CN115520855A - Method for carrying out efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on single-walled carbon nanotube film - Google Patents
Method for carrying out efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on single-walled carbon nanotube film Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of controllable nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes, in particular to a method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into a single-walled carbon nanotube film. Placing the self-supporting single-walled carbon nanotube film in a reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride powder, performing controllable fluorination at a lower temperature, transferring the film to a tubular heating furnace for controllable ammoniation, and finally obtaining the single-walled carbon nanotube film with controllable nitrogen doping amount (the doping amount is 1-9.9 at%). The invention prepares the controllable nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film for the first time, simultaneously keeps the original characteristics of flexibility, self-supporting property, high light transmittance and the like of the film, and shows excellent NO 2 The detection performance is expected to be applied to the fields of wearable devices, sensing, aerospace and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of controllable nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes, in particular to a method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into a single-walled carbon nanotube film.
Background
The single-walled carbon nanotube has a unique one-dimensional hollow tubular structure and excellent electrical properties, and is considered to be an ideal candidate material for constructing a high-performance chemical sensor. But limited by its wall sp 2 The chemical inertness of carbon, the common single-walled carbon nanotube shows physical adsorption to gas molecules, and the adsorption shows that the change of the conductivity of the single-walled carbon nanotube film (the responsivity of a corresponding sensor) is very weak. To improve the Chemical activity of the wall of a single-walled carbon nanotube, researchers have generally employed covalent functionalization (reference 1.Bekyarova E, kalinina I, et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007,129 (35), 10700-6.) and noncovalent (reference 2.Ishihara S, O Kelly C, et al. JACS Applied Materials)&Interfaces 2017,9 (43), 38062-38067). Among them, nitrogen doping is considered as a covalent functionalization way that can improve the gas sensing performance of the single-walled carbon nanotube. The preparation method of the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube can be mainly divided into two types: one is to introduce nitrogen-containing organic precursors such as ethylenediamine, acetonitrile and benzylamine during the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (reference 3.Pint CL, sun Z, moghazy S, et AL ACS Nano 2011,5 (9): 6925-6934; reference 4.Villalpando-Paez F, zamadio A, elias AL, et AL chemical Physics Letters 2006,424 (4-6): 345-352; reference 5.Liu Y, jin Z, wang J, et AL advanced Functional Materials 2011,21 (5): 986-992), or N 2 And NH 3 Nitrogen-containing gases which decompose to produce nitrogen-containing reactive groups and effect in-situ doping during carbon nanotube growth (documents 6.Belz T, baue A, et al. Carbon 1998,36 (5), 731-741); alternatively, the post-treatment method is to subject the prepared carbon nanotubes to a nitriding condition, such as NH at high temperature 3 Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes can be obtained by treating carbon nanotubes (reference 7.Liu Yuan, shen Yuting, et al. Nature Communications 2016,7 (1), 10921).
However, the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube obtained by the method is generally a powder sample, and the controllability of the nitrogen doping amount is poor, so that the application of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube flexible film in the sensing field is limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method for high-efficiency and controllable nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube flexible films, wherein the doping process does not destroy the flexibility and structural integrity of the single-walled carbon nanotube films, so that the method is suitable for constructing high-performance chemical sensors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen in a single-walled carbon nanotube film, which is used for preparing the controllable nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film for the first time, keeps the original characteristics of flexibility, self-supporting property, high light transmittance and the like of the film, and shows excellent NO 2 Performance is probed.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for carrying out efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on a single-walled carbon nanotube film comprises the following specific preparation steps of placing a self-supporting single-walled carbon nanotube film in a reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride, carrying out controllable fluorination at a lower temperature, transferring the film to a tubular heating furnace, carrying out controllable ammoniation, realizing efficient and controllable doping of nitrogen in the single-walled carbon nanotube, and simultaneously preferably keeping the structural integrity of the film:
(1) Transferring the single-walled carbon nanotube film on the filter membrane onto a polytetrafluoroethylene frame in a nondestructive mode by using the assistance of ethanol, and attaching the single-walled carbon nanotube film onto the frame by using the surface tension of the ethanol to form a suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film;
(2) Placing the suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film into a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride powder, and carrying out heat treatment at a lower temperature to realize controllable fluorination of the single-walled carbon nanotube film;
(3) Transferring the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film on the polytetrafluoroethylene frame onto a polished monocrystalline silicon frame by using the assistance of ethanol to form a suspended film; the obtained product is placed into a tubular heating furnace for controllable ammoniation, and the single-walled carbon nanotube film with controllable nitrogen doping amount is efficiently prepared.
