CN115555040A - Method for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO) 2 ) The process has methane (CH) 4 ) Preparation method of high-selectivity material - Google Patents

Method for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO) 2 ) The process has methane (CH) 4 ) Preparation method of high-selectivity material Download PDF

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CN115555040A
CN115555040A CN202211025961.9A CN202211025961A CN115555040A CN 115555040 A CN115555040 A CN 115555040A CN 202211025961 A CN202211025961 A CN 202211025961A CN 115555040 A CN115555040 A CN 115555040A
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carbon nitride
calcining
nitrogen
deficient
crucible
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张金龙
刘志国
吴仕群
池智力
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East China University of Science and Technology
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
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    • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
    • C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
    • C07C1/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/01—Crystal-structural characteristics depicted by a TEM-image
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data

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Abstract

The invention provides a method for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO) 2 ) The process has methane (CH) 4 ) Method for preparing high-selectivity material for photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 Selective synthesis of methane (CH) 4 ) Can be well applied in the system. The invention uses melamine as raw material, at 550 o Calcining at C to obtain amorphous graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-CN), and calcining at high temperature the amorphous blocky g-CN to prepare the nitrogen-deficient crystal g-CN. Many papers report tuning of N-defects and crystallinity by varying the temperature, but the highest temperature reported so far is 650 o C. 750 is prepared herein by adjusting the air content in the crucible o Sample under C. The obtained crystalline phase g-CN is a broken nanosheet with the diameter of micron, and the migration distance of electrons is reduced due to the formed small-size g-CN nanosheet and enhanced crystallinity. The photo-generated electrons tend to migrate and concentrate at the edges of the nanoplatelets, resulting in a higher electron density at the edge N-defect. N defect induced MS potential favoring CH 4 Rather than CO. The method of the present invention can control the degree of crystallization of g-CN and the concentration of N defects simply by controlling the calcination temperature and the air content during calcination. The prepared nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase g-CN material is used for reducing CO in a gas-solid phase photocatalysis manner 2 In the system, the excellent photocatalytic conversion of CO is shown 2 Synthesis of methane (CH) 4 ) Activity, selectivity and stability.

