CN115463662B - 一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备及其在木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧中的应用 - Google Patents
一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备及其在木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备及其在木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧中的应用,属于化学工程及催化剂技术领域。所述催化剂为SiO2负载的NiSn金属间化合物。首先干燥焙烧得到SiO2负载的复合氧化物,经H2还原处理后得到SiO2负载的NiSn金属间化合物催化剂。本发明制备的金属间化合物催化剂用于气相间甲酚加氢脱氧制备芳烃,反应温度为350℃,氢气压力为1 atm。本发明中催化剂稳定性好,运行400 min没有明显失活和积碳,且产物甲苯选择性接近100%。本发明的催化剂价格低廉,在木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧反应中表现出优异的稳定性和选择性,具有良好的工业应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化学工程及催化剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备及其在木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧中的应用。
背景技术
化石资源的开发利用极大促进了人类社会的发展,但化石资源使用过程中排放大量的CO2,对全球气候和环境造成了不可逆转的负面影响。此外,化石资源不可再生。在纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等生物质资源中,木质素生物质的结构与石油最为接近,因为开发有效的途径将木质素转化为生物油具有重要的价值。目前木质素的开发路径包括两个过程,首先是将木质素快速热解得到生物原油,主要成份为酚类化合物。酚类化合物含氧量高,导致热值低,不稳定,因而第二过程为催化加氢脱氧提质。由于生物原油组分复杂,研究者通常采用模型化合物,如苯酚、间甲酚、愈创木酚等具有特征的酚羟基、甲氧基等含氧官能团的分子,来研究加氢脱氧的催化剂和反应机理。理想的加氢脱氧路径是直接脱羟基生成芳烃,然而由于酚羟基C-O键极强,C-O断键困难,导致副反应如苯环加氢和C-C氢解等的竞争,使得芳烃产物选择性低。在过去的探索中发现,双功能催化剂在加氢脱氧反应中具有突出的性能。双功能催化剂通常由加氢金属中心和亲氧性/氧空位中心组成,其中亲氧性/氧空位中心能与酚中的O作用,活化C-O键,而金属中心活化氢气。双功能活性中心协同催化能实现酚类高活性高选择性脱氧生成芳烃。然而研究也发现,双功能催化剂极易失活,这是因为酚类分子吸附在活性位点后自身容易聚合为积碳,覆盖活性位点。也正是因为反应物分子自身倾向于造成积碳失活,导致开发涉及抗积碳的催化剂非常困难。所以,在保持高脱氧选择性的前提下,开发新型的抗积碳催化剂是研究所需突破的关键问题,也是研究的难点所在。
实际上,积碳问题在其他反应体系,如重整、脱氢等,也是一个严重的问题。在这类反应体系中,有不少文献报道了引入Sn助剂能有效的抑制积碳,这是因为Sn本身不吸附碳,且能减弱碳物种在另一活性金属组分中的吸附强度。在加氢脱氧反应体系,夏等研究者(Journal of Catalysis 410 (2022) 180–193)也曾尝试构造NiSn双金属催化剂用于高压液相体系苯酚的加氢脱氧,研究发现该催化剂确实能在一定程度上抑制积碳,但在高压液相反应条件下进行加氢脱氧反应,此外NiSn双金属的结构并不明确,对催化活性、选择性和稳定性的仍有待研究。
中国专利CN101400631B,使用含有有序金属间化合物的催化剂的加氢方法,提出一系列可以实现催化加氢的催化剂,但是未明确指定某一种催化的组成对木质素衍生酚类化合物的作用,并且未提及稳定性和积碳的问题,并也未给出该种化合物的制备方法。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明摒弃传统的双功能催化剂的设计思路,基于木质素衍生酚类化合物自身易缩合积碳的特性,提供了一种SiO2负载的Ni基金属间化合物催化剂的设计和应用,通过非亲氧性金属Sn与Ni形成金属间化合物,将Ni活性位点几何隔断,增大吸附的酚类之间的距离,以阻碍酚类缩合积碳。同时表面低配位的Ni位点不利于苯环直接与Ni作用,避免了副反应苯环加氢和C-C氢解的发生。有效解决加氢脱氧活性、选择性和稳定性兼得的技术问题。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)称取二甲基二氯化锡溶于甲苯,加入SiO2载体搅拌,随后滴加三乙胺,搅拌过滤,分别用甲苯和乙醇洗涤,干燥,在空气氛围下高温焙烧,得到Sn/SiO2;(2)称取六水合硝酸镍和尿素溶于水中,滴加至步骤(1)所制备的Sn/SiO2中,研磨均匀,室温静置,随后干燥,进一步在空气氛围下焙烧,得到SiO2负载的复合氧化物;
(3)将步骤(2)所制备的SiO2负载的复合氧化物放在管式炉内,在氢气氛中,升温至350-500℃,得到SiO2负载的NiSn金属间化合物催化剂;
所述催化剂的活性组分为Ni3Sn金属间化合物;
