CN115532861A - Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle - Google Patents

Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115532861A
CN115532861A CN202210669946.1A CN202210669946A CN115532861A CN 115532861 A CN115532861 A CN 115532861A CN 202210669946 A CN202210669946 A CN 202210669946A CN 115532861 A CN115532861 A CN 115532861A
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Prior art keywords
aluminum alloy
treatment
bolt
temperature
heat treatment
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Inventor
陈伟鹏
陈伟
彭真真
叶卓伦
曲文超
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Zhejiang Keteng Precision Machinery Co ltd
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Zhejiang Keteng Precision Machinery Co ltd
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Priority to CN202210669946.1A priority Critical patent/CN115532861A/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21CMANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C9/00Cooling, heating or lubricating drawing material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08CLEANING
    • B08BCLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B7/00Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
    • B08B7/02Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by distortion, beating, or vibration of the surface to be cleaned
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21CMANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21HMAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H3/00Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape
    • B21H3/02Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape external screw-threads ; Making dies for thread rolling
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/525Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a manufacturing method of a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle bolt, and belongs to the field of standard part production. The method selects aluminum alloy 6082 as raw material, and can eliminate the internal defects of the material and enhance the tensile strength of the wire rod through multiple drawing and softening heat treatment of the wire rod. The lubricating coating is prepared on the surface of the wire rod with the specified wire diameter and the preheating treatment is carried out, so that the aluminum alloy extrusion blank with a smooth surface can be obtained, the loss of the die can be reduced, and the service life of the die can be prolonged. The continuous heat treatment furnace is used, the T6 heat treatment process is adopted, the solution treatment temperature is 500-560 ℃, the solution time is 2-4 hours, the water quenching temperature is not higher than 50 ℃, the delay time is not more than 5 hours, the artificial aging temperature is 150-180 ℃, the artificial aging time is 2-10 hours, and the aluminum alloy material with the Brinell hardness not lower than 90HBW, the tensile strength not lower than 300MPa and the fracture elongation not lower than 10% can be obtained. The aluminum alloy bolt with the performance parameter can replace a steel bolt of the same grade.

Description

Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of manufacturing of aluminum alloy bolts, and particularly relates to a manufacturing method of a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle bolt.
Background
Clean energy, carbon neutralization, energy conservation, emission reduction and the like become the development directions of basic industries of various countries in the world. To achieve the above object and reduce energy consumption, light weight design, production and manufacture of industrial products are mainstream. In the process of automobile production and manufacturing, lightweight design and application are wide. On the premise of ensuring that the strength of the part material is not changed, a large amount of carbon fiber materials and glass fiber materials are used for replacing part of steel parts, and polymer synthetic materials are used for replacing part of aluminum alloy parts. The overall quality, performance and cost of the automobile are kept unchanged, the weight of the automobile can be reduced through the lightweight design, the output power is improved, the controllability is improved, the speed of the automobile is improved, the oil consumption is reduced, the exhaust emission is reduced, and meanwhile, the safety performance is improved.
In the production and manufacturing process of passenger cars, the proportion of cast iron and alloy steel parts is high, particularly engines and transmissions, and the progress of light weight is slow all the time due to the particularity of the working environment and the unique performance of metal materials. At present, aluminum engine cylinder covers, aluminum engine cylinder bodies, aluminum transmission shells, aluminum transmission shifting forks and the like appear in middle-high-end vehicle models of partial brands. The engine cylinder cover and the cylinder body as well as the upper shell and the lower shell of the transmission are fastened and connected by steel bolts in the assembly link. The use of a large number of steel bolts provides a high strength connection effect, but is not conducive to lightweight manufacture of automobiles. On the premise of ensuring the same connection strength, the aluminum bolt solves the problem of heavy weight of the steel bolt. The weight of the aluminum bolt is only 1/3 of that of the steel bolt. After the aluminum bolt is strengthened through heat treatment, the weight of the aluminum bolt can approach 1/4 of that of the steel bolt under the condition of ensuring the same mechanical property. In addition, the aluminum bolt also has better sealing performance. Under some working conditions, the aluminum bolt can replace a steel bolt with a rubber sealing gasket or a rubber coated steel bolt.