Description

Method for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO) 2 ) The process has methane (CH) 4 ) Preparation method of high-selectivity material
Technical Field
Relates to a nitrogen defect crystalline material for high-selectivity generation of methane by photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, and belongs to the field of nano materials and the technical field of photocatalysis.
Background
After the catalyst absorbs certain photon energy in the photocatalysis process, electrons are induced to be redistributed in the energy band of the catalyst. The resulting excited species are more reactive than the ground state, and especially free radical reactions significantly promote the activation of some inerts. Due to this characteristic, in recent years, photocatalysis has been greatly advanced in carbon dioxide emission reduction. However, photocatalytic CO 2 The reduced products are generally diverse and are CH-sensitive 4 The selectivity of (a) is poor. In the Proton Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) process, CH is generated 4 Is higher than CO. The CH should be favored more thermodynamically 4 But CH 4 The formation of (A) requires 8 electrons to participate, while only 2 electrons are required to produce CO in the reaction. CH (CH) 4 Thermodynamically more easily and kinetically more difficult, resulting in CH 4 The alkane selectivity is lower. Graphitic carbo-nitrides (g-CN) are highly effective CO 2 A reduction photocatalyst having a suitable band structure to satisfy CH 4 And CO, but due to the Conduction Band (CB) position being over-negative, the recombination rate of the photogenerated carriers is higher, resulting in CH 4 The selectivity of (a) is low. Having a CH 4 Pure CN systems matching energy levels and high electron densities have not been reported. Thus, the preparation of high selectivity CH using a crystalline nitrogen deficient CN catalyst is performed under the combined action of thermodynamics and kinetics 4 Has important significance.
Thus, based on the above research background, N-defective crystalline CN was prepared by high-temperature calcination of amorphous bulk CN. Herein, prepared by adjusting the air content in the crucible750 o Sample of C. The small size of the formed CN nanoplatelets and the enhanced crystallinity reduce the migration distance of electrons. The photo-generated electrons tend to migrate and collect at the edges of the nanoplatelets, resulting in a high electron density at the N-defect at the edge. Furthermore, the potential of N-defect induced mid-gap states (MS) favors the production of CH 4 Rather than CO. Under the double synergistic effect of thermodynamics and kinetics, g-CN-750 CH 4 The selectivity reaches 96.4 percent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention firstly takes 550 o Preparing amorphous carbon nitride material at C, and then 650-750 deg.C o And C, calcining the amorphous carbon nitride at the temperature of C to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystalline carbon nitride material, and controlling the crystallinity and the content of nitrogen defects by regulating and controlling the air content in the calcining process.
The method of the nitrogen-deficient amorphous carbon nitride material used in the present invention is as follows: 4 g of melamine were charged to a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain amorphous carbon nitride. An amount of amorphous carbon nitride was ground into powder in an agate mortar, transferred to a 50 mL crucible, and the crucible was wrapped with aluminum foil. The wrapped crucibles were transferred to a tube furnace where they were calcined at different temperatures (650 and 750) o C) Calcining for 4h to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride. (atmosphere during calcination was selected to be air and argon) the resulting pale yellow powder was washed three times with deionized water and placed at 50 deg.C o Oven of C dried overnight.
Drawings
FIGS. 1 (a), (c) and (d) are photocatalytic CO samples of examples 1,2 and 3 2 Reduction performance test and (b) comparative experiment test. As shown in FIG. 1a, the product of g-CN-550 is mainly CH 4 And CO. The cumulative yield with time was 5.6. Mu. Mol g -1 And 4.1. Mu. Mol g -1 . The CO yield of g-CN-650 and g-CN-550 was essentially the same. Notably, the CH of g-CN-650 is compared to g-CN-550 4 The performance is obviously improved, and the yield is 34.4 mu mol g -1 . With the closing ofIncreased to 750 deg.C o The production rates of C (g-CN-750), CO and CH4 are respectively improved to 7.9 mu mol g -1 And 52.8. Mu. Mol g -1 . Thus, by switching between 550-750 o Increasing the calcination temperature in the C range can enhance the CO of the sample 2 Reduction performance. Interestingly, CH 4 The yield increased significantly from 5.6 to 52.8. Mu. Mol g -1 And CO production was almost unchanged.
FIG. 2 is a representation of the electronic structure of the samples of examples 1,2 and 3. The band structures and optical properties of g-CN-550, g-CN-650, and g-CN-750 were measured by ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As shown in FIG. 2 (a), the absorption band edges of g-CN-750 and g-CN-650 are blue-shifted with respect to g-CN-550. A peak with an absorption band edge extending to 600 nm appeared in the DRS of g-CN-650 and g-CN-750, indicating that defect-related intermediate band gap states (MS) were generated in the gap band of g-CN. The inherent bandgaps of g-CN-550, g-CN-650 and g-CN-750 are 2.46, 2.67 and 2.80 eV, respectively, according to the Kubelka-Munk function. Further, the band gaps of g-CN-650 and g-CN-750 from VB to MS were 1.67 and 1.63 eV, respectively. The VB maximum was changed from 1.89 to 2.18 eV by XPS VB spectroscopy. The position of the catalyst band has been plotted in fig. 2 (d) according to the calculated band gap and the measured VB value (vs. NHE pH = 7). Notably, the intermediate energy gap state (MS) positions of g-CN-650 and g-CN-750 (FIG. 2 d) are higher than the generation of CH 4 Is lower than the potential for CO production. Obviously, only CH 4 Can be generated thermodynamically.
FIG. 3 is a High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction characterization of the samples from examples 1,2 and 3. It can be seen from FIG. 3 (a) that g-CN-550 is in an amorphous phase state, as evidenced by FIGS. 3 (b) and (c) at 650-750 o The secondary calcination under C converts the carbon nitride from an amorphous phase to a crystalline phase and the higher the temperature, the better the crystallinity. The selected area electron diffraction of FIG. 3 (d-f) also demonstrates the above conclusion.
