CN115526033A - Tunnel brightness calculation method considering tunnel inner wall BRDF - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel illumination calculation, in particular to a tunnel brightness calculation method considering tunnel inner wall BRDF, which comprises the following steps: s1, establishing a bidirectional reflection distribution function model of a tunnel inner wall material; s2, calculating the brightness of a calculation point caused by direct radiation of the lamp; s3, discretizing the side wall of the tunnel; s4, sequentially calculating light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the side wall units of the side walls; s5, calculating the brightness of the road surface calculation point considering the side wall reflection increment; and S6, adding the brightness obtained in the S2 and the S5 to obtain the brightness value of the road surface calculation point considering the reflection increment of the side wall of the tunnel. The invention can better reflect the reflection characteristic of the tunnel inner wall material by considering the use of BRDF compared with the road surface bidirectional reflection coefficient table and the diffuse reflection coefficient in the existing specification, thereby supplementing and perfecting the existing illumination calculation method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel illumination calculation, in particular to a tunnel brightness calculation method considering tunnel inner wall BRDF.
Background
In a tunnel, a running vehicle is often in a dangerous traffic environment, and factors such as vehicle density, vehicle speed, internal light, space, traffic safety facilities and the like are all possible dangerous sources for causing traffic accidents. Therefore, once a traffic accident occurs, the consequences are extremely serious. The Chinese government work report in 2021 definitely proposes that in 2030, the carbon peak is reached in China, the net emission is gradually reduced after the carbon peak is reached, and the carbon neutralization is realized in 2060; in the updating of lamps in tunnels, high-pressure sodium lamps are gradually eliminated, LED lamps are widely adopted, and under the background that the Internet of things and big data technology are rapidly developed, the intelligent control technology of the LED lamps is also rapidly improved and gradually develops towards 'lighting on demand'.
The brightness is an important index for traffic safety operation and energy conservation, and the brightness is described according to the lighting specifications of highway tunnels at home and abroad as follows: (CIE, 2004, IESNA,2011 JTG, 2014) is the brightness value on the road surface at a parking sight distance which is one time ahead of the line of sight observation during the driving process of the driver driving the vehicle. In each specification, the brightness value is calculated by looking up a table of road surface bidirectional reflection coefficient tables (road surface C, R, N and W tables) obtained by CIE (CIE, 2001) field measurement; JTG does not consider the influence of the sidewall on the brightness improvement in the brightness calculation, and only considers the direct brightness contribution; the CIE, IESNA (CIE, 2010, IESNA, 2011) specification considers the contribution of direct and indirect reflections to luminance, while the incremental reflection of the sidewalls on the road surface uses diffuse reflectance to characterize the reflective characteristics of the sidewalls. However, the whole brightness expression process does not consider the influence of factors such as the real reflection characteristics of the surface of the material in the tunnel, the slope rate of a longitudinal slope and a transverse slope of the road surface and the like on the brightness calculation.
Galatanu et al, in the literature "Measurement of reflection Properties of optical Methods" indicate that there have been a number of published studies describing the role of surface reflection in tunnel illumination. Cantisani et al in the document "comprehensive Life Cycle Association of Lighting Systems and Road improvements in an Italian Twin-Tube Road Tunnel" calculated and compared the Life Cycle Assessment of the different environmental compositions in the Italian Twin-Tube Road Tunnel; the results show that the harmful burden of the road can be effectively reduced by using the pavement material with stronger reflectivity and the lighting system with better performance. The Shen et al document "diffusion reflection-based lighting calculation model and particle design optimization algorithm for road tunnels" establishes a mathematical optimization model of tunnel lighting based on the conditions of sidewall discretization and ideal Diffuse reflection, researches an optimization scheme of geometric parameters of lamps in the tunnel, and effectively reduces the energy consumption of lighting in the middle section of the tunnel. In the related research, the tunnel illumination related parameters are researched by establishing a model and different evaluation methods, so that the illumination energy consumption in the tunnel section is greatly saved.