At present, aluminum alloy screws and bolts are used for 3C products and white appliances. Aluminum bolts are also arranged in places where the requirement on the connection strength of the assembly positions in the automobile is not high, but the aluminum bolts are rarely used in the assembly process of an engine and a transmission, and the main reason is that the aluminum alloy material is relatively complex in machining and heat treatment procedures and processes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a manufacturing method of a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle bolt, which solves the problem that the aluminum alloy material processing and heat treatment process and technology in the prior art are complex.
A method for manufacturing a bolt for a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle, the method comprising:
after surface lubrication treatment is carried out on 6 series aluminum alloy raw materials, wire drawing treatment is carried out by using a wire modification process for cold extrusion;
cold forming the aluminum alloy wire subjected to wire drawing treatment;
performing heat treatment after vibration cleaning;
and rolling the threads to form the finished bolt.
Further, the surface lubrication treatment adopts aluminum alloy surface coating treatment, and the aluminum alloy surface coating treatment comprises the following steps: degreasing → water washing → acid washing → primary water washing → secondary water washing → coating agent treatment → neutralization → lubrication, wherein:
1) Degreasing by using an alkaline cleaning agent at the temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 2-3min;
2) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
3) The acid cleaning adopts nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution, the concentration is 6-10%, the temperature is 40 ℃, and the cleaning time is 2-3min;
4) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
5) Repeating the step 4;
6) Treating the leather membrane by adopting an ALBOND aluminum leather membrane treating agent;
7) Neutralizing with sodium hydroxide solution at 2-2.5% concentration and pH13.7 at 40 deg.c for 2-3min;
8) Lubricating with Kolekemo lubricant at 80-90 deg.C for 5-8min.
Further, the drawing treatment comprises three times of drawing and two times of annealing and softening treatment, wherein the lubrication treatment is adopted before each drawing, the annealing and softening treatment is adopted after the first drawing and the second drawing, the drawing speed is 20-25 mm/min, the annealing treatment temperature is 400-430 ℃, the annealing time is 60-75 min, the tensile strength of the annealed material is less than 160MPa, and the yield strength is less than 110MPa.
Further, the cold forming process comprises the steps of cutting, shaping, pre-heading and final heading forming.
Further, the heat treatment adopts a T6 heat treatment process, which comprises solution heat treatment and artificial aging treatment, wherein: adopting a continuous heat treatment furnace, wherein the solution treatment temperature is 530-560 ℃, the solution time is 2-4 h, the water quenching temperature is not higher than 50 ℃, the delay time is not more than 5h, the artificial aging temperature is 160-180 ℃, and the artificial aging time is 6-8 h, wherein the artificial aging refers to the treatment process of heating the alloy after solution treatment to the temperature above room temperature and keeping for a certain time to change the alloy performance.
Furthermore, the temperature of the film treatment is 80-90 ℃, and the time of the film treatment is 3-5 min.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention aims at the 6-series aluminum alloy material to carry out modification treatment, and the mechanical property of the aluminum alloy material after the modification treatment can meet the technical requirement of a steel material. Meanwhile, the weight of the aluminum alloy material is only one third of that of the steel material. The aluminum alloy bolt part has good corrosion resistance, and does not need multiple surface rust prevention treatments.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The invention provides a method for manufacturing a bolt for a 6 series aluminum alloy vehicle, which comprises the following steps:
after surface lubrication treatment is carried out on 6 series aluminum alloy raw materials, wire drawing treatment is carried out by using a wire modification process for cold extrusion;
cold forming the aluminum alloy wire subjected to wire drawing treatment;
performing heat treatment after vibration cleaning;
and rolling threads to form a finished bolt.
