CN115473024A - High-power directional coupler - Google Patents
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- CN115473024A CN115473024A CN202211319051.1A CN202211319051A CN115473024A CN 115473024 A CN115473024 A CN 115473024A CN 202211319051 A CN202211319051 A CN 202211319051A CN 115473024 A CN115473024 A CN 115473024A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
- H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
- H01P5/18—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-power directional coupler, belongs to the technical field of radio frequency and microwave, particularly relates to a compact high-directivity directional coupler suitable for high-power application, and aims to overcome the defects in the prior art. The high-power directional coupler can keep a constant coupling coefficient in a working frequency band of 10-350MHz, has higher directionality and isolation level, has the advantages of compact structure and small volume, can realize a production mode with low cost and simple structure, and meets the requirement of a compact high-directionality directional application scene of high-power application. Simulation and experiment results show that the design has a wide operating frequency band, a constant coupling coefficient and high directionality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of radio frequency and microwave, in particular to a compact high-directivity directional coupler suitable for high-power application.
Background
Directional couplers are essential passive components in modern wireless communication systems. In Radio Frequency (RF) power monitoring, radar and measurement of system key parameters, directional couplers are used primarily to sample the main signal in the RF circuit and ensure that it is free of significant power loss or distortion. In general, couplers may be implemented using distributed components and lumped components. The specific implementation mode is related to technical indexes of the coupler, and the technical indexes of the directional coupler comprise: operating band, insertion loss, coupling, directivity and isolation; the directional coupler is a microwave element, any working characteristic of the directional coupler is related to the working frequency of the microwave element, and the directional coupler meeting the requirement in the working frequency band can be designed only after the working frequency is determined; the insertion loss mainly refers to the ratio of signal power of the main path output end to the main path input end, and includes coupling loss and heat loss of a conductor medium, and certainly also includes reflection loss and radiation loss under certain conditions; the coupling degree is used for describing the proportional relation between signals of the coupling output port and signals of the input port, and is generally expressed by dB, and the larger the coupling degree is, the smaller the output power of the coupling port is; the degree of coupling is determined by the use of the directional coupler, and usually a 3dB directional coupler can be used for equal proportion distribution of signals; couplers above 40dB are often used in the detection of signals; the isolation degree describes the relationship between the main input port and the coupling branch isolation port, and under an ideal condition, no signal is output from the isolation port, and the isolation degree is infinite; the directivity describes the proportional relation between the coupling port and the isolation port of the coupling branch, and is the difference between the coupling degree and the isolation degree.
For a distributed parameter circuit, in order to reduce signal interference and noise, a multilayer structure, a slot line structure, a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and the like are introduced, different coupling coefficients can be realized, the design method is simple and convenient, and the production cost is low. However, the distributed parameter circuit has the disadvantages of high loss and poor power tolerance, and is not suitable for application in high power scenes. In addition, as the dielectric constant of the circuit board increases, the directivity of the coupler also deteriorates, the waveguide coupler is the first choice for designing the high-power coupler, and has the advantages of low loss and high power capacity, but the waveguide coupler has a very high Q value, and therefore the bandwidth is limited.
For directional couplers based on lumped element design, it is mainly implemented using Integrated Passive Device (IPD) process, which provides better passive element quality factor than standard CMOS process. However, such directional couplers increase manufacturing costs due to additional processes and the limited quality factor of the spiral inductance. In the directional coupler of the metamaterial interconnection lumped element bridge, the bandwidth is increased, and the design is simplified. However, the high power application is rarely considered in this kind of design, so when the bandwidth requirement is not too high, the coaxial line type scheme becomes an effective design scheme for the high power directional coupler, and although the coaxial line type directional coupler has a more complicated structure and higher cost, it can bear high power.
Therefore, it is still a great challenge to design a high-power directional coupler with high directivity, compact structure and wide band.
To avoid the above problems, a compact, highly directional coupler suitable for high power applications is proposed herein. The invention introduces a transformer to improve the isolation level of the coupler. Simulation and experiment results show that the design has a wide operating frequency band, a constant coupling coefficient and high directionality.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to a high power directional coupler to solve the above problems.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a high power directional coupler that maintains a constant coupling coefficient, high directivity, and high isolation level within a high power operating band, and is compact.
According to the technical scheme, the coupler can keep a constant coupling coefficient in a high-power working frequency band, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is arranged between the input port and the coupling port, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is also arranged between the through port and the isolation port, the coupling port and the isolation port are respectively connected with a resistor with the resistance value of R2 in parallel to the ground to realize impedance matching, and the coupling coefficient of 30dB +/-1 dB is kept in the high-power working frequency band of 10-350 MHz.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows a schematic diagram of a directional coupler using an ideal transformer and resistor design, where TR1 is an ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 1 n, a resistor with a value of R1 is placed between the input Port 1 and the coupled Port3, and a resistor with a value of R1 is also placed between the through Port 2 and the isolated Port 4. And a resistor with the resistance value of R2 is also respectively connected with the ground in parallel at the coupling Port3 and the isolation Port 4 so as to realize impedance matching.
