CN115531368A - R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类化合物治疗学习和记忆缺陷以及神经退行性疾病的应用 - Google Patents
R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类化合物治疗学习和记忆缺陷以及神经退行性疾病的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了包括R‑班布特罗在内的R‑氨基甲酸酯‑β‑苯乙醇胺类似物的新用途,用于治疗学习、记忆缺陷和神经退行性疾病,并减少副作用。
Description
发明领域
本发明公开了氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类化合物的R-对映体化合物的新用途,包括R-班布特罗。这些化合物对学习和记忆障碍以及神经退行性疾病有治疗和预防作用。这些化合物增加了神经元和树突棘生长的神经元密度以及突触形成,通过突触后或突触前特异性蛋白PSD95或突触蛋白-1的过表达来证明。本发明还公开了上述化合物的S-对映体的毒副作用,包括加重学习和记忆障碍、β1肾上腺素能受体的不必要激活和心脏刺激。此外,本发明还公开了上述化合物的R-对映体的新用途,包括增强治疗效果,避免学习和记忆障碍的恶化以及神经退行性疾病的恶化,以及减少不必要的心脏β1肾上腺素能毒性作用。本发明还揭示了上述化合物在治疗学习和记忆障碍和神经退行性疾病中具有双重或协同作用的新用途,即抑制BuChE和激活β2活性。
发明背景
神经退行性疾病的特点是进行性学习和记忆功能障碍和认知缺陷,如阿尔茨海默氏病。据认为,基底前脑核胆碱能神经元的变性和丢失导致乙酰胆碱缺失,进而引起海马和新皮质突触前胆碱能末梢紊乱,导致记忆障碍和其他与神经退行性障碍相关的认知症状。
胆碱能神经递质系统广泛分布于人脑中,在调节记忆、学习、注意力和行为等过程中起着重要作用。正常的胆碱能发挥功能作用依赖于胆碱酯酶对神经递质乙酰胆碱的快速水解。人脑含有两种主要的胆碱酯酶:乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE)。据报道,乙酰胆碱酯酶在大脑中含量更丰富。然而,越来越多的证据表明BuChE在胆碱能调节中起着重要作用。在阿尔茨海默氏症的大脑中,BuChE活性与淀粉样斑块和神经纤维缠结有关,与年龄匹配的对照组相比,BuChE覆盖的斑块面积高达6倍以上(Mishra,AChE andBuChE vis-à-vis Dementia and related brain disorders:A therapeuticstrategies.Asian J.Exp.Sci Vol.18.No.1,75-94,2004;Darvesh,Butyrylcholinesterase radio ligands to image Alzheimer’s disease brain,Chemico-Biological Interactions,Vol.203,Issue 1,25,Page 354-Mar.2013)。
对AChE和BuChE具有双重作用的药物,如卡巴拉汀rivastigmine,已经用于患者的治疗,比只针对AChE的抑制剂表现出更好的疗效。(Donepezil,galantamine,rivastigmineand menantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,National Institute forHealth and care Excellence,Technology appraisal guidance,23,Mar,2011).目前,人们对BuChE的生理功能还没有完全了解。BuChE-k是BuChE最常见的多态性,在多达三分之一的亚洲人和白种人中被发现。BuChE-k基因型来自于DNA点突变,与野生型等位基因相比,BuChE活性约低30%。(Nordberg,A Review of Butyrylcholinesterase as aTherapeutic Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,Prim CareCompanion CNS Disord.15(2)2013).