The method for carrying out efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on the single-walled carbon nanotube film has the thickness of 15-30 nm.
The method for efficiently and controllably doping the single-walled carbon nanotube film has the nitrogen doping amount controllable within the range of 1-9.9 at%, and the single-walled carbon nanotube film keeps the original characteristics of flexibility, self-supporting property and high light transmittance.
The method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film comprises the step (2), wherein the mass ratio of the single-walled carbon nanotube film to xenon difluoride put into a reaction kettle is 1/20-1/30, the fluorination temperature is 100-200 ℃, the fluorination time is 1-8 h, and the fluorine doping amount is 0.5-8.5 at%.
In the method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film, in the step (2), the Raman spectrum G mode of the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film has obvious blue shift.
The method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film comprises the step (3), wherein the flow rate of ammonia gas in the tubular furnace is 50-80 sccm, the ammoniation temperature is 500-700 ℃, the ammoniation time is 1-2 h, the nitrogen doping amount is 1-9.9 at%, and the fluorine content is zero.
According to the method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film, in the step (3), the Raman spectrum G mode of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film slightly undergoes blue shift.
In the method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film, in the step (3), the nitrogen doping amount of the single-walled carbon nanotube film is in a direct proportional relation with the fluorine doping amount after fluorination, and nitrogen is mainly doped into the single-walled carbon nanotube in the form of pyridine nitrogen and pyrrole nitrogen.
The method for efficiently and controllably doping the single-walled carbon nanotube film is characterized in that the flexible gas sensor constructed by the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film has excellent NO 2 Sensing property of NO 2 The detection limit of (2) is 0.5ppm, the adsorption 1min responsivity at 0.5ppm is 0.6%, and the sensitivity is 0.33ppm -1 (ii) a The responsivity at 0.5ppm for 30min of adsorption is 7%, and the sensitivity is 1.86ppm -1 。
According to the method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film, the prepared nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film flexible sensor is expected to be applied to the fields of wearable devices or aerospace.
The design idea of the invention is as follows:
based on the characteristic that the flexible single-walled carbon nanotube film can be self-supported, the flexible single-walled carbon nanotube film is transferred onto a polytetrafluoroethylene frame through the assistance of ethanol to form a suspended film structure, so that the self-supporting film structure of the single-walled carbon nanotube film can be effectively maintained; by controlling the proportion of carbon and fluorine, the heat treatment temperature and the heat treatment time in the fluorine doping process, the single-walled carbon nanotube film can be efficiently subjected to fluorine doping; the defluorination and the nitrogen doping of the single-walled carbon nanotube film are synchronously realized by heat treatment in ammonia atmosphere, the suspended nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is finally obtained, and the control of the nitrogen doping amount is realized by regulating and controlling the fluorination and ammoniation conditions.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the invention designs and develops a suspension ultrathin (the thickness is 15-30 nm) flexible single-walled carbon nanotube film nondestructive, efficient and controllable nitrogen doping technology.
2. The invention realizes controllable nitrogen doping of the single-walled carbon nanotube flexible film, and the nitrogen doping amount can reach 9.9at% at most, which is 1.3 times of the highest reported value of the current literature.
3. The invention keeps the original characteristics of flexibility, self-supporting property, high light transmittance and the like of the single-walled carbon nanotube film.
4. The invention constructs the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube flexible transparent sensor for the first time, and the sensitivity of the sensor is 3 times of the highest reported value of the current literature.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a nitrogen doping process of a single-walled carbon nanotube film. In the figure, 1, a filter membrane, 2, a single-walled carbon nanotube film, 3, a polytetrafluoroethylene framework, 4, a reaction kettle, 5, xenon difluoride powder, 6, a monocrystalline silicon framework and 7, a tubular heating furnace.
Fig. 2 (a) optical photographs of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films, (b) optical photographs of fluorinated suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films, and (c) optical photographs of aminated suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films.
