CN115536128A - Method for promoting enrichment of PHA accumulation flora in renewable wastewater - Google Patents
Method for promoting enrichment of PHA accumulation flora in renewable wastewater Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000001546 nitrifying effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005014 poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Substances 0.000 description 30
- 229920000903 polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymers 0.000 description 30
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 9
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 description 2
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037351 starvation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/006—Regulation methods for biological treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/08—Aerobic processes using moving contact bodies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/105—Characterized by the chemical composition
- C02F3/108—Immobilising gels, polymers or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/1236—Particular type of activated sludge installations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2203/00—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2203/004—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage comprising a selector reactor for promoting floc-forming or other bacteria
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- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/22—O2
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/38—Gas flow rate
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract
A method for promoting enrichment of PHA accumulation floras in renewable wastewater belongs to the field of resource recovery. The basic principle of the invention is that biological carriers are added into activated sludge flocs, nitrifying bacteria are preferentially attached to the carriers by a biological membrane by regulating Sludge Retention Time (SRT), so that the nitrifying bacteria and PHA accumulation heterotrophic bacteria are spatially separated, a dynamic high C/N condition is formed in a bioreactor, and the in-situ enrichment of the PHA accumulation bacteria is promoted. The method does not need to artificially control the C/N of the renewable wastewater, has simple technical operation, high recovery rate of organic matters in the renewable wastewater and wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of resource recovery, and particularly relates to a method for promoting in-situ enrichment of PHA accumulation floras in renewable wastewater by adding a biological carrier and regulating SRT.
Background
Because the organic matters in the wastewater are important recyclable energy, recycling of the organic matters can realize recycling of resources. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is polyester produced by taking microorganisms as energy storage substances, can be completely decomposed and utilized by the microorganisms in the nature, has good biocompatibility, and can be used as a substitute of traditional petroleum-derived plastics. Therefore, the method for converting the organic matters in the regeneration wastewater into the PHA with high added value is an economic prospect method.
The PHA synthesizing process with mixed bacteria adopts two stages. The purpose of the stage one is to select and enrich PHA accumulation flora; stage two aims at obtaining maximum PHA content. Currently, the most critical challenge facing PHA synthesis is the selection and enrichment of the PHA accumulating flora. Because the components of the renewable wastewater are complex, and microorganisms are difficult to store organic matters as an internal carbon source, the enrichment of PHA accumulation floras is difficult to realize by taking the renewable wastewater as an enrichment substrate. The method has the advantages that the selection and enrichment of PHA accumulation floras are carried out under the specific C/N condition in the patent application No. CN202110878525.5, and the C/N of an ammonium chloride control system needs to be added, so the method is complex in actual operation, increases the operation cost, lacks certain economy and limits the application of the method in actual wastewater.
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a method for promoting the in-situ enrichment of PHA accumulation floras in renewable wastewater by adding a biological carrier and regulating SRT, and the method does not need to artificially control the C/N of the wastewater, has high organic matter recovery value and has wide application prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to promote the in-situ enrichment of PHA accumulation floras in renewable wastewater and realize the recycling of organic matters in the wastewater.
The invention relies on an enrichment device (figure 1) containing biological carriers, the specific structure of the enrichment device is as follows: the waste water raw water tank (1) is connected with the intermittent reactor (3) through a water inlet lifting pump (2); the intermittent reactor (3) is provided with an aerator (4), a gas flowmeter (5), an aeration device (6) and a biological carrier (7).
Depending on the enrichment device, the technical implementation steps of the invention are as follows:
step 1) inoculating the residual sludge of the sewage treatment plant into the intermittent reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L.
Step 2) adding a bio-carrier filler to the batch reactor (3).
And 3) opening the lift pump (2) to inject the renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water.
And 4) starting an aeration device (6), adjusting the aeration time to 3-72h, monitoring by using Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and controlling the feast/hunger (F/F) in the aeration period to be 0.1-0.33 and the SRT of the system to be 15-20d.
And 5) closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 40-70% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3).
And 6) repeating the steps 3) -5), and continuously running for 20-30d.
And 7) reducing the SRT in the step 4), controlling the SRT to be 4-10d, and repeating the steps 3) -5) continuously for 20-30d.
The step 2) of adding the bio-carrier filler to the batch reactor is specifically characterized in that: the biological carrier filler comprises a suspension carrier, a fixed carrier, a suspension carrier and the like, and the filling rate is 30-60%.