O'Brien等人报道,与野生型BuChE等位基因的患者相比,具有BuChE表型(BuChEK)活性降低的痴呆患者认知能力下降速度较慢,注意力表现保持不变(O’Brien etal.Regulation of attention and response to therapy in dementia by butyrylcholinesterase.Pharmacogenetics.2003;13(4):231–239)(Bizzarro,BuChE K variant isdecreased in Alzheimer’s disease not in fronto-temporal dementia,Journal ofNeural Transmission,Volume 117,Issue 3,pp 377–383March2010,)。
与引发患者产生严重的不良反应的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂不同,在BuChE-K携带者中没有发现BuChE活性降低的生理功能障碍。与AChE抑制相比,抑制BuChE对动物产生的副作用更小。因此,使用特异性的BuChE抑制剂治疗神经元性痴呆为药物研发提供一个重要的选择。Cymserine是一种BuChE选择性抑制剂,在结构上与扁豆碱有关,是一种可逆的胆碱酯酶抑制剂,Cymserine对BuChE的抑制作用是其对AChE抑制作用的15倍以上。这给了它一个更具体的作用特性,可能有助于治疗阿尔茨海默氏症,而不会产生与旧的非选择性胆碱酯酶抑制剂相关的副作用,如震颤、流泪和流涎(Greig et al.A new therapeutic targetin Alzheimer's disease treatment:attention to butyrylcholinesterase.CurrentMedical Research and Opinion.2001;17(3):159-65.)。
在成年大鼠中,与未处理的对照组相比,cymserine的衍生物,N1,N8-bisnorcymserine和N1-phenethylcymserine抑制BuChE活性并改善d大鼠在14个单位迷宫实验中的表现。(Nordberg A,et.at.,A Review of Butyrylcholinesterase as aTherapeutic Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.Prim CareCompanion CNS Disord.15(2),2013)。不幸的是,cymserine用于阿尔兹海默症患者的治疗过程受到其有毒代谢物的阻碍。部分可以代谢为氧化毒扁豆碱,是一种类鸦片激动剂和神经毒素。(Somani,et al.,Eseroline,a metabolite of physostigmine,inducesneuronal cell death".Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.(1990).106(1):28).长期服用有很大的神经毒性损伤风险,最终可能导致比阿尔茨海默氏症本身更严重的心智能力丧失。
除了AChE和BuChE抑制剂外,还有其他的药理方法,如β-淀粉样蛋白产生抑制剂、雌激素、抗氧化剂、非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)、拮抗NMDA谷氨酸受体等。不幸的是,没有一种药物能够预防或治愈这种疾病,目前市场上所有的药物都只能延缓老年痴呆症或阿尔茨海默氏症等与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病的进展。这些疾病的特征是渐进式学习障碍、记忆丧失、神经系统恶化并最终导致死亡。对于能够预防或更有效地减缓神经元性痴呆和阿尔茨海默氏症进展的药物的医疗需求尚未得到满足。特别是,对一种具有低毒性和高选择性BuChE抑制剂的药物的需求尚未得到满足。
发明内容