FIG. 3 shows (a) a scanning electron micrograph and (b) a transmission electron micrograph of a nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between (a) Raman spectrum and (b) nitrogen doping amount and fluorine doping amount of the single-walled carbon nanotube film. (a) In the figure, the abscissa Raman shift representsRaman shift (cm) -1 ) SWCNT are single-walled carbon nanotubes (Raman shift 1587 cm) -1 ) N-SWCNT is nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube (Raman shift 1592 cm) -1 ) F-SWCNT are fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes (Raman shift 1595 cm) -1 ) (ii) a (b) In the figure, the abscissa Fluorine content in F-SWCNT film represents the Fluorine content (at%) in the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film, and the ordinate N-doping level represents the nitrogen doping amount (at%).
FIG. 5 Flexible transparent NO based on nitrogen doped single-walled carbon nanotube films 2 An optical photograph (a), a sensitivity chart (b), a detection limit chart of example (c) and a detection limit chart of comparative example (d) of the gas sensor. (b) In the figure, the abscissa Concentration represents NO 2 The concentration of the gas (ppm), the ordinate Δ R/R represents the responsivity (%), and the slope of the fitted line represents the sensitivity (ppm) -1 ) (ii) a (c) In the figure, the abscissa Time represents Time (min), and the ordinate Δ R/R represents responsiveness (%); (d) In the figure, the abscissa Time represents Time (min), and the ordinate Δ R/R represents responsiveness (%).
Detailed Description
In the specific implementation process, the self-supporting single-walled carbon nanotube film is placed in a reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride powder, controllable fluorination is carried out at a lower temperature, and then the xenon difluoride film is transferred into a tubular heating furnace for controllable ammoniation, so that the single-walled carbon nanotube film with controllable nitrogen doping amount (the doping amount is 1-9.9 at%) is finally prepared.
As shown in fig. 1, the flow chart of the method for efficiently and controllably doping nitrogen into the single-walled carbon nanotube film established in the present invention comprises the following main steps: transferring the single-walled carbon nanotube film 2 to a polytetrafluoroethylene frame 3 from the filter membrane 1 by an ethanol-assisted transfer method; placing a polytetrafluoroethylene frame 3 loaded with the single-walled carbon nanotube film 2 and a proper amount of xenon difluoride powder 5 into a reaction kettle 4 together, transferring the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film to a monocrystalline silicon frame 6 after heat treatment, then placing the monocrystalline silicon frame into a tubular heating furnace 7, and carrying out heat treatment in an ammonia atmosphere.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention is described in detail below by examples and accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited by the scope of the present application.
Example 1
In this embodiment, the method for performing efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on the single-walled carbon nanotube flexible film includes the following steps:
(1) 0.1mg of high quality single-walled carbon nanotube film with a thickness of 18nm was transferred onto a teflon frame with the aid of ethanol (fig. 2 a).
(2) Weighing xenon difluoride powder 3mg, placing the xenon difluoride powder and a polytetrafluoroethylene frame carrying the single-walled carbon nanotube film into a reaction kettle, and preserving the temperature for 8 hours at 100 ℃ to obtain the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film (figure 2 b).
(3) And transferring the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film to a monocrystalline silicon frame, and then placing the monocrystalline silicon frame into a tubular heating furnace to be treated for 1.5 hours at 500 ℃ under 80sccm ammonia gas to obtain a nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film (shown in figure 2 c), wherein the thickness of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is 15nm.
Comparing fig. 2a, fig. 2b, and fig. 2c, it can be seen that the single-walled carbon nanotube film retains its flexibility, transparency, and self-supporting structure well after fluorination and amination; the photos of a scanning electron microscope (figure 3 a) and a transmission electron microscope (figure 3 b) of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film show that the porous network structure and the small tube bundle structure of the single-walled carbon nanotube are not obviously changed; raman spectrum G-mode plot (FIG. 4 a) shows that the fluorination and amination process blue-shifts the G-mode of single-walled carbon nanotubes to 1595cm -1 、1592cm -1 Indicating that F and N are doped into the single-walled carbon nanotube by the P type; the XPS full spectrum (FIG. 4 b) indicates that F and N peaks are detected on the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film and the aminated single-walled carbon nanotube film respectively, and the F and N doping amounts are calculated to be 8.35at% and 9.9at% respectively.
The nitrogen-doped flexible transparent single-walled carbon nanotube film is used for constructing a flexible gas sensor (figure 5 a) for NO 2 The sensor shows excellent sensing performance and the sensitivity reaches 1.96ppm -1 (FIG. 5 b) detection limit of 0.5ppm (FIG. 5 c).
Example 2
In this example, step (1) is exactly the same as step (1) in the example.
