingredient is provided in a range of 20% -95% of the formulation, and the solvent is provided in a corresponding range of 80% to 5%.

Optionally, the change material 126 is an encapsulant/emulsion. Combining the active ingredient 122 with an encapsulant can produce particles that degrade over time, releasing the active ingredient 122 internally for long or short periods of time depending on the degradation rate. Additionally or alternatively, an encapsulant is combined with the active ingredient 122 into a porous particle (similar to the matrix 124) to contain the active ingredient 122 and provide a barrier for rapid evaporation of the active ingredient 122To further modulate the release rate of the active ingredient 122. Another advantage of an encapsulant is that the encapsulant active ingredient mixture can be poured into the reservoir 110 in which it is disposed, thereby adapting the form of the reservoir 110 and simplifying the manufacture of the device 100. Non-limiting examples of a plurality of encapsulants include: PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid), polylactic acid (PLA), chitosan, liposome, caCO ₃ Nano/micro particles or emulsions of particles, silica/silica particles and/or alginate. An example of a combined encapsulant and active ingredient 122 is PLGA and imidacloprid (an insecticide).

Optionally, the change material 126 is an enhancer for combination with the active ingredient 122 to make the active ingredient 122 more effective. One non-limiting example of an enhancer is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), which provides improved penetration and uptake of an insecticide in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide into target insects.

Alternatively, the change material 126 is an exothermic reactant. The combination of the active ingredient 122 and an exotherm-altering material 126 results in a plurality of exothermic reactants that increase the temperature of the active material 120 when exposed to oxygen, for example, when the cover 130 is removed. Elevated temperatures generally increase the evaporation rate. Non-limiting examples of exothermic reactants include powders or rods comprising iron (for the exothermic oxidation of iron when exposed to air), an iron-based compound, vermiculite (magnesium aluminum silicate hydrate), charcoal powder, and sodium chloride.

Optionally, the change material 126 is an oil. The use of an oil generally reduces the volatility of the active ingredient. A non-limiting example of a combination of this is a highly volatile pheromone and oleic acid.

FIGS. 1D, 1E, and 1F illustrate exemplary embodiments of a controlled release device having a diffusion barrier. In some exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 1D-1F, the device 100 includes a diffusion barrier 116 surrounding some or all of the active material 120. The diffusion barrier 116 prevents leakage or diffusion of the active material 120, e.g., the reservoir 112 is porous. In some exemplary embodiments, the diffusion barrier 116 acts as a secondary release mechanism by absorbing the active ingredient 122 and releasing the active ingredient 122 at a desired release rate. In some exemplary embodiments, more than one diffusion barrier is provided, as shown in fig. 1E, with

multiple barriers

116A and 116B that are concentric. When acting as a secondary release mechanism, the diffusion barrier 116 optionally comprises a plurality of hydrophobic domains 118 (fig. 1F) located on a plurality of interior walls of the barrier 116 to absorb the active ingredient 122 from the matrix 124 and then release the active ingredient 122 from the barrier 116.

In some exemplary embodiments, the active material 120, once inserted into the diffusion barrier 116, is suspended and does not make any direct contact with the top or bottom surfaces of the reservoir 110, thereby preventing these surfaces from becoming wet from contacting the active material 120. The active material 120 optionally expands and the friction between the expanded active material 120 and the barrier 116 causes the active material 120 to be fixed and restricted from moving even if the device 100 is dropped. Further, in some exemplary embodiments, the diffusion barrier 116 may have a closed end, such as a cap. In addition, some exemplary embodiments of the device 100 may include multiple diffusion barriers 116, each diffusion barrier 116 containing a different active material 120, respectively, allowing for multiple formulations and multiple controlled release profiles of the active material 120.