众所周知,由于BuChE可能在阿尔茨海默病中发挥除AChE以外的重要作用,所以已经开发了许多特定的BuChE抑制剂。然而,如cymserine及其衍生物等药物具有严重的不良反应,其对BuChE的选择性仅为AChE的10倍左右。另一方面,R-班布特罗对BuChE的选择性要高得多,对BuChE的抑制作用在同类药品中是最高的。结构上属于R-氨基甲酸-β-苯乙醇胺,与cymserine不同,班布特罗对BuChE的选择抑制性是AChE的几千倍。(Tunek&Svensson,Bambuterol,a carbamate ester prodrug of terbutaline,as inhibitor ofcholinesterases in humanblood,Drug Metabolism and Disposition,16(5):759,Sep.1988)。最初,班布特罗是作为抗哮喘药物开发和销售的,也是一种β2激动剂特布他林的前体药物。
目前,班布特罗从未用于神经退行性疾病、学习及记忆缺陷治疗。现有研究表明班布特罗很难穿透血脑屏障(BBB)。口服相对高治疗剂量的班布特罗(20mg/天)后,患者的脑脊液(CSF)中只发现0.09%的班布特罗,脑脊液中的药物浓度反映脑组织的浓度。动物实验一致表明班布特罗和特布他林与其他亲脂性β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂相比,与脑内受体相互作用的可能性较小(Rosberg B,et al.,Bambuterol and terbutaline in humancerebrospinal fluid and plasma,Euro,J.Cliic Pharma,Vol 45(2),Sep.1993.)。然而,CSF不同于BBB。脑脊液中药物浓度的测定不能预测经血脑屏障的脑组织中药物浓度。正如Pardrirge所指出的:“误解1,测量血脑屏障转运可以通过药物在脑脊液中的分布。误解2:脑脊液室内注射的药物分布于脑实质内。药物从脑脊液进入脑实质受到扩散的限制,与脑脊液浓度相比,药物在脑内的浓度呈指数下降(Pardridge,W,CSF,blood-brain barrier,and brain drug delivery,J.Exp.Opin.Drug.Delivery,Vol.13(7),2016)。
本发明公开了一种在脑组织中有效浓度的R-班布特罗,它对中枢神经系统中的BuChE具有显著的抑制作用。本发明与常见的见解不一致,与该领域研究人员的预期不一致。
班布特罗的不良反应可能是限制班布特罗治疗学习记忆障碍或神经退行性疾病的另一个原因。一项临床试验报告称,班布特罗(每天5mg、10mg或20mg)对患者产生了剂量依赖性的不良反应,包括:震颤、心悸、不安、头痛等(Holstein-Rathlou et al.,Bambuterol:dose response study of a new terbutaline pro-drug in asthma.Eur JClin Pharmacol.1986;30(1):7-11.)。一项荟萃分析:8098名使用班布特罗的患者,发现65名患者在6个月内接触班布特罗后报告心力衰竭。因此,在给有心力衰竭风险的患者开长效口服β激动剂(如班布特罗)时应谨慎(Martin et al.,Risk of non-fatal cardiacfailure and ischemic heart disease with long acting β2 agonists.Thorax.53(7):558Jul.1998)。
外消旋班布特罗与R-班布特罗的生物学差异已经被研究了(Tan,R-bambuterol,its preparation and therapeutic uses.US Patent 2005017119)。然而,S-班布特罗的生物学特性和对心血管系统的直接影响尚未在现有技术中得到研究。没有直接证据证明班布特罗的S-对映体是否只是外消旋班布特罗的劣性部分,还是在心脏不良反应方面会起毒性作用。现有技术也未涉及心脏不良反应的靶点或机制。
在本发明的一个实施例中,研究对比了给药300分钟后R-班布特罗和S-班布特罗的心血管效应。R-班布特罗具有轻微负变时性和正性肌力效应,S-班布特罗具有显著正变时性和正性肌力效应。本发明通过选择β1或β2受体阻滞剂,提供了S-班布特罗的上述作用是通过β1受体而不是β2受体介导的。本发明公开了对心脏具有正性肌力作用和正变时性作用是S-班布特罗,而不是R-班布特罗。一般认为,心血管刺激是所有β2激动剂的主要不良反应,它与β2肾上腺素能效应本身有关。在一个实施例中,本发明公开了外消旋班布特罗诱导的心脏刺激效应不能被β2阻断剂阻断。这表明,心脏不良反应与β2激动剂的疗效无关,因此并非不可避免。因此,本发明进一步揭示了R-班布特罗减少β1肾上腺素能不良反应的新用途,可避免外消旋的班布特罗所含的S-班布特罗对心脏的毒性。这些从未被报道过,具有新颖性的和创造性。