According to the technical scheme, the coupler has high directivity and isolation level, namely the voltage and the current of each port of the directional coupler are represented by utilizing the relation between the voltage and the current of each port and the coupler scattering parameters of incident waves and reflected waves, the scattering parameters of the directional coupler can use the coupling degree and the isolation degree due to the characteristic impedance of the ports, and therefore the directivity is larger than 24dB; since transformers can generally be considered as ideal lossless elements, the S-parameter of a directional coupler can be expressed as:
the relationship between the voltage and current at each port can be derived from the turns ratio of the directional coupler:
and
where Vi and Ii are the voltage and current at each port. In addition, the voltage and current at each port can be represented by the coupler scattering parameters of the incident and reflected waves, denoted ai and bi
In the formula, Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the port. The scattering parameter of the directional coupler can be expressed as
Specific parameters can be derived using the relationships of equations (4) - (6) and equations (2) - (3), where N is the turns ratio:
d＝8N 4 K 4 +4N 4 K 2 -8N 3 K-2N 3 K+4N 2 K 4 +10N 2 K 2 +N 2 +K 2 -2NK 3 -4NK+1(10)
K＝R 1 /R 2 (11)
therefore, the coupling degree and the isolation degree of the directional coupler can be obtained by the following formula:
degree of coupling =20log (-S) 31 )dB
Isolation =20log (-S) 41 )dB
Directivity = degree of coupling-degree of isolation
According to the technical scheme, the double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic permeability of mu r =4300 is used for the compact structure of the coupler, and in order to improve the power bearing capacity of the coupler, a silver enameled wire with the winding diameter of 0.3mm and the straight main line diameter of 1mm is wound and a circuit substrate with the dielectric constant of epsilon r =2.65 and the thickness of h =1.6mm is matched.
A high power directional coupler comprises the following test steps:
s1, sampling radio frequency input power, and setting a coupling level to realize impedance matching of a coupling port and an isolation port;
s2, using a double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic permeability of mu r =4300, and winding according to the turn ratio of the primary coil and the secondary coil by using the geometric shape of the core and a winding method;
s3, obtaining the anti-impedance matching degree by displaying the return loss of the four ports;
and S4, obtaining a matched constant coupling level and high directivity through the measured insertion loss degree.
According to the technical scheme, in S3, the impedance matching degree is obtained by displaying the return loss of the four ports, and the impedance matching degree is obtained by measuring the contrast trend of the return loss in the whole frequency band through the input port, the through port, the coupling port and the isolation port.
According to the technical scheme, in S4, the range of the coupler with constant coupling level and high directivity can be easily obtained according to the insertion loss measured through the input port, the through port, the coupling port and the isolation port and the combination of the coupling value and the measured isolation line and directivity; the circuit structure principle is simple, the performance of the directional coupler is mainly determined by N and K, and the change of the coupling degree and the isolation degree along with the N and the K is shown in a figure 2 in the figure description. Fig. 2 (a) shows that as N increases, the coupling increases from 22dB to 32dB, while for the isolation, the coupling reaches a maximum when the values of N and K are equal, as shown in fig. 2 (b). Fig. 2 (c) and (d) depict the performance of couplers with different values of K. It can be seen from fig. 2 (c) that the coupling level of the directional coupler is hardly changed. At the same time, the isolation increases to a maximum value and then decreases as the value of K increases. Thus, to obtain constant and maximum directivity and coupling levels, the values of N and K should be approximately equal.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the return loss of each port of the directional coupler is higher than 17dB in the whole working frequency band (10-350 MHz), the insertion loss of a main signal channel is less than 0.5dB, the coupling degree is stable and constant (32 dB), and the directivity is high (> 23 dB). The unbalanced degree of the coupling degree is about 0.5dB, the unbalanced degree of the directivity is about 1.5dB, and compared with the similar design, the directional coupler has the advantages of keeping constant coupling coefficient in a high working frequency band and having higher directivity and isolation level.
2. Under the condition of ensuring the reduction of signal interference and noise, the directional coupler of the invention has simple design method, can bear high power, has low production cost, and has compact structure, small volume and convenient use.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high power directional coupler of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the variation of coupling and isolation with N and K values of a high power directional coupler according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the core windings in an embodiment of a high power directional coupler of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a measurement of one embodiment of a high power directional coupler of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the steps of a high power directional coupler according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-5, a directional coupler with wide operating band and high directivity is provided in this embodiment.