Thus, the device 100 provides sustained release of the active ingredient through an active or passive mechanism. A passive controlled release relies primarily on diffusion and natural convection as the primary transport of the reservoir to the external fluid. Thus, it should be understood that the device 100 provides a number of mechanisms for controlling the passive release of an active ingredient, including:

changing the evaporation rate of the mixture by changing the formulation of the active material 120, for example by adding one or more change materials 126 as described above;

changing the surface area of the matrix 124 material, e.g., increasing the surface area to create a larger evaporation area, thereby increasing the release rate;

altering the permeability of the membrane 114, for example selecting a membrane with a plurality of visible pores 112 for increasing the release rate or selecting a dense membrane 114 to decrease the release rate;

adding one or more diffusion barriers 116 and varying the thickness, absorption rate, diffusion rate, and exposed surface area of the diffusion barriers 116;

changing the active ingredient 122 and changing the viscosity of the material 126 by changing the formulation of the active material 120;

altering the type of matrix 124, for example increasing or decreasing the porosity/permeability of the matrix 124. For example, cellulose has a large internal surface area and structural porosity that will cause the formulation to be adsorbed or absorbed and retained while limiting diffusion within the matrix and regulating overall volatilization.

An active controlled release system may rely on all of the characteristics and parameters of a passive system in combination with other active systems, such as:

changing the temperature of the reservoir 110 and/or the reaction between multiple materials, for example changing the material 126 to be an exothermic reactant;

utilizing active release mechanisms such as, but not limited to, a battery and a hot plate (not shown) to increase the temperature of the active material 120 to increase the volatility of the active ingredient 122, or using an electrically powered fan (not shown) to provide forced convection to increase the mass transfer rate of the active ingredient 122.

Fig. 2A and 2B show cross-sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having two chambers. A device 200 provides a controlled release of an active ingredient. The device 200 is similar in function to the device 100, but the reservoir 110 contains two

internal chambers

244 and 246, separated by an internal partition 240. A first chamber 244 contains a first material 250 and a second chamber 246 contains a second material 252. Optionally, the cover 130 is attached to the separator 240 such that removal of the cover 130 results in removal or partial removal of the separator 240, resulting in a mixture of the first material 250 and the second material 252. Optionally, the cover 130 is not attached to the partition 240 so that the cover 130 and the partition 240 can be separately removed. Alternatively, the various mechanisms for partially or completely removing the septum 240 are the same as those described above in the context of the cap release mechanism 132. Optionally, one or both of the first chamber 244 and the second chamber 246 contain a plurality of diffusion barriers, such as the barrier 116 described above.

In one embodiment, the first material 250 comprises a matrix 124 and an active ingredient 122. The second material 252 includes the altered material 126. Thus, when the separator 240 is removed, the second material 252 is pulled into the matrix 124 and reacts with the active ingredient 122. As one non-limiting example, the first material 250 includes a sponge 124 containing transfluthrin (active ingredient 122), and the second material 252 is a solvent (change material 126). As the separator 240 is removed, the solvent 126 is drawn into the sponge 124, volatilizing the transfluthrin 122 and allowing the mixture to diffuse through the membrane 114 into the air.

Alternatively, the first material 250 comprises the matrix 124, the active ingredient 122, and a modification material 126A. The second material 252 includes a second altered material 126B. Thus, when the separator 240 is removed, the second material 252 reacts with the first material 250. As a non-limiting example, the first material 120 comprises a sponge 124 containing transfluthrin (active ingredient 122) and a solvent (change material 126A), such as isopropyl alcohol, and the second material 252 comprises an exothermic reactant (change material 126B). With the separator 240 removed, the exothermic reactant 126B is drawn into the sponge 124 to volatilize the transfluthrin solvent mixture and diffuse the mixture through the membrane 114 into the fluid (e.g., air). In a non-limiting example, where cover 130 is not attached to baffle 240, baffle 240 is removed, either completely or partially, to activate an exothermic reaction when exothermic reactant 126B is drawn into sponge 124 to first volatilize the transfluthrin solvent mixture, and then, by removal of cover 130, after a specified period of time, for diffusion of the mixture through membrane 114 into the air.