在一项I期临床试验的实施方案中,本发明公开了在人体受试者连续7天口服R-班布特罗10mg/d后,心率和平均动脉血压没有显著变化。该剂量约为II期临床试验剂量的两倍(每天5mg),相当于外消旋班布特罗每天20mg。因此,本发明公开了R-班布特罗在人身上的使用可以减少或避免上述外消旋班布特罗对心脏的不良影响。R-班布特罗对人体的影响是业内人士无法预料的。它应该被认为是新颖的,具有创造性的。
班布特罗是手性分子。班布特罗对BuChE的抑制作用具有手性选择性(MarcoPistolozzi,et al.,Stereoselective Inhibition of Human Butyrylcholinesteraseby theEnantiomers of Bambuterol and Their Intermediates.Drug Metab Dispos 43:344-352,March 2015)。在体外研究中,R-对映体比S-对映体对人体BuChE活性的抑制作用强5倍。最好使用R-班布特罗而不是外消旋的化合物作为治疗BuChE相关的疾病的潜在药物。本发明公开了一种使用R-班布特罗治疗学习记忆缺陷和神经退行性疾病的方法,与外消旋班布特罗相比,可以提高疗效。如上所述,S-班布特罗可以激活肾上腺素β1受体,从而刺激心脏。因此,本发明披露了R-班布特罗的使用可产生协同有益作用,一方面提高了治疗神经退行性疾病的疗效,另一方面减少了S-特布他林引起的β1肾上腺素能不良反应。这是业内人士无法预料到的。
近年来的研究表明,β2肾上腺素受体激动剂可用于帕金森病和神经元变性的治疗。β2肾上腺素能保护神经元,抑制线粒体氧化应激,减少α-突触核蛋白积累(Mittalet.al.,β2-adrenoreceptor is a regulator of the α-synuclein gene driving riskofParkinson disease.Science357,891,Sep 2017)。这为神经退行性疾病的治疗开辟了新的方向(Femminellaa et al,Adrenergic Receptors and G Protein-Coupled ReceptorKinase-2in Alzheimer’s Disease:A New Paradigm for Prognosis and Therapy?Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 34,341,2013)。
R-班布特罗(结构式II)表示如结构式I所述的R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类似物分子。
班布特罗是苯乙醇胺基特布他林的前体药。班布特罗可以结合并抑制BuChE,但同时,它被同一种酶水解为特布他林,一种选择性的β2肾上腺素受体激动剂(MarcoPistolozzi,et al.,Stereoselective Inhibition of Human Butyrylcholinesteraseby the Enantiomers of Bambuterol and Their Intermediates.Drug Metab Dispos43:344-352,March 2015)。其他苯乙醇胺衍生物也具有β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂活性,如沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗、非诺特罗、福莫特罗、沙丁胺醇、沙美特罗、α-羟基沙美特罗、特布他林等。
结构式中化合物的光学纯度由对映体过量值(e.e.)定义。至少要大于80%,最好大于99%。因此,S-对映体的含量应小于20%,最好小于1%。如结构I所示的优选化合物为R-单胺班布特罗(R-mono-bambuterol),如结构式III所示:。
另一种如结构式I所示的优选化合物是如结构式IV所示的乙基班布特罗:
因此,R-班布特罗在神经退行性疾病的治疗中具有双重作用。它作为BuChE抑制剂以及β2肾上腺素受体激动剂。
R-班布特罗和R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类似物的双重功能在记忆丧失和神经退行性疾病中的应用从未在现有技术中描述过。
本发明公开了一种选择性地使用R-对映体班布特罗或R-苯乙醇胺类似物治疗记忆缺陷和神经退行性疾病,与外消旋班布特罗和S-班布特罗相比,其优点是更有效地抑制BuChE,更能激活β2-肾上腺素能受体。