The step (2) is basically the same as the step (2) of the embodiment 1, 3mg of xenon difluoride powder is measured, the fluorination temperature is 100 ℃, and the fluorination time is 4 hours.
The step (3) is the same as the step (3) in the embodiment 1, the ammoniation temperature is 500 ℃, the ammonia gas flow is 80sccm, the ammoniation time is 1.5h, and the thickness of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is 16nm.
The XPS full spectrum characterization detects F and N peaks on the fluorinated and aminated single-walled carbon nanotube film respectively, and F and N doping amounts are calculated to be 2.48at% and 6.4at% respectively. The nitrogen-doped flexible transparent single-walled carbon nanotube film is used for constructing a flexible gas sensor for NO 2 The sensor shows excellent sensing performance and the sensitivity reaches 1.34ppm -1 (FIG. 5 b) detection limit of 0.5ppm (FIG. 5 c).
Example 3
In this example, step (1) was substantially the same as step (1) of the example except that 0.15mg of a high-quality single-walled carbon nanotube film was transferred, and the thickness of the single-walled carbon nanotube film was 27nm.
The step (2) is basically the same as the step (2) of the embodiment 1, 3mg of xenon difluoride powder is measured, the fluorination temperature is 100 ℃, and the fluorination time is 4 hours.
The step (3) is the same as the step (3) in the embodiment 1, the ammoniation temperature is 500 ℃, the ammonia gas flow is 80sccm, the ammoniation time is 1.5h, and the thickness of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is 25nm.
The XPS full spectrum characterization detects F and N peaks on the fluorinated and aminated single-walled carbon nanotube film respectively, and the F and N doping amounts are calculated to be 1.19at% and 4.3at% respectively.
Example 4
In this example, step (1) was identical to step (1) of the example except that 0.1mg of high quality single-walled carbon nanotube film was transferred.
The step (2) is basically the same as the step (2) of the embodiment 1, 3mg of xenon difluoride powder is measured, the fluorination temperature is 100 ℃, and the fluorination time is 1h.
The process of the step (3) is basically the same as that of the step (3) in the embodiment 1, the ammoniation temperature is 500 ℃, the ammonia gas flow is 80sccm, the ammoniation time is 1.5h, and the thickness of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is 17nm.
The XPS full spectrum characterization detects F and N peaks on the fluorinated and aminated single-walled carbon nanotube film respectively, and the F and N doping amounts are calculated to be 0.85at% and 2.9at% respectively.
Example 5
In this example, step (1) was identical to step (1) of the example except that 0.1mg of high quality single-walled carbon nanotube film was transferred.
The step (2) is basically the same as the step (2) of the embodiment 1, 2mg of xenon difluoride powder is measured, the fluorination temperature is 100 ℃, and the fluorination time is 1h.
The step (3) is basically the same as the step (3) in the embodiment 1, the ammoniation temperature is 500 ℃, the ammonia gas flow is 80sccm, the ammoniation time is 1.5h, and the thickness of the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is 18nm.
The XPS full spectrum characterization detects F and N peaks on the fluorinated and ammoniated single-walled carbon nanotube films respectively, and the F and N doping amounts are calculated to be 0.56at% and 1at% respectively.
Comparative example 1
In this example, step (1) is exactly the same as step (1) of example 1.
Step (2) is exactly the same as step (3) of example 1.
The XPS full spectrum characterization detects N peak on the ammoniated single-walled carbon nanotube film, and the N doping amount is calculated to be 0.05at%. The nitrogen-doped flexible transparent single-walled carbon nanotube film is utilized to construct a flexible gas sensor for NO 2 The detection sensitivity was 0.67ppm -1 (FIG. 5 b) detection limit of 1ppm (FIG. 5 d).
Comparative example 2
In this example, step (1) is exactly the same as step (1) of example 1.
Step (2) is exactly the same as step (2) of example 1.
XPS full spectrum characterization detects F peak on the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film, and F doping amount is calculated to be 8.35at%. The fluorine-doped flexible transparent single-walled carbon nanotube film is used for constructing a flexible gas sensor for NO 2 The detection sensitivity was 0.23ppm -1 (FIG. 5 b), detection LimitAt 1ppm (FIG. 5 d).