Thus, in addition to the mechanisms listed above for controlling the passive release of an active ingredient, the device 200 (and the device 300 below) provide further options:

changing the formulation of the first material 250 and the second material 252 (and subsequent materials) to change the evaporation rate of the active ingredient;

controlling the removal of the separator 240 when the cover 130 is removed from between the

internal chambers

244 and 246 to control the permeability of the separator 240, such as by changing the effective area, thickness, or curvature of the separator 240.

Fig. 3A and 3B show cross-sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device having three chambers. A device 300 provides controlled release of an active ingredient. The device 300 is functionally similar to the

devices

100 and 200, but the reservoir 110 contains three

internal chambers

344, 346, and 348, divided by

internal partitions

340 and 342. A first chamber 344 contains a first material 350, a second chamber 346 contains a second material 352, and a third chamber 348 contains a third material 354. Cover 130 is optionally attached to spacers 340 and 342 such that removal of cover 130 results in removal or partial removal of

spacers

340 and 342, resulting in a mixture of first material 350, second material 352, and third material 354. Optionally, the cover 130 is not attached to the

partitions

340 and 342, so that the cover 130 can be removed separately and the

partitions

340 and 342 can be removed separately. Optionally, baffles 340 and 342 are removed simultaneously or sequentially. Alternatively, the mechanism for partially or completely removing the

partitions

340 and 342 is the same as that described above in the context of the lid release mechanism 132. Optionally, any or all of the first chamber 344, second chamber 346, or third chamber 348 comprise a diffusion barrier, such as the barrier 116 described above.

In one embodiment, the first material 350 includes a matrix 124 and an active ingredient 122. The second material 352 comprises a first altered material 126A and the third material 354 comprises a second altered material 126B. Thus, when the

spacers

340 and 342 are removed, the second material 352 and the third material 354 are introduced into the matrix 124 and react with the active ingredient 122.

By way of non-limiting example, the first material 350 includes a sponge 124 containing transfluthrin (active ingredient 122), the second material 352 is a solvent (change material 126A), and the third material 354 is an exothermic reactant (change material 126B). With the

separators

340 and 342 removed, the solvent 126A is drawn into the sponge 124 to volatilize the transfluthrin 122, and the exothermic reactant 126B is drawn into the sponge 124 to further volatilize the transfluthrin solvent mixture and diffuse the mixture through the membrane 114 into the air.

In a non-limiting example, with the cover 130 unattached to the

spacers

340 and 342, the

spacers

340 and 342 are completely or partially removed such that the solvent 126A is drawn into the sponge 124 to volatilize the transfluthrin 122, and the exothermic reactant 126B is drawn into the sponge 124 to first volatilize the transfluthrin solvent mixture, and then, upon removal of the cover 130, the mixture is diffused through the membrane 114 into the air after a specified period of time. Optionally, the mechanism for removing the

partitions

340, 342 prevents removal of the cover 130 such that a user is forced to first remove the

partitions

340, 342 before removing the cover 130.

Referring now to fig. 4A, fig. 4A is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process 400 for integrating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a substrate 124. One non-limiting example of an active ingredient that is a solid at room temperature is transfluthrin, having a melting point of 32 ℃. In step 402, the active ingredient is heated above its melting point to form a liquid form of the active ingredient. In step 404, the substrate is soaked into the liquid form of the active ingredient. Alternatively, the matrix is cooled prior to exposure to the active ingredient in the liquid phase such that the active ingredient solidifies upon contact with the matrix. In step 406, the active ingredient is cooled and solidified within and around the matrix to form an active material. Optionally, the cooling is actively caused, but not limited to, placing the soaked substrate in refrigeration. Alternatively, the cooling is passive, where the soaked substrate is left until it cools to room temperature. In step 408, the active material is inserted into a delivery device, such as a reservoir of one of the device embodiments as described herein. A solvent is used to volatilize the active material and release the active ingredient from the matrix as described above with reference to fig. 1A-1F, 2A-2B, and 3A-3B.