在一个实施例中,将大鼠分为不同组,在给药后1~10h每小时采集血液和脑组织标本。测定大鼠血浆和脑组织BuChE活性。给药1小时后,血浆中BuChE活性被抑制至对照值的20%左右,在第4小时抑制最大,约为对照值的10%。与血浆相比,BuChE在大脑中的抑制作用要小得多。,脑组织中BuChE的活性在1小时被显著抑制,在4小时被抑制到70%左右。测定了不同时间大鼠脑组织中R-班布特罗的浓度,这与抑制BuChE活性有关。
本发明公开了经腹腔注射或口服给药时,R-班布特罗能穿透血脑屏障,显著抑制脑内BuChE活性。
在另一个实施例中,本发明公开了R-单胺班布特罗和R-乙基班布特罗对BuChE的抑制作用与R-班布特罗相似。
本发明还公开了班布特罗对乙醇诱导的失忆大鼠模型具有促进学习和增强记忆的作用。在一个实施例中,Cincinnati水迷宫被用于评估学习和记忆的能力。水迷宫有9个相互连接的T型十字路口。老鼠被迫穿过墙壁一侧的开口,从迷宫的一端找到另一端。测量逃生潜伏时间,即受试老鼠逃离迷宫所需的时间。和受试老鼠犯错的次数,即计算受试老鼠进入死胡同的次数,以评估小鼠的学习和记忆能力。。
记录并比较不同组小鼠在迷宫系统中的错误数和逃生潜伏时间。各组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(对照组)、选择性AChE抑制剂山莨菪碱(-)和高、中、低剂量的R-班布特罗。与生理盐水对照组相比,乙醇处理组在学习记忆方面有明显的缺陷。而在乙醇和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的作用下,该缺陷明显改善。用乙醇处理和R-班布特罗治疗的大鼠显示了学习和记忆缺陷的显著改善,而且它也是剂量依赖的。中、高剂量的R-班布特罗组与AChE抑制剂组疗效相似。
在一个实施方案中,小鼠首先用R-班布特罗给药预处理,然后分别在0.5小时和20小时给予有效剂量乙醇。在乙醇注射30min后,对小鼠的学习记忆障碍进行上述评估。有趣的是,两组动物在学习和记忆方面都没有表现出任何缺陷。逃逸延迟和错误数量与正常小鼠相似。
本发明提出R-班布特罗可以预防学习记忆障碍,而且这种预防效果还可以持续20小时或更长时间。这种长效的预防效果为有需要的痴呆和神经退行性疾病的预防治疗提供了一个很好的选择。在现有技术中没有报道R-班布特罗的这一使用效果。
在另一个实施例中,本发明公开了R-单胺班布特罗和R-乙基班布特罗在改善学习记忆缺陷方面的效果与R-班比特罗相似。
在现有技术中,研究了选择性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和AChE与BuChE双抑制剂用于治疗神经退行性疾病或学习记忆缺陷,未见BuChE选择性抑制剂与AChE选择性抑制剂的比较研究。此外,没有报道BuChE选择性抑制剂与AChE选择性抑制剂之间的比较研究。此外,本发明的发现选择性抑制BuChE具有与选择性抑制AChE对学习和记忆缺陷相似的功效在现有技术中从未报道过。使用BuChE选择性抑制剂的主要优点是避免了选择性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂引起的严重不良反应。
本发明公开了使用选择性丁酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,如R-班布特罗,与选择性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂相比,在治疗学习记忆缺陷和神经退行性疾病方面有更好的疗效,副作用减少。业内人士无法预料到这一点。
班布特罗是一种手性分子,最好确定每个对映体在治疗学习记忆缺陷和神经退行性疾病中的作用。在一个实施例中,本发明公开了S-班布特罗对上述疾病的治疗没有任何有益作用。相反,令我们惊讶的是,S-班布特罗的治疗导致乙醇处理的大鼠的缺陷恶化。S-班布特罗对学习和记忆的这种不良影响在现有技术中从未报道过。
本发明公开了S-班布特罗可以加重学习记忆缺陷。因此,本发明提供了R-班布特罗在治疗学习记忆缺陷和减少不良反应方面优于外消旋的班布特罗。业内人士无法预料到这一点。
许多神经退行性疾病,包括肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病和亨廷顿病,在病理组织学和亚细胞损伤上有许多相似之处。神经元结构或功能的逐渐丧失,突触相关蛋白的减少和神经元变性。在细胞水平上,树突分枝减少、枝长减少、树突树复杂度降低、树突棘密度降低等神经元可塑性变化与学习记忆障碍直接相关。本发明披露了R-班布特罗的使用可以显著增强大鼠海马树突棘的密度。