Step 3) the renewable wastewater is characterized in that: the wastewater is renewable wastewater containing degradable organic matters, and the types of the wastewater comprise crude glycerol wastewater, winery wastewater, molasses wastewater and the like.
Step 4) the feast/famine (F/F) is specifically characterized in that: monitoring DO during aeration, wherein the beginning and the end of the aeration phase are respectively used as the beginning of the feast period and the end of the hunger period, the sudden jump point of the DO is used as the end of the feast period and the beginning of the hunger period, and the ratio of the cycle duration of the feast period to the hunger period is F/F.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these are to be considered as falling within the scope of the invention.
Adding a biological carrier into the activated sludge floc, and preferentially attaching the nitrifying bacteria flora to the carrier by a biological membrane by regulating and controlling the SRT, so that the load biomass of the nitrifying bacteria flora on the biological carrier is improved, and the separation of the nitrifying bacteria and the PHA accumulation heterotrophic bacteria on the space is realized. The presence of the biofilm promotes the conversion of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate, and therefore a dynamic high C/N condition is created in the bioreactor due to the limitation of ammonia nitrogen. The high C/N condition causes the reduction of the cell growth rate, improves the capacity of the microorganisms for storing PHA by utilizing a carbon source in the feast period, then the PHA accumulation floras maintain metabolism by degrading intracellular PHA in the starvation period, and non-PHA accumulation floras are gradually eliminated, thereby promoting the in-situ enrichment of the PHA accumulation floras. The technical invention is shown in the attached figure 2.
The invention has the following advantages:
(1) The C/N in the renewable wastewater does not need to be manually controlled, and the actual operation is simple;
(2) The in-situ enrichment of PHA accumulation floras is promoted, the PHA yield is improved, and the method is suitable for realizing PHA production;
(2) The recycling of organic matters in the renewable wastewater is realized, and the method has obvious economical efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a PHA accumulation flora enrichment reactor device provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
wherein, the marks in the figure are respectively: the system comprises (1) a waste water raw water tank, (2) a lift pump, (3) a batch reactor, (4) an aerator, (5) a gas flowmeter, (6) an aeration device and (7) a biological carrier.
Fig. 2 is a technical schematic diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
In the following examples, a polyethylene carrier was selected as the bio-carrier in the present invention, and the filling rate was 30%.
Example 1
Step 1) inoculating the residual sludge of the sewage treatment plant into the intermittent reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L.
Step 2) adding polyethylene carrier filler to the batch reactor (3) with a filling rate of 30%.
And 3) opening the lift pump (2) to inject the renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water.
And 4) starting an aeration device (6) to monitor by dissolved oxygen, so that feast/hunger (F/F) during aeration is 0.1, the aeration time is 6h, and the SRT of the system is controlled to be 10d.
And 5) closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 50% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3).
Step 6) repeat steps 3) -5), run continuously for 25d.
The control was carried out in the same manner as in example 1, except that: the batch reactor of the control was not loaded with polyethylene carrier.
Through detection, the ammonia oxidation rates in the enrichment reactors of the control group and the example 1 are respectively 0.60mg/L/h and 2.39mg/L/h, the maximum PHA content in the batch experiment is respectively 31.76 percent and 39.44 percent, and the PHA content in the example 1 is improved by 7.68 percent compared with the control group.
Example 2
Step 1) inoculating the excess sludge of the sewage treatment plant into the batch reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L.
Step 2) adding polyethylene carrier filler to the batch reactor (3) with a filling rate of 30%.
And 3) opening a lift pump (2) to inject the renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water.
And 4) starting an aeration device (6) to monitor by dissolved oxygen, so that feast/hunger (F/F) during aeration is 0.1, the aeration time is 6h, and the SRT of the system is controlled at 8d.
And 5) closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 50% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3).
Step 6) repeat steps 3) -5), run continuously for 25d.
The control group was performed in the same manner as in the present example, except that: no polyethylene carrier was added to the enrichment reactor of the control group.
Through detection, the ammonia oxidation rates in the enrichment reactors of the control group and the embodiment 1 are respectively increased to 3.21mg/L/h and 3.75mg/L/h; the maximum PHA content in the experiment of this example was 28.55%, which was 11.96% higher than the control.
Example 3
Step 1) inoculating the residual sludge of the sewage treatment plant into the intermittent reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L.
Step 2) adding polyethylene carrier filler to the batch reactor (3) with a filling rate of 30%.
And 3) opening the lift pump (2) to inject the renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water.
And 4) starting an aeration device (6) to monitor by dissolved oxygen, so that feast/hunger (F/F) during aeration is 0.1, the aeration time is 6h, and the SRT of the system is controlled at 6d.