A high power directional coupler that maintains a constant coupling coefficient, high directivity, and high isolation level within a high power operating band, and is compact.
The coupler can keep constant coupling coefficient in a high-power working frequency band, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is arranged between the input port and the coupling port, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is also arranged between the through port and the isolation port, the coupling port and the isolation port are respectively connected with a resistor with the resistance value of R2 in parallel to achieve impedance matching, and the coupling coefficient of 30dB +/-1 dB is kept in the high-power working frequency band of 10-350 MHz.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying description shows a schematic diagram of a directional coupler using an ideal transformer and resistor design, where TR1 is an ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 1. A resistor with the resistance value of R1 is arranged between the input Port 1 and the coupling Port3, and a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is also arranged between the through Port 2 and the isolation Port 4. A resistor with the resistance value of R2 is also connected in parallel with the ground at the coupled Port3 and the isolated Port 4, respectively, to realize impedance matching. The coupler can be used in high power working conditions because the transformer has higher power bearing capacity.
The coupler has high directivity and isolation level, namely the voltage and the current of each port of the directional coupler are represented by utilizing the relation between the voltage and the current of each port of the directional coupler and the coupler scattering parameters of incident waves and reflected waves, the scattering parameters of the directional coupler can use the coupling degree and the isolation degree due to the characteristic impedance of the ports, and therefore the directivity is larger than 24dB; since transformers can generally be considered as ideal lossless elements, the S-parameter of a directional coupler can be expressed as:
the relationship between the voltage and current at each port can be derived from the turns ratio of the directional coupler:
and
where Vi and Ii are the voltage and current at each port. In addition, the voltage and current at each port can be represented by the coupler scattering parameters of the incident and reflected waves, denoted ai and bi
In the formula, Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the port. The scattering parameter of the directional coupler can be expressed as
The specific parameters can be derived using the relations of equations (4) - (6) and equations (2) - (3):
wherein N is the ratio of the number of turns,
d＝8N 4 K 4 +4N 4 K 2 -8N 3 K-2N 3 K+4N 2 K 4 +10N 2 K 2 +N 2 +K 2 -2NK 3 -4NK+1(10)
K＝R 1 /R 2 (11)
therefore, the coupling degree and the isolation degree of the directional coupler can be obtained by the following formula:
degree of coupling =20log (-S) 31 )dB
Isolation =20log (-S) 41 )dB
Directivity = degree of coupling-degree of isolation
The coupler has a compact structure, a double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic conductivity of mu r =4300 is used, in order to improve the power bearing capacity of the coupler, a silver enameled wire with the winding diameter of 0.3mm and the through main line diameter of 1mm is used for winding, and a circuit substrate with the dielectric constant of epsilon r =2.65 and the thickness of h =1.6mm is used for matching.
A high power directional coupler comprises the following test steps:
s1, sampling radio frequency input power, and setting a coupling level to realize impedance matching of a coupling port and an isolation port;
s2, using a double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic permeability of mu r =4300, and winding the magnetic core according to the winding ratio of the primary coil to the secondary coil according to the geometrical shape and the winding method of the magnetic core;
s3, obtaining the anti-impedance matching degree by displaying the return loss of the four ports;
and S4, obtaining a matched constant coupling level and high directivity through the measured insertion loss degree.
In S3, the impedance matching degree is obtained by displaying the return loss of the four ports, and the impedance matching degree is obtained by measuring the contrast trend of the return loss in the whole frequency band through the input port, the through port, the coupling port and the isolation port.
In S4, according to the measured insertion loss through the input port, the through port, the coupling port and the isolation port and the combination of the coupling value and the measured isolation line and directivity, the range of the coupler with constant coupling level and high directivity can be easily obtained; the circuit structure principle is simple, the performance of the directional coupler is mainly determined by N and K, and the change of the coupling degree and the isolation degree along with the N and the K is shown in a figure 2 in the figure description. Fig. 2 (a) shows that the coupling increases from 22dB to 32dB with increasing N, while for isolation the coupling reaches a maximum when the values of N and K are equal, as shown in fig. 2 (b). Fig. 2 (c) and (d) depict the performance of couplers with different values of K. It can be seen from fig. 2 (c) that the coupling level of the directional coupler is hardly changed. At the same time, the isolation increases to a maximum value and then decreases as the value of K increases. Thus, to obtain constant and maximum directivity and coupling levels, the values of N and K should be approximately equal.