突棘可塑性与积极性、学习和记忆有关。特别地,长期记忆部分地由新的树突棘的生长介导。有证据表明,衰老会导致树突棘丧失。在阿尔茨海默氏病和智力残疾的病例中观察到脊柱净损失。研究报告说,与年龄有关的海马脊柱密度降低与年龄相关的海马学习与记忆下降之间存在相关性(Bohlen et.al.,"Age-related alterations in hippocampalspines and deficiencies in spatial memory in mice".J Neurosci Res.83:525,2006)。在一个实施方案中,通过预先安装的微管在颅内给予左旋班布特罗。一周后,海马脑组织神经元的树突上有明显的突棘生长。左旋班布特罗治疗的大鼠的突棘密度显著高于对照组。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明公开了左旋单胺班布特罗和乙基化左旋班布特罗在增加神经元中树突棘的生长方面具有相似的作用。树突棘与来自另一个神经元的轴突形成突触,充当突触强度的储存位点。本发明提供了左旋班布特罗及其类似物可以通过增加神经元的树突棘的可塑性和神经元之间的突触连接来改善学习和记忆。以前尚未报告过,并且本领域技术人员无法预料到。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明公开了左旋单胺班布特罗和乙基化左旋班布特罗在改善学习和记忆缺乏方面具有与左旋班布特罗相似的作用。
本发明公开了左旋班布特罗治疗可以显着增强神经元引起的神经元数量的增长,并促进或增强突触的形成。在一个实施方案中,神经元在细胞培养皿中生长,并用盐水或左旋班布特罗或卡巴拉汀(一种用于阿尔茨海默氏症的药物)处理。左旋班布特罗可以增加神经元的数量。通过PSD95和Syn-1的免疫荧光染色,用特异性荧光抗体标记作为突触形成指标的突触缔合蛋白,然后通过荧光强度进行评估。与盐水相比,左旋班布特罗治疗后突触前蛋白Syn-1和突触后蛋白PSD-95均显著增加。本发明中公开的左旋班布特罗促进突触蛋白表达的增加是本领域技术人员无法预期的。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明公开了左旋单胺班布特罗和乙基化左旋班布特罗还可以增加神经元的数目以及培养的神经元中突触蛋白,SYN和PSD95的表达。
在一个实施方案中,本发明公开了左旋班布特罗可以促进星形胶质细胞中的谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环,其涉及:1)通过主要的兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白GLT-1增强星形胶质细胞对谷氨酸的摄取,2)增强谷氨酰胺合酶的表达和激活。谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环的这种增强的功能将增强谷氨酸从突触裂隙的清除。谷氨酸在神经元突触间隙的积累与阿尔茨海默氏病有关。因此,本发明公开了左旋班布特罗治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的新机理。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明公开了在增强星形胶质细胞中的谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺循环方面,左旋单胺班布特罗和乙基化左旋班布特罗具有与左旋班布特罗相似的作用。
附图说明
图1左旋班布特罗治疗可以增加树突棘的生长。(A)海马CA1子区的高尔基体染色神经元;(B)和(C)为对照组和左旋班布特罗治疗组的小鼠在CA1海马区的代表性树突和棘。
实施例
实施例一 抑制小鼠血浆和脑中BuChE活性
方法:将体重22-27g的小鼠分为10组,每组6只小鼠。生理盐水(对照)或R-班布特罗(10mg/kg)通过灌胃对动物进行给药。在给药后1到10个小时的每一小时,收集血液样本。用生理盐水做心脏灌流以最大程度减小血液的影响。取出全脑,将脑组织切片匀浆并离心。通过Ellman等人的分光光度法测量血浆和脑中的BuChE活性。使用丁酰胆碱(0.9mM)作为底物。血浆和大脑中丁酰硫代胆碱的水解反应包含1ml的混合物,该混合物由3ml 0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液和100μl的0.38mM 5.5-硫代-双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB),100μl的丁酰硫代胆碱和50μl的血浆或50μl上清液组成。根据412nm和37℃温度下吸光度的变化,用EnSpire-2300多模式读数器评估BuChE的活性。每个样品的测量重复3次。酶活性的数据表示为对照值的百分比。抑制比根据下式计算:
结果:给药后仅1小时,血浆中BuChE的活性被抑制到对照值的20%左右,最大抑制在4小时时达到对照值的10%。BuChE的抑制作用持续了几个小时。BuChE在脑组织中的活性也被显著抑制至对照组的约70%,与血浆中的结果相比抑制相对较少。对BuChE活性的抑制作用始于1小时,并在4小时达到最大值,其抑制方式与血浆相似。结果如下表所示。
表1 口服左旋班布特罗后血浆和脑中的BuChE活性(10mg/kg)
*:同对照组相比有显著差异
实施例二 左旋班布特罗改善小鼠的学习和记忆缺陷
方法:将体重20-25g的小鼠分为8组,每组6~8只,包括:正常(对照),乙醇组(0.01ml/g30%),乙醇+山莨菪碱(0.65mg/kg,AChE抑制剂),乙醇+R-BMB高剂量(10mg/kg),乙醇+中剂量(5mg/kg)和乙醇+低剂量(2.5mg/kg)。以及另外两个组:乙醇和高剂量的班布特罗,用于研究左旋班布特罗在0.5和20小时后预防效果的时间历程。
使用具有九个相互连接的T型交叉路口的Cincinnati水迷宫。老鼠被迫穿过墙壁一侧的开口,从迷宫的一端找到另一端。在相同的迷宫中重复训练3天后,将小鼠放入迷宫中。逃避潜伏时间是指小鼠逃离迷宫所需的时间,并测量了小鼠进入死胡同时的错误数量,以评估小鼠的学习和记忆能力。
结果:乙醇会导致学习和记忆障碍。与正常小鼠相比,错误数和逃避潜伏期均显著增加。山莨菪碱处理明显改善了乙醇处理产生的学习和记忆的障碍(p<0.01)。与单独地给予乙醇相比,R-班布特罗能显著改善学习和记忆的障碍,而且效果也是剂量依赖性的(p<0.01)。
表2 班布特罗和山莨菪碱改善学习记忆缺陷的作用
与乙醇组相比,*(p<0.05),*#(p<0.01)
班布特罗预处理可显著预防乙醇诱导的学习记忆障碍。左旋班布特罗治疗后0.5和20小时对乙醇诱导的缺陷有较强的保护作用。与无治疗组相比,逃避潜伏期和错误次数均有显著改善。
表3 左旋班布特罗(5mg/kg)对乙醇诱导的学习记忆缺陷的预防作用
与乙醇组相比,*(p<0.05),*#(p<0.01)
实施例三 右旋班布特罗加重了学习和记忆的缺陷
方法:体重20~25g的小鼠分为3组,每组6只,分别为:正常(对照)组,乙醇组(0.01ml/g 30%)和乙醇+S-班布特罗(10mg/kg)。
结果:乙醇会导致学习和记忆障碍。与正常小鼠相比,错误数和潜伏期均显著增加。与左旋班布特罗不同,右旋班布特罗治疗没有改善乙醇导致学习和记忆障碍,反而加重了缺陷。与乙醇组比较,错误次数和逃避潜伏期均显著增加(p<0.05)。右旋班布特罗对乙醇诱导的学习记忆缺陷的恶化作用是意料之外的,在现有技术中没有报道。
表4 外消旋体班布特罗加重了学习和记忆的缺陷
分组 | 错误次数 | 逃避潜伏期(sec) |
正常组 | 3±2 | 8±5 |
乙醇组 | 36±9* | 108±23* |
乙醇+S-班布特罗 | 51±8*# | 159±21*# |
*P<0.05,和正常组比;#P<0.05,和乙醇治疗组比
实施例四 R-班布特罗能促进树突棘的生长
方法:
立体定位注射:小鼠体重21-30g,分为生理盐水对照组和左旋班布特罗组,每组3只。小鼠麻醉后安装在立体定位框架上(68001;RWD Life Science),将A30规格的假套管植入背侧海马CA1区锥体细胞层上方。在立体定位上,套管位于前囟的外侧1.5毫米、腹侧1.7毫米和后2.0毫米(George Paxinos,The mouse brain in stereotaxiccoordinates.K.B.J.F.2001)。用牙用丙烯酸树脂固定套管以保持其位置。小鼠单独饲养,术后恢复一周,然后将药物注入双侧插管。使用电动注射泵,以0.25μl/min的速度注射。注射2分钟后,输液针在引导套管中停留3分钟,以保证试剂的正确输送。在进行行为实验后,对每只动物的导管尖端位置进行分析。