An alternative method is shown in fig. 4B, which illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary process 450 for integrating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a substrate 124. In step 452, the active ingredient is combined with a solvent to liquefy the active ingredient. In step 454, the substrate is soaked with the combined solvent/active ingredient. In step 456, the soaked sponge is heated or placed in an environment such that the solvent evaporates, leaving the active ingredient solidified within and around the matrix to form an active material. In step 458, the active material is inserted into a release device, such as a reservoir in one of the exemplary embodiments as described herein. As described above, a solvent is used to volatilize the active material and release the active ingredient from the matrix when the device is activated. In the embodiment of fig. 4B, a lower concentration of active ingredient is impregnated into the matrix than in the embodiment of fig. 4A.

Fig. 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D illustrate alternate (alternate view) and exploded views of an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device. As shown in fig. 5A-5D, a controlled release device 500 includes a reservoir 510 having a plurality of chambers 518, each chamber 518 containing an active material 520. The active material 520 is the same as the active material 120, and includes one or more active ingredients, a matrix, and a plurality of modifying materials. The controlled release device 500 optionally includes an indicator 508 to indicate an amount of active ingredient remaining in the controlled release device 500. Indicator 508 is optionally a window on device 500 with a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same or similar volatility as the active material 520 in each chamber, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in each chamber.

In the illustration, the device 500 is shown with four chambers 518, but any suitable number of chambers 518 may alternatively be provided. A plurality of chambers 518 are formed within the reservoir 510 by a plurality of dividers 516. In the embodiment shown, the plurality of active materials 520 in each chamber 518 do not contact each other and do not mix. Optionally, the plurality of dividers 516 may be removed prior to use to allow mixing of the plurality of active materials 520, as in the embodiments of fig. 2A-2B and 3A-3B.

Optionally, the plurality of active materials 520 in each of the plurality of cavities 518 has a different formulation. Optionally, each of the plurality of chambers comprises a plurality of apertures 512 for diffusing the active ingredient from the corresponding active material 520. Optionally, a grid 514 prevents the active material 520 from directly contacting the plurality of holes 512. A cover 530 seals the plurality of apertures 512 until the device 500 is to be used and the cover 530 is removed. Optionally, the plurality of apertures 512 of each cavity 518 are covered by separate covers 530. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 5D, the number and arrangement of the plurality of apertures 512 is different for each chamber 518. The arrangement of the different apertures 512 for each chamber 518 shown in fig. 5D should not be considered limiting.

Fig. 5E shows exemplary dispersion rate profiles for a controlled release device having multiple chambers. The combination of different active materials 520, the size of the cavity 518, and the number/arrangement of the plurality of apertures 512 results in different release characteristics for each cavity 518. Thus, these parameters may be adjusted such that multiple chambers 518 have overlapping multiple release periods, as shown in the illustrative graph of fig. 5E, which shows overlapping release concentrations from two chambers 518, including a larger initial release from the first chamber 518, to achieve an initial stronger effect of the active ingredient.

In the exemplary embodiment, where each of the plurality of chambers 518 contains a different formulation of active material in combination with a modifying material, a formulation of an active ingredient of transfluthrin or metofluthrin mixed with a volatile organic solvent provides the active ingredient in a range of 20% to 95% of the formulation and the solvent in a corresponding range of 80% to 5%. The size and arrangement of the plurality of apertures 512 and the percentage of active ingredient present in a chamber 518 are optionally designed together to provide a desired plurality of release rates per chamber 518.