Specifically, the raw material is 6 series aluminum alloy, and the grade and chemical components of the metal material meet the standard requirements. The size of the aluminum alloy wire is determined according to the size of the finished bolt. The aluminum alloy grade is EN AW-6082, and the aluminum alloy grade is not limited to the aluminum alloy grade;
the invention selects a wire rod reforming process for cold extrusion, wherein the cold extrusion process comprises the steps of placing an aluminum alloy wire rod at one end of a cold extrusion die, pulling the aluminum alloy wire rod out of the die by using a tension machine at the other end of the cold extrusion die at room temperature, and enabling the wire rod to generate plastic deformation under the action of the die, thereby realizing the purpose of reducing the diameter of the wire rod and improving the cold forming mechanical property of the aluminum alloy wire rod at room temperature. The aluminum alloy wire rod after rough drawing can be annealed and softened, and the softened wire rod is beneficial to subsequent cold heading forming. The drawing process parameters adopted by the invention are three times of drawing and two times of annealing and softening treatment. The drawing speed is 20-25 mm/min, the annealing temperature is 400-430 ℃, the annealing time is 60-75 min, the tensile strength of the annealed material is less than 160MPa, and the yield strength is less than 110MPa; for example: the raw material has a wire diameter of
Figure BDA0003692869170000041
After the first rough drawing, the wire diameter is
Figure BDA0003692869170000044
Drawing again after annealing and lubricating treatment, wherein the drawing size is
Figure BDA0003692869170000042
Carrying out fine drawing after one-time annealing treatment and lubricating treatment, wherein the wire diameter after the fine drawing is the size
Figure BDA0003692869170000043
The surface of the aluminum alloy wire needs to be lubricated before the drawing process, so that the surface of the wire is prevented from being damaged by the drawing process. The surface lubrication treatment can reduce the surface temperature of the aluminum alloy wire in the drawing process, avoids drawing heat accumulation to cause overheating of the surface of the material, enables the metal structure to be changed, simultaneously reduces the friction between the material and the die in the cold forming process of the lubricated wire, reduces unit extrusion force, and improves the surface quality of the cold-heading blank. The invention adopts the surface film treatment of the aluminum alloy, and the lubricating process flow is as follows: degreasing → water washing → acid washing (nitric acid + hydrofluoric acid) → water washing → two times of water washing → coating agent treatment → neutralization → lubrication; (the surface lubrication treatment belongs to the material remanufacturing process, generally, after the materials are annealed, the materials need to be subjected to film treatment before drawing, so that the surfaces of the materials are lubricated, the friction coefficient is reduced, the defect of poor wires after drawing is reduced, and the demolding capacity of parts during cold forming is improved).
Wherein:
1) Degreasing by using an alkaline cleaning agent at the temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 2-3min;
2) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
3) The acid cleaning adopts nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution, the concentration is 6-10%, the temperature is 40 ℃, and the cleaning time is 2-3min;
4) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
5) Repeating the step 4;
6) The film treatment is carried out by adopting an LF-5836 environment-friendly phosphorus-free chromium-free aluminum film agent;
7) Neutralizing with sodium hydroxide solution at 2-2.5% concentration and pH13.7 at 40 deg.c for 2-3min;
8) Lubricating with Kolekemo lubricant at 80-90 deg.C for 5-8min.
And (4) cold forming, wherein after the aluminum alloy wire is subjected to drawing treatment, the material specification and the performance meet the requirements, and then the cold forming can be carried out. The cold forming adopts a cold heading process, and the forming process comprises the steps of material cutting, shaping, pre-heading and final heading forming.
After the aluminum alloy bolt is subjected to the cold heading process, vibration cleaning treatment is carried out to remove residual metal chips, oil stains, burrs, dirt and the like on the surface of the bolt. Meanwhile, oil stains in the inner hexagonal hole of the bolt can be cleaned and removed, and the problems that the inner hexagonal hole is blackened and the stains cannot be thoroughly cleaned after the heat treatment process are solved.
The vibration cleaning process comprises the following steps:
1) Alkaline metal cleaner, ambient temperature
2) The vibration time is 15-20 min.