However, the existing tunnel lighting method is difficult to accurately describe the reflection characteristic of the inner wall, so that the difference between the calculated brightness value and the actually measured brightness value is large, and the invention of the tunnel brightness calculation method accurately considering the tunnel inner wall BRDF is urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tunnel brightness calculation method considering a tunnel inner wall BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function), which is used for solving the technical problem that the difference between the calculated brightness value and the actually measured brightness value is large due to the fact that the reflection characteristic of the inner wall is difficult to accurately describe in the tunnel illumination method in the prior art. Therefore, the invention introduces the bidirectional reflection distribution function of the tunnel inner wall to accurately describe the reflection characteristics of the tunnel inner wall material, thereby further reducing the difference between the calculated theoretical value and the measured value and achieving good calculation precision.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a tunnel brightness calculation method considering tunnel inner wall BRDF, comprising the following steps:
s1, establishing a bidirectional reflection distribution function model of a tunnel inner wall material;
s2, calculating the brightness of a calculation point caused by direct radiation of the lamp;
s3, discretizing the side wall of the tunnel, discretizing the tunnel interior material into a series of units with bidirectional reflection distribution functions by utilizing a finite element idea, and regarding the units as unit light sources in the illumination calculation process, wherein the specific size depends on the calculation precision requirement, and the smaller the discrete size is, the higher the calculation precision is;
s4, sequentially calculating light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the side wall units of the side walls;
s5, calculating the brightness of the road surface calculation point considering the side wall reflection increment;
and S6, adding the brightness obtained in the S2 and the S5 to obtain the brightness value of the road surface calculation point considering the reflection increment of the side wall of the tunnel.
Further, in S1, the bidirectional reflection distribution function model is established as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is a material BRDF, theta, of constant incident scattering angle i ,θ r ,
Respectively an angle of incidence, an angle of reflection, an azimuth,
is a coherent component reflecting the specular reflection of the material surface,
reflecting the diffuse reflection coherent component of the material surface; wherein k is d ,k b ,k r A and b are both undetermined parameters,
the method is a covering function, and a high diffuse reflection material is adopted for the side wall in the tunnel, so that the value of the covering function is 1; alpha represents the included angle between the normal direction of the microscopic facet and the Z axis; gamma denotes the angle of incidence of the local coordinate system on the microscopic plane;
the use of cement slabs for the pavement is described using a simplified five parameter model, as follows:
the selection standard of each parameter of the model is that the standard deviation of simulation experiment data is minimum, and the mean square error of the standard deviation is calculated according to the following formula:
wherein x = [ k ] b ,k d ,k r ,a,b] T Column vectors that are model parameters; f. of r Fitting data for the model;
is the measured data; g 1 (θ i ) And g 2 (θ r ) The weighting functions are used for adjusting the influence of each error on the total error when the test interval is not uniform, and are all measured at equal intervals, so that both the weighting functions take 1.
Further, the brightness of the calculation point caused by the direct lighting of the lamp is calculated in S2, and the formula is as follows:
the illuminance at the calculation point for multiple direct lighting fixtures is as follows:
in the formula:
calculating the brightness value of the point p at the point f for the direct projection of the ith lamp; e fi Calculating the horizontal illumination generated by the point f for the lamp i on the road surface in the tunnel; i (c, gamma) is a light intensity value of a light fixture I center pointing to a calculation point p, and is interpolated according to a light intensity table provided by a light fixture IESNA file; h is the height from the center of the light source to the ground; gamma is the lamp light incident angle corresponding to the calculation point f; phi is the rated luminous flux of the lamp; m is a lampThe maintenance coefficient of the tool;
the BRDF value of a pavement material having a certain condition is shown.
Further, in S4, the light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the sidewall units of the sidewall are sequentially calculated, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula: i is fb Generating a total luminous intensity on the b unit light source for all the lamps; i is ab Generating a light intensity value pointing to the calculation point f on the unit b for the a-th lamp; i (c) ab ,γ ab ) Interpolating values for the light intensity value of the a-th lamp on the b-th unit light source according to a lamp light intensity table; theta is an angle between a connecting line between the center of the a-th lamp and the center of the b-th rectangular unit and the normal direction of the b-th rectangular unit; d 0 The distance between the a-th lamp and the b-th rectangular unit light source center point is defined;
represents the BRDF value of the sidewall material; omega is an included angle between the normal direction of the rectangular unit and a connecting line from the central point of the rectangular unit to the road surface calculation point; Δ S is the area of the rectangular unit light source and is closely related to the discretization degree; c is the sidewall material cleaning coefficient.