The results of the embodiment and the comparative example show that the invention realizes the high-efficiency and controllable doping of nitrogen by designing the process and the method for transferring the suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film, fluorinating the suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film and then removing fluorine/doping nitrogen and controlling the heat treatment temperature and time in the fluorination process and the nitrogen removing and doping process to regulate the doping amount of nitrogen. The processes of fluorination, defluorination and nitrogen element doping are all gas phase processes, and the structure of the single-walled carbon nanotube flexible film is not damaged. The method can be used for preparing the nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube flexible film with the light transmittance of 85 percent (the thickness is about 20 nm), and the nitrogen doping amount is uniform and controllable within the range of 1 to 9.9at percent. The nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube flexible transparent film is utilized to construct high-performance flexible transparent NO 2 The gas sensor is expected to be applied to the fields of wearable devices, aerospace and the like.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. A method for carrying out efficient and controllable nitrogen doping on a single-walled carbon nanotube film is characterized in that a self-supporting single-walled carbon nanotube film is placed in a reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride, controllable fluorination is carried out at a lower temperature, then the film is transferred to a tubular heating furnace for controllable ammoniation, efficient and controllable doping of nitrogen in the single-walled carbon nanotube is realized, meanwhile, the structural integrity of the film is well kept, and the method comprises the following specific preparation steps:
(1) Transferring the single-walled carbon nanotube film on the filter membrane onto a polytetrafluoroethylene frame in a nondestructive mode by using the assistance of ethanol, and attaching the single-walled carbon nanotube film onto the frame by using the surface tension of the ethanol to form a suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film;
(2) Placing the suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film into a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle filled with xenon difluoride powder, and carrying out heat treatment at a lower temperature to realize controllable fluorination of the single-walled carbon nanotube film;
(3) Transferring the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film on the polytetrafluoroethylene frame onto a polished monocrystalline silicon frame by using ethanol as an auxiliary material to form a suspended film; the obtained product is placed into a tubular heating furnace for controllable ammoniation, and the single-walled carbon nanotube film with controllable nitrogen doping amount is efficiently prepared.
2. The method for high efficiency, controlled nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube films as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the single-walled carbon nanotube film used is 15-30 nm.
3. The method for high efficiency and controllable nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen doping amount is controllable within the range of 1-9.9 at%, and the single-walled carbon nanotube film maintains the original characteristics of flexibility, self-supporting property and high light transmittance.
4. The method for doping the single-walled carbon nanotube film with high-efficiency and controllable nitrogen according to claim 1,2 or 3, wherein in the step (2), the mass ratio of the single-walled carbon nanotube film and the xenon difluoride put into the reaction kettle is 1/20-1/30, the fluorination temperature is 100-200 ℃, the fluorination time is 1-8 h, and the fluorine doping amount is 0.5-8.5 at%.
5. A method for efficient and controlled nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube films as claimed in claim 1,2 or 3 wherein in step (2) the raman spectrum G-mode of the fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotube film exhibits a significant blue-shift.
6. The method for high-efficiency and controllable nitrogen doping of the single-walled carbon nanotube film according to claim 1,2 or 3, wherein in the step (3), the flow rate of ammonia gas in the tube furnace is 50-80 sccm, the ammoniation temperature is 500-700 ℃, the ammoniation time is 1-2 h, the nitrogen doping amount is 1-9.9 at%, and the fluorine content is zero.
7. A method for efficient and controlled nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube films as claimed in claim 1,2 or 3 wherein in step (3) the raman spectrum G-mode of the nitrogen doped single-walled carbon nanotube film is slightly blue-shifted.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1,2 or 3, wherein in step (3), the nitrogen doping amount of the single-walled carbon nanotube film is in direct proportion to the fluorine doping amount after fluorination, and nitrogen is mainly doped in the form of pyridine nitrogen and pyrrole nitrogen in the single-walled carbon nanotube.
9. The method for efficient, controlled nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube films as recited in claims 1,2 or 3, wherein the flexible gas sensor constructed using nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube films has superior NO 2 Sensing property of NO 2 The detection limit of (2) is 0.5ppm, the adsorption 1min responsivity at 0.5ppm is 0.6%, and the sensitivity is 0.33ppm -1 (ii) a The response of adsorption for 30min at 0.5ppm is 7%, and the sensitivity is 1.86ppm -1 。
10. The method for high efficiency, controlled nitrogen doping of single-walled carbon nanotube films as claimed in claims 1,2, 3 or 8, wherein the prepared nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube film flexible sensor is expected to find important applications in wearable devices or aerospace field.
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