And 5) closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 50% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3).
Step 6) repeat steps 3) -5), run continuously for 25d.
The production procedure for the control was the same as in this example, except that: no polyethylene carrier was added to the enrichment reactor of the control group.
According to detection, the ammonia oxidation rates in the enrichment reactors of the control group and the example are respectively 2.14mg/L/h and 5.89mg/L/h, and the maximum PHA content in the batch experiment is respectively 49.53 percent and 60.78 percent. Compared with example 2, the ammonia oxidation rate in the example is improved by 36.33%, and the maximum PHA content is improved by 32.23%.
Example 4
Step 1) inoculating the excess sludge of the sewage treatment plant into the batch reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L.
Step 2) adding polyethylene carrier filler to the batch reactor (3) with a filling rate of 30%.
And 3) opening a lift pump (2) to inject the renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water.
And 4) starting an aeration device (6) to monitor by dissolved oxygen, so that feast/hunger (F/F) during aeration is 0.1, the aeration time is 6h, and the SRT of the system is controlled to be 4d.
And 5) closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 50% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3).
Step 6) repeat steps 3) -5), run continuously for 25d.
The production procedure for the control was the same as in this example, except that: no polyethylene carrier was added to the enrichment reactor of the control group.
Through detection, the ammoxidation rate in the enrichment reactor is remarkably increased to 6.99mg/L/h, while the ammoxidation rate in the control group is reduced to 0.89mg/L/h, which indicates that the ammoxidation rate of the enrichment reactor is remarkably increased by adding the biofilm carrier; the maximum PHA content in the experiment of this example was 6.17% higher than the control.
The above-mentioned embodiments further illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, and the description is not intended to be limiting.
Claims (3)
1. A method for promoting the enrichment of PHA accumulation flora in renewable wastewater, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1), inoculating the residual sludge of the sewage treatment plant into an intermittent reactor (3), wherein the concentration of the inoculated sludge is 3000-5000mg/L;
step 2), adding a biological carrier filler into the batch reactor (3), wherein the filling rate is 30-60%;
step 3) opening a lift pump (2) to inject renewable wastewater in the wastewater raw water tank (1) into the intermittent reactor (3), and closing the lift pump (2) after the reactor is filled with water;
step 4), starting an aeration device (6), adjusting the aeration time to 3-72h, monitoring by using dissolved oxygen DO, enabling feast/hunger, namely F/F, to be 0.1-0.33 during aeration, and controlling the SRT of the system to be 15-20d; monitoring DO during the aeration period, wherein the beginning and the end of the aeration period are respectively used as the beginning of the feast period and the end of the hunger period, the sudden jump point of the DO is used as the end of the feast period and the beginning of the hunger period, and the ratio of the cycle duration of the feast period to the hunger period is F/F;
step 5), closing the aeration device (6), standing and precipitating, and discharging 40-70% of supernatant out of the batch reactor (3);
step 6) repeating the steps 3) -5), and continuously running for 20-30d;
and 7) reducing the SRT in the step 4), controlling the SRT to be 4-10d, repeating the steps 3-5, and continuously operating for 20-30d.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said bio-carrier filler of step 2) comprises suspended carriers, fixed carriers or suspended carriers.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wastewater of step 3) is a renewable wastewater containing degradable organic substances, and the wastewater category comprises raw glycerol wastewater, brewery wastewater or molasses wastewater.
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| FARINAZ AHMADI等: "The effect of different operational strategies on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production at short-term biomass enrichment", JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 31 December 2020 (2020-12-31), pages 1 - 10 * |
| MENGHAN WU等: "Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Food Waste Coupled with Aerobic Nitrate Reduction", ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEM. ENG., 31 December 2021 (2021-12-31), pages 15461 - 15468 * |
| YOU-WEI CUI等: "Effects of C/N in the substrate on the simultaneous production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and extracellular polymeric substances by Haloferax mediterranei via kinetic model analysis", RSC ADVANCES, 31 December 2017 (2017-12-31), pages 18953 - 18961, XP093061351, DOI: 10.1039/C7RA02131C * |
| 崔有为等: "SRT对富集高聚PHA能力嗜盐MMC的影响", 化工学报, 30 June 2016 (2016-06-30), pages 2575 - 2582 * |
| 崔有为等: "好氧丰盛/缺氧饥饿模式驯化微生物积累内源聚合物并实现内源反硝化", 北京工业大学学报, 30 November 2020 (2020-11-30), pages 1283 - 1290 * |
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