Further, the calculation of the road surface calculation point in S5 takes into account the brightness of the side wall reflection increment, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula: l is a radical of an alcohol r Under the action of all the side wall luminous units, the point p is counted at the point fThe resulting brightness increment; i is fb Calculating light intensity values of the rectangular units in the direction of the road surface calculation points; tau is an included angle between a connecting line of the central point of the rectangular unit and the road surface calculating point and the normal direction of the road surface; d 1 The distance between the center point of the rectangular element and the road surface is calculated.
Further, S6 is represented as:
L＝L p +L r 。
the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, by considering the use of BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function), compared with a road surface R table and a diffuse reflectance in the existing specification, the reflection characteristic of the tunnel inner wall material can be reflected better, so that the existing illumination calculation method can be supplemented and perfected;
on the basis of the brightness model provided by the invention, the test of the field tunnel is researched to form a theoretical model suitable for the field tunnel and optimization processing; the method is applied to the research on the tunnel operation safety and illumination on the spot, so that the real optimal tunnel light environment due to illumination is achieved, the illumination resource waste is reduced, and the probability that a driver keeps safer and more comfortable passes through the tunnel
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between geometric relationships in a bi-directional reflection model;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a tunnel;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of lamps and computation points in a tunnel;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a light distribution curve of the lamp;
FIG. 5 is a sample of cement board (pavement) and energy-storing reflective luminescent material (sidewall);
FIG. 6 is a fitting result of a five-parameter model of a cement board (road surface) and an energy-storage reflective luminescent material (side wall);
FIG. 7 is a comparison result of measured values and theoretical calculated values of brightness and international standards;
fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for calculating the brightness of a tunnel according to the present embodiment, in which a bidirectional reflection distribution function along an inner wall is considered.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
It should be noted that the object of the present invention is to establish a method for calculating the brightness of a tunnel in a BRDF, which is based on a conventional tunnel structure as shown in fig. 2 (a schematic cross-sectional view of a tunnel, the size of which is not particularly limited), wherein the road surface is made of cement, the side wall is made of a high diffuse reflection material, and the schematic layout of lamps and calculation points as shown in fig. 3, while fig. 4 shows a light distribution curve of the lamps.
Referring additionally to fig. 1, fig. 1 illustrates the relationship between geometric relationships in a bi-directional reflection model.
Specifically, the method of the present invention is described below with reference to fig. 8:
s1: establishing a bidirectional reflection distribution function model of the tunnel inner wall material;
in step S1, the BRDF is modeled by a five parameter model, as in equation (1):
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is a material BRDF, theta, of constant incident scattering angle i ,θ r ,
Respectively an angle of incidence, an angle of reflection, an azimuth,
is a coherent component reflecting the specular reflection of the material surface,
reflecting the diffuse reflection coherent component of the material surface; wherein k is d ,k b ,k r A and b are both undetermined parameters,
the method is a covering function, and a high diffuse reflection material is adopted for the side wall in the tunnel, so that the value of the covering function is 1; alpha represents the included angle between the normal direction of the microscopic facet and the Z axis; gamma denotes the angle of incidence of the local coordinate system on the microscopic plane;
for the pavement using cement boards, a simplified five-parameter model is used for description, as shown in formula (3):
the selection standard of each parameter of the model is that the standard deviation of simulation experiment data is minimum, and the mean square error of the standard deviation is calculated according to a formula (4):
wherein x = [ k ] b ,k d ,k r ,a,b] T A column vector which is a model parameter; f. of r Fitting data for the model;
is actually measuredData; g is a radical of formula 1 (θ i ) And g 2 (θ r ) The weighting functions are used for adjusting the influence of each error on the total error when the test interval is not uniform, and are all measured at equal intervals, so that both the weighting functions take 1.
As shown in fig. 5, values of five parameters in the sidewall material energy storage reflective luminescent material and cement board bidirectional reflection distribution function model selected by the existing common tunnel are found through actual measurement experiments and optimization algorithms. The fitting effect of the model is shown in fig. 6, and the parameters take the following values:
s2: calculating the brightness of a calculation point caused by direct irradiation of the lamp;
in step S2, the illuminance generated at the calculation point by the direct lighting of the luminaire can be calculated by using a cosine formula, as shown in formula (5):
the illuminance at the calculation point for multiple direct lighting fixtures is shown in equation (6):
in the formula:
luminance value (cd/m) generated at point p at calculation point f for direct lighting of ith lamp 2 )；E fi Calculating the horizontal illuminance (lx) generated by a point f on the road surface in the tunnel for the lamp i; i (c, gamma) is a light intensity value (cd) of a central pointing calculation point p of a lamp I, and is interpolated according to a light intensity table provided by an IESNA file of the lamp;h is the height (m) from the center of the light source to the ground; gamma is a lamp light incident angle (°) corresponding to the calculation point f; phi is the rated luminous flux of the lamp; and M is the maintenance coefficient of the lamp.