And (3) performing heat treatment, wherein the aluminum alloy wire rod is subjected to cold extrusion molding and has the bolt appearance, but the material hardness is lower, the tensile strength performance is poor, and the use requirement of the bolt cannot be met. The semi-finished aluminum alloy bolt is subjected to heat treatment process treatment, so that the hardness and tensile strength of the aluminum alloy material can be improved. The heat treatment process of the aluminum alloy material is complex, and the invention uses a continuous heat treatment furnace and adopts T6 heat treatment process (comprising solid solution heat treatment and artificial aging treatment) to carry out heat treatment on 6082 aluminum alloy. The specific process parameters are as follows: solid solution (solid solution, namely solid solution treatment, which is a process of heating the alloy to the temperature at which the second phase can be completely or maximally dissolved in the solid solution, keeping for a period of time, and then cooling at a speed faster than the speed at which the second phase is precipitated from the solid solution to obtain a supersaturated solid solution) at the solid solution treatment temperature of 530-560 ℃, the solid solution time of 2-4 h, the water quenching temperature of 0-50 ℃, the time delay time of 0-5h, the artificial aging temperature of 160-180 ℃ and the artificial aging time of 6-8 h; by adopting the process, the part with the hardness not lower than 90HBW, the tensile strength not lower than 320MPa and the fracture elongation not lower than 10 percent can be obtained; the artificial aging refers to a treatment process of heating the alloy after the solution treatment to a temperature above room temperature and keeping for a certain time to change the alloy performance.
And (4) rolling threads, namely selecting a thread rolling wheel with an applicable specification to perform thread forming according to the drawing specification and technical requirements of the finished bolt. The invention rolls the thread after heat treatment, and has high thread precision and relatively high hardness. The bolt is not easy to be collided and damaged in the production link of the post process, and the bolt can not scratch the shell or overcome the defects of hand pieces and the like during assembly;
and (3) cleaning the bolt, wherein the aluminum alloy bolt needs to be cleaned after finishing the thread rolling process, so that metal chips, oil stains and oxide skins remained on the surface of the bolt are removed, and the appearance with metallic luster can be obtained. According to the invention, the aluminum alloy bolt is cleaned by adopting the alkaline cleaning solution, the surface of the aluminum alloy bolt can be cleaned, and the surface of the aluminum alloy bolt can be activated, so that the binding force between the lubricating coating and the substrate is improved;
and lubrication is carried out, a lubricating coating needs to be coated on the surface of the aluminum alloy bolt for adjusting and increasing the friction coefficient of the bolt, and the assembly requirements of different installation working conditions on the aluminum alloy bolt are met. The invention adopts the special aqueous lubricant DF905 for the aluminum alloy fastener to prepare the lubricating coating. The main characteristics are as follows: the friction coefficient can be controlled between 0.10 and 0.12, and the coating has fluorescent developing effect under an ultraviolet lamp and high adhesive force with a substrate.
Example 1
Preparation of an aluminum alloy EN AW-6082 specification M22X 1.5X 14 bolt:
1) The material requirements are as follows:
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003692869170000071
And (4) inspection specification:
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0003692869170000072
Drawing parameters: the drawing speed is 20-25 mm/min, the rough drawing reduction rate is 9-15%, and the fine drawing reduction rate is 5-6%.
Softening parameters: the annealing temperature is 400-430 ℃, and the annealing time is 60-75 min.
Lubrication parameters: the temperature of the leather membrane treatment is 80-90 ℃, the time of the leather membrane treatment is 3-5 min, the temperature of the lubrication treatment is 80-90 ℃, and the time is 5-8 min;
2) Cold heading forming: a multi-station cold header;
preparing a sodium stearate coating with the thickness of about 0.8mm on the surface of the aluminum alloy wire rod, and finishing forming after preheating an aluminum alloy stub bar subjected to cold extrusion to 130 ℃;
3) Cleaning: alkaline cleaning agent, the temperature is 70-80 ℃, and the cleaning time is 3-5 min;
4) And (3) heat treatment: solid solution and artificial aging.