FIG. 4 shows the directional migration paths and active sites of photo-generated electrons in the catalysts of the samples of examples 1-5. To study the generation of lightAnd (3) adopting a photo-deposition method to load platinum nanoparticles on the migration paths of electrons on different catalysts. Pt 4+ The Pt metal can be reduced by photo-generated electrons on the surface of the catalyst during the illumination process, so that the position where the Pt particles are gathered can be indirectly considered as the direction in which the electrons tend to move. Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were aggregated at the edge of g-CN-650 (part B) and uniformly dispersed on the plateau of g-CN-650-Ar and g-CN-550 (part A). Although both g-CN-650 and g-CN-650-Ar are in the crystalline phase, the photogenerated electrons on g-CN-650-Ar have a long migration distance and are difficult to migrate to the edge, so the electrons are randomly scattered on the flat surface. The broken nano-sheets shorten the migration distance of electrons along a CN platform, and greatly increase the probability of electron migration to the edge. Meanwhile, the random dispersion of Pt NPs on g-CN-550 further indicates that the oriented migration of electrons needs to be optimized in size and crystallinity. Accumulation of electrons increases the local electron density at the edge, which is more favorable for kinetic CH4 production. The difference in bond structure between g-CN-650 and g-CN was further investigated. The N1s spectrum of g-CN-650-Ar has three characteristic peaks 398.0, 398.6 and 400.5 eV, corresponding to sp respectively 2 hybrid-N (N = C-N), N- (C) 3 And an amino group (C-N-H). The N1s spectrum of g-CN-650 is shifted positively compared to g-CN-650-Ar, where N- (C) 3 The offset is the largest. Meanwhile, N- (C) 3 The proportion of peaks is significantly reduced, indicating that the N defects in CN are mainly due to tridentate N. It is noteworthy that the tridentate N in CN exists mainly in two forms, one as a bridge between the building blocks and the other in the tris-s-triazine ring (fig. 4e and f). The formation energies of the two N defects were calculated by DFT to be +2.55 and +2.96 eV, respectively, indicating that the former N defect is more easily formed during calcination. During the photocatalytic process of broken crystalline g-CN nanoplates, photo-generated electrons migrate to the edge under polarization drive and are captured by the active sites (N-defects) of the edge, resulting in an increase in local charge density.
The experimental results prove that the synthesized nitrogen-defect crystalline phase carbon nitride material has excellent photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 Synthesis of CH 4 Activity, selectivity and stability.
While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the above description should not be taken as limiting the invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
Synthesis of amorphous carbon nitride
4 g of melamine were charged to a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain the amorphous-phase carbon nitride material (g-CN-550).
Example 2
Air atmosphere 650 o Synthesis of nitrogen deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material under C
4 g of melamine were charged to a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain the amorphous-phase carbon nitride material (g-CN). An amount of amorphous carbon nitride was ground to powder in an agate mortar, transferred to a 50 mL crucible, and the crucible was wrapped with aluminum foil. The wrapped crucible was transferred to a tube furnace in which 2.3 parts of the crucible were placed o Heating to 650 deg.C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours at the calcining temperature in air to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride (g-CN-650). The resulting pale yellow powder was washed three times by centrifugation in deionized water and placed at 50 deg.f o Oven of C dried overnight.
Example 3
Air atmosphere 750 o Synthesis of nitrogen deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material under C
4 g of melamine were charged to a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain the amorphous-phase carbon nitride material (g-CN). An amount of amorphous carbon nitride was ground into powder in an agate mortar, transferred to a 50 mL crucible, and the crucible was wrapped with aluminum foil. Will wrap upThe good crucible was transferred to a tube furnace in which 2.3 of the crucible was placed o Heating to 750 deg.C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours at the calcining temperature in the air atmosphere to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride (g-CN-750). The resulting pale yellow powder was washed three times by centrifugation in deionized water and placed at 50 deg.f o Oven of C dried overnight.
Example 4
Argon atmosphere 650 o Synthesis of nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride Material under C
4 g of melamine were charged into a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain the amorphous-phase carbon nitride material (g-CN). An amount of amorphous carbon nitride was ground into powder in an agate mortar, transferred to a 50 mL crucible, and the crucible was wrapped with aluminum foil. The wrapped crucible was transferred to a tube furnace in which 2.3 parts of the crucible were placed o Heating to 650 deg.C/min o Calcining the carbon nitride at the calcining temperature of C for 4 hours in the atmosphere of argon to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride (g-CN-650-Ar). The resulting pale yellow powder was washed three times by centrifugation in deionized water and placed at 50 deg.f o Oven of C dried overnight.
Example 5
Argon atmosphere 750 o Synthesis of nitrogen deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material under C
4 g of melamine were charged to a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 2.3 o Heating to 550 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours to obtain the amorphous-phase carbon nitride material (g-CN). An amount of amorphous carbon nitride was ground to powder in an agate mortar, transferred to a 50 mL crucible, and the crucible was wrapped with aluminum foil. The wrapped crucible was transferred to a tube furnace in which 2.3 parts of the crucible were placed o Heating to 750 deg.C/min o And C, calcining for 4 hours at the calcining temperature in the atmosphere of argon to obtain the nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride (g-CN-750-Ar). The resulting pale yellow powder was washed three times with deionized water and placed at 50 deg.C o Oven of C dried overnight.
Experiment and data
The invention provides a method for photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 The activity investigation method of (2) is as follows:
first, a reactor was charged with 4 mL of deionized water, 4 mL of Triethanolamine (TEOA), and 12 mL of acetonitrile (MeCN) solution (250 mL volume, quartz cap). After stirring and ultrasonic mixing, 10 mg of catalyst was added to the homogeneous mixed solution. Then, the reaction system was evacuated, CO2 (99.99%) was introduced through a flow meter at about 1 atm (315 mL), and the above washing process was repeated three times to remove air as much as possible from the reaction system. Filling condensed water into the outer wall of the reactor to maintain the temperature of the whole reaction system stable at 15 DEG o C. Under the irradiation of a laboratory light source (a 300 w xenon lamp is matched with an AM 1.5 filter as a light source), the gas product enters a gas chromatograph (GC, fuli, china, GC-9790 II) for detection. Carbon-containing products such as methane, carbon monoxide, methanol and multi-carbon products were analyzed with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID), and other hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen were detected with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD), and the total reaction time was 8 h.