In order to sample the rf input power without distortion of the main signal, the coupling level in this embodiment is set to 30db, and the r2 is 50Ohm, so that the impedance matching of the coupled and isolated ports can be achieved. N and R1 are 42 and 2200Ohm, respectively. The transformer TR1 in the circuit of the present embodiment is implemented using a double-hole ferrite core having a permeability μ r =4300, and the geometry of the core and the winding method are shown in fig. 3. It is difficult to wind with a single wire because N is large. In the present embodiment, the turns ratio N of the primary coil and the secondary coil is divided into N1 and N2 as shown in the inset in fig. 4. The relationship between N, N1 and N2 is:
N＝n 1 ·n 2
in order to improve the power bearing capacity of the coupler, silver enameled wires with the winding diameter of 0.3mm and the diameter of a straight main line of 1mm are adopted. n1 and n2 are 7 and 6, respectively. The circuit board used in this example had a dielectric constant ∈ r =2.65 and a thickness h =1.6mm.
Fig. 4 in the description of the drawings shows the actual measurement results of the present embodiment. Fig. 4 (a) shows the return loss of four ports, and it can be seen that the return loss of the ports is higher than 17dB in the whole frequency band (10-350 MHz), which means that good impedance matching is achieved for all input and output ports. Fig. 4 (b) shows that the measured insertion loss is less than 0.5dB. Fig. 4 (c) shows the coupling values, and fig. 4 (d) is the measured isolation (black line) and directivity (red line). The coupling level and directivity imbalance is about 0.5dB and 1.5dB. From the figure we can easily derive that the proposed coupler has a constant coupling level (-32 dB) and high directivity (> 23).
Table 1 further shows a comparison between this embodiment and other state of the art techniques. As can be seen from the table, the present invention has the major advantages of wider bandwidth, more directivity and less amplitude imbalance. The power-carrying capacity of a directional coupler is mainly determined by the diameter of the winding wire and the power rating of the lumped element.
TABLE 1 comparison of this project with other previous projects
1 Return loss; 2 insertion loss; 3 degree of coupling; 4 is not provided for
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the embodiments and/or equivalents thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A high power directional coupler, characterized by:
the coupler keeps constant coupling coefficient in a high-power working frequency band, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is arranged between the input port and the coupling port, a resistor with the resistance value of R1 is also arranged between the through port and the isolation port, and the coupling port and the isolation port are respectively connected with the ground in parallel with a resistor with the resistance value of R2 to realize impedance matching.
2. A high power directional coupler according to claim 1, wherein: the coupler maintains a coupling coefficient of 30dB + -1 dB within a high power operating band of 10-350 MHz.
3. A high power directional coupler according to claim 1, wherein: the coupler has high directivity and isolation level, wherein the voltage and current of each port of the directional coupler are represented by using the relation between the voltage and the current of each port and coupler scattering parameters of incident waves and reflected waves, and the scattering parameters of the directional coupler are represented by the coupling degree and the isolation degree due to the characteristic impedance of the ports, so that the high directivity is obtained, and the directivity is more than 24dB.
4. A high power directional coupler according to claim 1, wherein: the coupler uses a double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic conductivity of mu r =4300, and is matched with a circuit substrate which is wound by a silver enameled wire with the winding diameter of 0.3mm and the diameter of a through main line of 1mm and has the dielectric constant of epsilon r =2.65 and the thickness of h =1.6mm.
5. A high power directional coupler according to claim 1, said coupler comprising the following test steps:
s1, sampling radio frequency input power, and setting a coupling level to realize impedance matching of a coupling port and an isolation port;
s2, using a double-hole ferrite core with the magnetic permeability of mu r =4300, and winding according to the turn ratio of the primary coil and the secondary coil by using the geometric shape of the core and a winding method;
s3, obtaining the impedance matching degree by displaying the return loss of the four ports;
and S4, obtaining a matched constant coupling level and high directivity through the measured insertion loss degree.
6. A high power directional coupler according to claim 5, wherein: in S3, the impedance matching degree is obtained by displaying the return loss of the four ports, and the impedance matching degree is obtained by measuring the contrast trend of the return loss in the whole frequency band through the input port, the through port, the coupling port and the isolation port.
7. A high power directional coupler according to claim 5, wherein: in S4, the measured isolation line and directivity may be used to derive a range where the coupler has a constant coupling level and high directivity based on the measured insertion loss of the input port, the through port, the coupled port, and the isolated port, and in combination with the coupling value.
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| US4121180A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1978-10-17 | Technical Research And Manufacturing, Inc. | Broadband directional coupler |
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| US11038250B1 (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2021-06-15 | MiniRF, Inc. | Directional coupler assembly |
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2022
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| US4121180A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1978-10-17 | Technical Research And Manufacturing, Inc. | Broadband directional coupler |
| CN1072807A (en) * | 1991-11-29 | 1993-06-02 | 机械电子工业部石家庄第五十四研究所 | The several 90 ° of directional couplers of wide band lumped parameter |
| JP2001284978A (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-12 | Aichi Electronic Co Ltd | Distortion corrector |
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| US11038250B1 (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2021-06-15 | MiniRF, Inc. | Directional coupler assembly |
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