Represents the BRDF value (sr) of a pavement material having a certain condition -1 )。
S3: discretizing the side wall of the tunnel, discretizing the tunnel interior material into a series of units with Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Functions (BRDF) by utilizing a finite element idea, and regarding the units as unit light sources in the illumination calculation process, wherein the specific size depends on the calculation precision requirement, and the smaller the discrete size is, the higher the calculation precision is;
s4: sequentially calculating light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the side wall units of the side wall;
in step S4, equations (7) and (8) are obtained by using a cosine equation and an optical principle:
in the formula: i is fb Generating a total luminous intensity (cd) on the unit light source b for all the lamps; i is ab Generating a light intensity value (cd) pointing to the calculation point f on the b unit for the a-th luminaire; i (c) ab ,γ ab ) Interpolating values according to a lamp light intensity table for a light intensity value (cd) of the ith lamp on the unit light source b; theta is an angle (DEG) between a connecting line between the center of the a-th lamp and the center of the b-th rectangular unit and the normal direction of the b-th rectangular unit; d 0 Is the distance (m) between the a-th lamp and the b-th rectangular unit light source central point.
Representing the BRDF value (sr) of the sidewall Material -1 ) (ii) a Omega is the normal direction of the rectangular unitAn included angle (DEG) between the rectangular unit central point and a road surface calculation point connecting line; Δ S is the rectangular unit light source area (m) 2 ) Closely related to the degree of discretization; c is the sidewall material cleaning coefficient.
S5: calculating the apparent brightness of a road surface calculation point considering the side wall reflection increment;
in step S5, formula (9) is obtained:
in the formula: l is r Calculating the brightness increment (lx) generated at the point p at the point f under the action of all the side wall light-emitting units; i is fb Calculating the light intensity value (cd/m) in the direction of the point on the road surface for a rectangular element 2 ) (ii) a Tau is an included angle (DEG) between a connecting line of the central point of the rectangular unit and the road surface calculation point and the normal direction of the road surface; d 1 The distance (m) between the center point of the rectangular element and the road surface is calculated.
S6: and adding the calculation results of the steps S2 and S5 at each point to obtain the apparent brightness value of the road surface calculation point considering the reflection increment of the side wall of the tunnel.
In step S6, the brightness value is obtained. The formula is (10):
L＝L p +L r (10)
referring to fig. 7, fig. 7 is a comparison result between the measured value and the theoretical calculated value of the brightness according to the present invention and the international standard. Therefore, the following steps are carried out:
through the research of the invention, the existing illumination calculation method can be supplemented and perfected. The BRDF in the invention is considered to replace a road surface bidirectional reflection coefficient table (a road surface R table) and a diffuse reflection coefficient in the specification, so that the reflection characteristic of the tunnel inner wall material can be reflected better;
ensuring the comfort of the visual field and the driving safety in the whole process of driving the tunnel by a driver to be the design concept; therefore, further research related to tunnel illumination can be carried out on the test of the field tunnel on the basis of the brightness model provided by the invention, so as to form a theoretical model suitable for the field tunnel and optimization processing; the method is applied to the research on the tunnel operation safety and illumination on the spot, so that the real optimal tunnel light environment for human illumination is achieved, the illumination resource waste is reduced, and the driver can pass through the tunnel at a safer and more comfortable probability.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. A tunnel brightness calculation method considering a tunnel inner wall BRDF is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, establishing a bidirectional reflection distribution function model of a tunnel inner wall material;
s2, calculating the brightness of a calculation point caused by direct radiation of the lamp;
s3, discretizing the side wall of the tunnel, discretizing the tunnel interior material into a series of units with bidirectional reflection distribution functions by utilizing a finite element idea, and regarding the units as unit light sources in the illumination calculation process, wherein the specific size depends on the calculation precision requirement, and the smaller the discrete size is, the higher the calculation precision is;
s4, sequentially calculating light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the side wall units of the side walls;
s5, calculating the brightness of the road surface calculation point considering the side wall reflection increment;
and S6, adding the brightness obtained in the S2 and the S5 to obtain the brightness value of the road surface calculation point considering the reflection increment of the side wall of the tunnel.