Fig. 5F and 5G show photographs of an exemplary controlled release device suitable for attachment to a garment. As shown in FIG. 5F, the controlled release device 500 is shaped to fit a standard allotment of military uniforms or vests 20 having a fabric 22. In fig. 5F, controlled release device 500A is shown not inserted into fabric 22 in order to clearly show the location of

apertures

512A and 512B. In fig. 5F-5G, a controlled release device 500 is shown inserted into the fabric 22. The

apertures

512A and 512B of the device 500 are sized and positioned such that the

apertures

512A and 512B are positioned between the fabric 22 such that the fabric 22 does not block the

apertures

512A and 512B. Support clips 506 are used to position and easily insert device 500 into and remove device 500 from a plurality of fabrics 22. In the exemplary embodiment, the spacing between successive fabrics 22 is 1 inch, and the fabrics have a height of 1 inch, such that the

apertures

512A and 512B have a height of 1 inch.

Fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device for releasing an active ingredient (e.g., a larvicide) into a fluid environment. For example, the fluid environment is a body of water 40 or other liquid. In some exemplary embodiments, controlled release larvicides are released from a floating controlled release device 600 for sustained and extended performance, for example up to three months. Like device 100, device 600 contains active material 120 and controls the variation of multiple release rates of an active ingredient like device 100. Optionally, reservoir 610 contains multiple chambers, each with a different active material, to be incorporated when multiple partitions between the multiple chambers are removed, such as when device 600 is deployed, as in the embodiments of fig. 2A-2B and 3A-3B.

Use of the device 600 for the controlled release of a larvicide into a body of water requires that the device 600 float (have buoyancy) in the body of water 40 and that its interior does not become wet to prevent damage to the device structure. The latter may be accomplished, for example, by adding a layer of super hydrophobic/oleophobic material (e.g., silica nanocoating or fluorinated silane) on the exterior of device 600.

Device 600 includes a gas chamber 602, a stabilizer 606, and a plurality of holes 612, the gas chamber 602 to allow device 600 to float, the stabilizer 606 to maintain the position of device 600 while device 600 is floating, and the plurality of holes 612 to allow the active ingredient to diffuse into body of water 40. As shown in fig. 6, a plurality of apertures 612 release traces (trails) 622 of the active ingredient into the body of water 40.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device for deployment from a flying platform. As shown in fig. 7, a controlled release system disclosed herein may be dropped from a flight platform (e.g., an unmanned or an airplane). Figure 7 shows a controlled release device 700 suspending a miniature parachute 702. Parachute 702 comprises a body 704 connected to apparatus 700 by a plurality of strings 706. The umbrella body 704 allows the device 700 to gently land on land or water. The parachute line 706 activates the device 700 by pulling a cover 730 that covers a plurality of apertures 712 of the device 700. The device 700 includes an active material 120. Optionally, reservoir 710 contains multiple chambers, each chamber having a different active material that bonds together when the multiple partitions between the multiple chambers are removed, such as in the embodiments of fig. 2A-2B and 3A-3B.

In use, when the device 700 is dropped from a flying platform, the increased air resistance in the umbrella 704 increases the tension on the plurality of umbrella strings 706, which opens the device cap 730 and releases the active ingredient into the surrounding fluid (air or water). During the landing of the device, mass transfer is increased due to the multiple convective forces generated by the wind. By varying the landing parameters of the parachute, a change in forced convection can be achieved, thereby modulating the release rate of the active ingredient. As shown in fig. 7, the plurality of apertures 712 release a trace 722 of the active ingredient into the surrounding fluid.

Fig. 8A-8D illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a controlled release device formed from a folded reservoir. For example, the controlled release device 800 is in the shape of a hexagonal cardboard or paper or cellulose based box described in commonly owned U.S. design patent application No. 29/633,676, filed on 2018, 1, 15, entitled "folding container/dispenser with floor and dispensing platform". In the exemplary embodiment, the collapsible container/dispenser is a hexagonal box, as shown in a closed position in fig. 8A and an open position in fig. 8B. The case is initially a flat paper or cardboard structure as shown in fig. 8C, and after folding, becomes a 3D structure as shown in fig. 8A-8B.