Claims (6)

1. A process for preparing the nitrogen-deficient crystal-phase carbon nitride used for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide includes such steps as 550 deg.C o Preparing amorphous carbon nitride material at C, and then 650-750 deg.C o Calcining amorphous-phase carbon nitride at the temperature of C to obtain nitrogen-deficient crystalline-phase carbon nitride, controlling the crystallinity and the content of nitrogen defects by regulating the air content in the calcining process, wherein the prepared material has higher carbon dioxide capture capacity and charge separation efficiency, and shows excellent activity, selectivity and stability of synthesizing methane by photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide in a gas-solid phase photocatalytic reduction carbon dioxide system, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: 4 g of melamine were charged into a 50 mL crucible in a muffle furnace at 550 o Calcining for 4 hours to obtain amorphous carbon nitride;
the second step is that: grinding a certain amount of amorphous carbon nitride into powder in an agate mortar, transferring the powder into a crucible with the volume of 50 mL, and wrapping the crucible with aluminum foil;
the third step: transferring the wrapped crucible toIn tube furnaces, from 650 to 750 o And C, calcining for 4 hours at the temperature of C to obtain nitrogen-deficient crystal phase carbon nitride (g-CN-X, wherein X is the calcining temperature of the secondary calcining).
2. The method for preparing nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material according to claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the rate of temperature rise was 2.3 o C/min。
3. The method for preparing nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, small holes are punched on the surface of the aluminum foil by using needles, and the air content is controlled according to the number of the holes.
4. The method for preparing nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material according to claim 1, wherein: in the third step, the temperature rise rate was 2.3 o C/min, and the calcining temperature is 650-750 o C Interval select 650 o And C, calcining.
5. The method for preparing nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material according to claim 1, wherein: in the third step, the calcining atmosphere of the tube furnace can be controlled to be two different atmospheres of air and argon.
6. The method for preparing nitrogen-deficient crystalline phase carbon nitride material according to claim 1, wherein: the material can be used for photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 A solid-liquid phase system is used, and deionized water is used as a proton source to provide protons.
CN202211025961.9A 2022-08-25 2022-08-25 Method for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO) 2 ) The process has methane (CH) 4 ) Preparation method of high-selectivity material Pending CN115555040A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116199197A (en) * 2023-01-09 2023-06-02 江西师范大学 Preparation method of carbon nitride with specific phase high crystallization and surface defect structure

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116199197A (en) * 2023-01-09 2023-06-02 江西师范大学 Preparation method of carbon nitride with specific phase high crystallization and surface defect structure

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