The aluminum alloy 6082 was heat treated using a continuous heat treatment furnace using a T6 heat treatment process. The solution treatment temperature is 540 ℃, the solution time is 3.5 hours, the water quenching temperature is 20 ℃, the delay time is 2 hours, the artificial aging temperature is 170 ℃, and the artificial aging time is 6 hours;
5) Thread rolling: three-wheel thread rolling machine. Preparing metric fine threads M22 multiplied by 1.5 standard threads according to the requirements of ISO international standards;
6) Cleaning: alkaline cleaning agent, the temperature is 70-80 ℃, and the cleaning time is 3-5 min;
7) Lubrication: DF905 lubricant was used.
The friction coefficient of the bolt is controlled to be 0.10-0.12. The aluminum alloy fastener obtained by the method has the metal material with the Brinell hardness of 90-100 HBW, the tensile strength of 320-350 MPa and the fracture elongation of more than 10 percent.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for manufacturing a bolt for a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle, the method comprising:
after surface lubrication treatment is carried out on 6 series aluminum alloy raw materials, wire drawing treatment is carried out by using a wire modification process for cold extrusion;
cold forming the aluminum alloy wire subjected to wire drawing treatment;
performing heat treatment after vibration cleaning;
and rolling the threads to form the finished bolt.
2. The method for manufacturing a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicular bolt according to claim 1, wherein the surface lubrication treatment is an aluminum alloy surface coating treatment comprising: degreasing → water washing → acid washing → primary water washing → secondary water washing → coating agent treatment → neutralization → lubrication, wherein:
1) Degreasing by using an alkaline cleaning agent at the temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 2-3min;
2) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
3) The acid cleaning adopts nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution, the concentration is 6-10%, the temperature is 40 ℃, and the cleaning time is 2-3min;
4) Washing with deionized water at 20-30 deg.c for 3-5 min;
5) Repeating the step 4;
6) Treating the leather membrane by adopting an ALBOND aluminum leather membrane treating agent;
7) Neutralizing with sodium hydroxide solution at 2-2.5% concentration and pH13.7 at 40 deg.c for 2-3min;
8) Lubricating with Kolekemo lubricant at 80-90 deg.C for 5-8min.
3. The method for manufacturing a vehicle bolt made of 6 series aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the drawing process comprises three times of drawing and two times of annealing and softening processes, wherein the lubrication process is adopted before each drawing, and the annealing and softening processes are adopted after the first drawing and the second drawing, wherein the drawing speed is 20-25 mm/min, the annealing temperature is 400-430 ℃, the annealing time is 60-75 min, the tensile strength of the material after annealing is less than 160MPa, and the yield strength is less than 110MPa.
4. The method for manufacturing a 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle bolt according to claim 1, wherein the cold forming process includes blanking, shaping, pre-heading and final heading forming.
5. The method for manufacturing a vehicle bolt made of 6 series aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment adopts a T6 heat treatment process comprising solution heat treatment and artificial aging treatment, wherein: adopting a continuous heat treatment furnace, wherein the solution treatment temperature is 530-560 ℃, the solution time is 2-4 h, the water quenching temperature is not higher than 50 ℃, the delay time is not more than 5h, the artificial aging temperature is 160-180 ℃, and the artificial aging time is 6-8 h, wherein the artificial aging refers to a treatment process of heating the alloy after solution treatment to the temperature higher than room temperature and keeping for a certain time to change the alloy performance.
6. The method for producing a vehicular bolt made of a 6-series aluminum alloy according to claim 2, wherein the coating treatment temperature is 80 to 90 ℃ and the coating treatment time is 3 to 5 minutes.
CN202210669946.1A 2022-06-14 2022-06-14 Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle Pending CN115532861A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210669946.1A CN115532861A (en) 2022-06-14 2022-06-14 Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210669946.1A CN115532861A (en) 2022-06-14 2022-06-14 Manufacturing method of bolt for 6-series aluminum alloy vehicle

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Publication Number Publication Date
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