Fig. 8C shows a two-dimensional hexagonal controlled release device 800. The cartridge 800 includes a cartridge base 802 that, when folded, will be positioned at a bottom plate 808 of the device. The base supports the active material 120. Device 800 further comprises a plurality of hinge areas 804 to allow folding of the plurality of components, a plurality of cassette sidewalls 806 to provide lateral restraint to the controlled release system, a cassette bottom panel 808 where the controlled release device is located, a hinge area 810 to allow inward folding of the cassette bottom panel, and a perforated membrane 812 having a plurality of apertures 814, the perforated membrane 812 providing a controlled release mechanism and being adjustable to a desired size to control release kinetics. The device 800 further comprises a hinge 816 to allow the perforated membrane to fold, a foot 818 to allow the perforated membrane to be secured to the top of the device without displacement, a cover 820 to provide air tightness to the device and prevent release of the active ingredient, a pull ring 822 to allow activation of the device by breaking the plurality of pre-perforations 824 on the cover 820 to ensure air tightness of the device until the device is activated by the pull ring, and a plurality of flaps 826 of the cover to allow the perforated membrane 812 to be sized to fit within a hexagonal box. The plurality of flap arrows may be squared or rounded to facilitate sealing of the device 800. Fig. 8D shows that the plurality of pre-perforations 824 do not penetrate the entire cover material (i.e., do not penetrate the cover 820 from one side to the other), leaving a non-perforated portion 828 to minimize leakage of the active ingredient and various vapors when the device is stored.

In the claims or specification of the present application, unless otherwise indicated, adjectives such as "substantially" and "about" are understood to mean that the conditions or features are defined to be within the tolerance, i.e., acceptable for operation of the embodiment for its intended application of the embodiment.

It should be understood that when the claims or specification refer to "a" or "an" element, such reference should not be construed as being the presence of only one of the element.

In the description and claims of this application, the verbs "comprise (comprise)" and "have (have)" and their conjugates are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily the complete list of the subject or components, elements or parts of the subject of the verb.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the embodiments may be made. It is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein, but that it be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A controlled release device for the controlled release of an active ingredient in a liquid, said device comprising:

(a) A reservoir;

(b) A first active material in the reservoir, wherein the first active material comprises the active ingredient, the active ingredient being one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide; and

(c) The buoyancy mechanism comprises an air chamber and a stabilizer.

2. The device of claim 1, further comprising an outer layer of superhydrophobic/oleophobic material.

3. A controlled release device for deployment from a flying platform, the device comprising:

(a) A reservoir;

(b) A first active material in the reservoir, wherein the first active material comprises an active ingredient that is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide or a larvicide; and

(c) A parachute connected to a cover covering a plurality of apertures of the reservoir such that release of the controlled release device from a flying platform will cause the parachute to open, thereby pulling the cover open exposing the plurality of apertures to release the active ingredient.

4. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

(a) A reservoir divided into a plurality of chambers;

(b) A plurality of active materials, each active material disposed in one of the plurality of chambers, wherein the plurality of active materials comprises an active ingredient that is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide; and

(c) A plurality of apertures from each of the plurality of chambers for releasing the active ingredient from each of the plurality of active materials through the plurality of apertures.

5. The controlled release device of claim 4, wherein the plurality of apertures are positioned to be exposed when the controlled release device is inserted into a plurality of fabrics of a vest that are periodically spaced.

6. The controlled release device of claim 5, wherein said vest is a U.S. military standard vest.

7. The controlled release device of claim 4, wherein the number of the plurality of apertures corresponding to each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

8. The controlled release device of claim 4, wherein the size of the plurality of apertures corresponding to each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

9. The controlled release device of claim 4, wherein the percent concentration of the active ingredient in each of the plurality of chambers is adapted to vary a release rate of the active ingredient from the respective chamber.