2. The method for calculating the brightness of a tunnel considering the BRDF of the tunnel inner wall of claim 1, wherein in S1, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function model is established as follows:
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
is a material BRDF, theta, of constant incident scattering angle i ,θ r ,
Respectively an angle of incidence, an angle of reflection, an azimuth,
is a coherent component reflecting the specular reflection of the material surface,
reflecting the diffuse reflection coherent component of the material surface; wherein k is d ,k b ,k r And a and b are both parameters to be determined,
the method is a covering function, and a high diffuse reflection material is adopted for the side wall in the tunnel, so that the value of the covering function is 1; alpha represents the included angle between the normal direction of the microscopic facet and the Z axis; gamma denotes the angle of incidence of the local coordinate system on the microscopic plane;
the use of cement slabs for the pavement is described using a simplified five parameter model, as follows:
the selection standard of each parameter of the model is that the standard deviation of simulation experiment data is minimum, and the mean square error of the standard deviation is calculated according to the following formula:
wherein x = [ k ] b ,k d ,k r ,a,b] T Column vectors that are model parameters; f. of r Fitting data for the model;
is actually measured data; g 1 (θ i ) And g 2 (θ r ) The weighting functions are used for adjusting the influence of each error on the total error when the test interval is not uniform, and are all measured at equal intervals, so that both the weighting functions take 1.
3. The method for calculating the brightness of the tunnel considering the BRDF of the tunnel inner wall as claimed in claim 1, wherein the brightness of the calculation point caused by the direct lighting of the lamp in S2 is calculated by the following formula:
the illuminance at the calculation point for multiple direct lighting fixtures is as follows:
in the formula:
calculating the brightness value of the point p at the point f for the direct projection of the ith lamp; e fi Calculating the horizontal illumination generated by the point f for the lamp i on the road surface in the tunnel; i (c, gamma) is the light intensity value of the center pointing to the calculation point p of the lamp I, and is interpolated according to a light intensity table provided by an IESNA file of the lampA value; h is the height from the center of the light source to the ground; gamma is the lamp light incident angle corresponding to the calculation point f; phi is the rated luminous flux of the lamp; m is the maintenance coefficient of the lamp;
the BRDF value of a pavement material having a certain condition is shown.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the light intensity values generated at the calculation points on the sidewall units of the sidewall are sequentially calculated in S4 according to the following formula:
in the formula: I.C. A fb Generating a total luminous intensity on the b unit light source for all the lamps; i is ab Generating a light intensity value pointing to the calculation point f on the b unit for the a unit; i (c) ab ,γ ab ) Interpolating values for the light intensity value of the a-th lamp on the b-th unit light source according to a lamp light intensity table; theta is an angle between a connecting line between the center of the a-th lamp and the center of the b-th rectangular unit and the normal direction of the b-th rectangular unit; d 0 The distance between the a-th lamp and the b-th rectangular unit light source center point is defined;
represents the BRDF value of the sidewall material; omega is an included angle between the normal direction of the rectangular unit and a connecting line from the central point of the rectangular unit to the road surface calculation point; delta S is the area of the rectangular unit light source and is closely related to the discretization degree; c is the sidewall material cleaning coefficient.
5. The method for calculating the brightness of the tunnel with the consideration of the BRDF of the tunnel inner wall of claim 1, wherein the brightness of the side wall reflection increment at the road surface calculation point in the step S5 is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula: l is a radical of an alcohol r Calculating the brightness increment generated at the point p by the point f under the action of all the side wall light-emitting units; i is fb Calculating light intensity values of the rectangular units in the direction of the road surface calculation points; tau is an included angle between a connecting line of the central point of the rectangular unit and the road surface calculating point and the normal direction of the road surface; d 1 The distance between the center point of the rectangular element and the road surface is calculated.
6. The method for calculating the brightness of the tunnel considering the BRDF of the tunnel inner wall as claimed in claim 1, wherein S6 is represented as:
L＝L p +L r 。
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| CN116312899B (en) * | 2023-05-12 | 2023-08-01 | 中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天工程大学 | Material surface BRDF parameter fitting method and system based on laser radar imaging |
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