高尔基-考克斯浸渍:简单地说,小鼠经心脏灌注冰冷的0.9%生理盐水。大脑立即被移除。固定后,用试剂盒(GMS80020.2.vA,GENMED SCIENTIFICS INC.,USA),并使用振动刀切割连续的脑切片(100μm厚)。使用100倍油镜显微镜,实验人员对CA1海马的顶端和基部树突进行成像。
根据头部直径,有颈部的脊柱可以分为细刺和蘑菇状(Eagle et al.,2015)。使用Image J(NIH)对单个树突棘进行定量形态学分析,并根据之前描述的标准将树突棘分类为薄状或蘑菇状(Bero et al.,2014)。细刺通常代表“学习刺”,而蘑菇状的刺代表“记忆刺”。
结果:左旋班布特罗治疗可以增加树突棘的生长。下图是小鼠的代表性图像(图1)。海马CA1子区的高尔基体染色神经元(左)。对照和左旋班布特罗治疗的小鼠在CA1海马区的代表性树突和棘。与对照组(中)相比,左旋班布特罗处理的小鼠的树突上有更多的新形成的细刺以及类似脊柱的蘑菇状(右)。
实施例五 左旋班布特罗和S-班布特罗对心血管的作用
方法:
动物和血流动力学测量
将雄性SD大鼠分为三组:生理盐水对照组,左旋班布特罗(10mg/kg)和S-班布特罗(10mg/kg)。通过腹腔内注射(i.p)0.3%的戊巴比妥钠麻醉后进行手术。将硬质聚乙烯管通过右颈动脉插入左心室。使用Power Lab System测量平均血压(MBP),心率(HR),LV最高收缩压(LVSP)和LVSP正负变化的一阶导数(+dp/dt或-dp/dt)。对照组和处理后30分钟,60分钟,120分钟,180分钟,240分钟和300分钟分别进行记录。
结果:生理盐水不会引起血液动力学变化。左旋班布特罗(10mg/kg)的血流动力学结果似乎与S-班布特罗相反。尽管未发现明显差异,但左旋班布特罗治疗可导致HR,MAP,LVSP和dp/dt略有下降。另一方面,S-班布特罗(10mg/kg)引起所有血液动力学参数的增强。左旋班布特罗与S-班布特罗引起的参数变化的差异显着(p<0.01)。
血流动力学变化也与时间有关。使用S-班布特罗后的收缩力(±dp/dt)从对照值9529±1344mmHg/sec增强到最高为12418±1366mmHg/sec。另一方面,R-班布特罗治疗后与对照值相比有所下降。(如下表所示)
表5 左旋班布特罗与消旋班布特罗引起的血流动力学变化
表6 左旋班布特罗、S-班布特罗和生理盐水治疗后心脏收缩力的时程变化(+dp/dt)
*p<0.05,与对照组相比有显著性差异
Claims (17)
2.根据权利要求1中所述的优映体或R-对映体,其特征在于对映体过量值(ee)为80-99.9%。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的副作用,其特征在于副作用与劣映体或S-对映体或含有超过40%的S-对映体的消旋体的作用有关。
4.根据权利要求1中所述的副作用,其特征在于所述的副作用与心脏刺激作用有关。
5.根据权利要求1中所述的副作用,其特征在于所述副作用与β1受体激活有关。
9.根据权利要求1中所述的R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类似物,其特征在于是丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE)的选择性抑制剂。
10.根据权利要求1中所述的R-氨基甲酸酯-β-苯乙醇胺类似物,其特征在于具有抑制BuChE和激活β2受体的双重功能。
11.根据权利要求1中所述的治疗,其特征在于包括对BuChE和β2肾上腺素能受体的联合和协同效应。
12.根据权利要求1中所述的治疗,其特征在于包括增加神经元可塑性,其特征是增加神经元密度、树突棘和突触形成。
13.根据权利要求1中所述的治疗,其特征在于包括神经元可塑性的增加,其特征是PSD95和/或突触蛋白的表达增加。
14.根据权利要求1中所述的学习和记忆障碍,其特征在于与痴呆、多发脑梗塞性痴呆或克雅氏病有关。
15.根据权利要求1中所述的学习和记忆障碍,其特征在于是由中风、麻醉事故、头部创伤、低血糖、一氧化碳中毒、锂中毒、维生素缺乏或过度饮酒造成的。
16.根据权利要求1中所述的学习和记忆障碍,其特征在于是与年龄相关的,与科萨科夫病或电休克治疗的结果有关。
17.根据权利要求1中所述的神经退行性疾病,其特征在于包括阿尔茨海默氏病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、多发性硬化症、慢性创伤性脑病、HIV相关的神经认知障碍、帕金森病和亨廷顿病。
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