10. The controlled release device of claim 4, wherein the controlled release device is adapted to be wearable.

11. The controlled release device of claim 4, further comprising: an indicator for indicating an amount of the active ingredient remaining in each of the plurality of chambers of the device, the indicator comprising a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same volatility as the active material in each of the plurality of chambers, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in each of the plurality of chambers.

12. A method for incorporating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a matrix, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) Heating the active ingredient to its liquid state;

(b) Soaking the substrate into the active ingredient in a liquid state; and

(c) Cooling the soaked matrix such that the active ingredient solidifies to be integrated in the matrix.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the active ingredient is transfluthrin.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cooling is active cooling or passive cooling.

15. A method for incorporating an active ingredient having a high melting point into a matrix, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) Combining the active ingredient with a solvent to liquefy the active ingredient;

(b) Immersing the substrate in a mixture of the active ingredient in liquid form and the solvent; and

(c) Allowing the solvent to evaporate so that the active ingredient is solidified to be integrated in the matrix.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the active ingredient is transfluthrin.

17. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

(a) A reservoir;

(b) A first active material in the reservoir, the first active material comprising an active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide or a larvicide;

(c) A permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and

(d) A cover over the permeable membrane, the cover for sealing the reservoir such that removal of the cover results in controlled release of the active ingredient by the first active material through the permeable membrane.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the first active material further comprises one or both of a matrix and a modifying material.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the controlled release is determined by a controlled release mechanism selected from the group consisting of: changing an evaporation rate of the first active material, changing a surface area of the matrix, changing a permeability of the permeable membrane, adding one or more diffusion barriers, changing a viscosity of the first active material, changing a type of the matrix, changing a temperature of the reservoir, utilizing an active release mechanism, changing a formulation of the first active material, and combinations thereof.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of: a space repellant, an essential oil, a pyrethroid, an insecticide, an organic chloride, an organic phosphate, a carbamate, a neonicotinoid, a herbicide, an attractant, a larvicide, and combinations thereof.

21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the change material is selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, an encapsulant, a reinforcing agent, an exothermic reactant, an oil, and combinations thereof.

22. The device of claim 18, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of: a porous material, a material having a high surface to volume ratio, a synthetic material, a material reactive with the modifying material, and combinations thereof.

23. The device of claim 17, further comprising at least one diffusion barrier.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the diffusion barrier comprises at least one hydrophobic domain.

25. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the cover hermetically seals the reservoir.

26. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a cover release mechanism selected from the group consisting of: a mechanical lid release mechanism, a frangible lid release mechanism, an electrothermal rupture release mechanism, an electrothermal stress rupture release mechanism, an ultrasonic lid release mechanism, a pH-based lid release mechanism, an optical-based release mechanism, and combinations thereof.

27. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the apparatus is adapted to be wearable.

28. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

a reservoir;

a first active material in the reservoir, the first active material comprising an active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide, or a larvicide;

a permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and

a cover over the permeable membrane, the cover for sealing the reservoir such that removal of the cover results in controlled release of the active ingredient by the first active material through the permeable membrane,

wherein the device comprises a buoyancy mechanism for deploying the device in a liquid.

29. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

a reservoir;

a first active material in the reservoir, the first active material comprising an active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient is one of: an insecticide, a space repellant, a herbicide or a larvicide;

a permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and

wherein the device is adapted to be deployed from a flying platform, wherein the device is adapted to comprise a parachute.

30. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

a reservoir;

a permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and

wherein the reservoir is formed by a folded container.

31. A controlled release device, the device comprising:

a reservoir;

a permeable membrane covering the reservoir; and

wherein the device further comprises an indicator for indicating an amount of the active ingredient remaining in the device, the indicator comprising a scale and a dye calibrated to have the same volatility as the active material, thereby indicating a remaining concentration of the active ingredient in the device.