所述催化剂用于催化木质素衍生酚类化合物模型分子加氢脱氧生成芳烃。
进一步的,所述Ni3Sn金属间化合物的晶粒尺寸为3纳米,且均匀分散在SiO2载体上。
进一步的,所述第(1)步中,在烘箱120℃干燥12h,随后在马弗炉中580℃焙烧3h,升温速率为1℃/min。
进一步的,所述第(2)步中,在烘箱中90℃干燥 12h,随后在马弗炉空气氛围下400℃焙烧4h,升温速率为2℃/min。
进一步的,所述第(3)步中,以10℃/min的升温速率升温,然后保持1h,
本发明还提供一种木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧生成芳烃的方法,具体步骤为:
使用上述催化剂,在常压气相固定床反应器中反应,气氛环境为H2,在进样口加热使木质素衍生酚类化合物汽化,经过催化剂床层发生加氢脱氧反应制备芳烃,H2压力为1atm,反应温度为250-350℃,反应时间为0.1-4h。
进一步的,所述氢气与酚类化合物的摩尔比为60:1。
进一步的,所述的木质素衍生酚类化合物包括间甲酚和苯甲醚。
产物检测采用在线气相色谱分析,产物组成采用甲醇收集后在气质联用仪上鉴定。
本发明的显著优点在于:
1. 本发明创新的提出了一种制备简单并且有效制备SiO2负载的NiSn金属间化合物催化剂的方法,并将其用于气相木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧。
2. 本发明创造性的采用非亲氧性的Sn引入到Ni中来构筑NiSn金属间化合物,通过Sn对表面Ni位点的几何隔断作用,增大吸附的木质素衍生酚类化合物之间的距离,阻碍酚类缩合积碳,催化剂保持了良好的稳定性和抗积碳性能。
3. 本发明的催化剂,可以在常压气相条件下反应,具有较好的活性,同时表面低配位的Ni位点避免苯环直接与Ni作用,避免了副反应苯环加氢和C-C氢解的发生,实现了木质素衍生酚类化合物高选择性脱氧为加氢,具有较好的反应活性。
附图说明
图1是Ni/SiO2和NiSn/SiO2催化剂还原后的XRD谱图。
图2是Ni3Sn晶胞结构示意图。
图3是Ni3Sn金属间化合物在反应条件下暴露的主要晶面示意图。
图4是Ni/SiO2和NiSn/SiO2催化剂相同转化率下产物选择性比较。
图5是间甲酚转化路径示意图。
图6是Ni/SiO2合NiSn/SiO2催化剂的稳定性比较。
图7是Ni/SiO2和NiSn/SiO2催化剂反应后的O2-TPO谱图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所述的内容便于理解,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步详细说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
实施例1
Ni/SiO2催化剂的制备
称取505mg六水合硝酸镍和830mg尿素溶于3mL水中,滴加至5 g SiO2载体中,搅拌并研磨均匀,静置12h后转移至烘箱,在120℃干燥12h。随后在马弗炉中焙烧,焙烧温度为400℃,焙烧时间为4h,升温速率为2℃/min。最后催化剂在固定床反应器中氢气氛围下还原,还原温度为400℃,还原时间为1h,得到Ni/SiO2催化剂。图1显示了该催化剂的XRD谱图,Ni/SiO2中主要为金属Ni的衍射峰,通过Scherrer公式可以推测出Ni颗粒的尺寸约为11nm。
实施例2
Sn/SiO2催化剂的制备
称取172.5 mg二甲基二氯化锡溶于150 mL甲苯,加入5g SiO2载体搅拌1h。随后滴加12.5 mL的三乙胺,搅拌3h后,过滤,分别用甲苯和乙醇多次洗涤,在烘箱120℃干燥12h,随后在马弗炉空气氛围下580℃焙烧3h,升温速率为1℃/min,得到Sn/SiO2。图1显示了该催化剂在400℃氢气氛中还原1h后的XRD谱图,没有任何Sn物种相关的衍射峰,说明Sn物种在SiO2载体上高度分散。
实施例3
NiSn/SiO2催化剂的制备
将505mg六水合硝酸镍和830mg尿素溶于3mL水中,滴加至5 g 实施例2中的被稍后的Sn/SiO2中,搅拌并研磨均匀,静置12h后转移至烘箱,在120℃干燥12h。随后在马弗炉中焙烧,焙烧温度为400℃,焙烧时间为4h,升温速率为2℃/min。最后催化剂在固定床反应器中氢气氛围下还原,还原温度为400℃,还原时间为1h,得到NiSn/SiO2催化剂。图1显示了该催化剂的XRD谱图,其衍射峰对于与Ni3Sn金属间化合物, 通过Scherrer公式可以算出Ni3Sn颗粒的尺寸约为3 nm。
进一步采用同步辐射表征确认了Ni3Sn金属间化合物的结构。Ni3Sn晶胞结构如图2所示,其中Ni原子为小球,Sn原子为大球。通过原位CO吸附红外验证其暴露晶面主要为Ni3Sn(001)晶面,如图3所示。可以看出,该晶面上,Ni原子(小球)被Sn原子(大球)几何隔断为单位点的结构。
实施例4
Ni/SiO2催化间甲酚加氢脱氧反应
间甲酚加氢脱氧反应在常压气相固定床反应器中进行,催化剂首先在原位条件下400℃还原1h后调节至反应温度350℃。通过定量注射器将间甲酚注射到反应管内,并在进样口加热至220℃以使间甲酚汽化。间甲酚经过催化剂床层,产物在线气相色谱中分析。反应中控制H2/m-Cresol的摩尔比为60,W/F = 0.6h。反应数据如图4所示,在Ni/SiO2催化剂上,间甲酚的转化率为34%左右,然而甲苯的收率仅为4%,其余产物为C-C氢解产物,如甲烷、苯酚和苯。间甲酚在Ni/SiO2催化剂上的反应路径总结与图5中。
实施例5
Sn/SiO2催化间甲酚加氢脱氧反应
木质素衍生酚类化合物间甲酚在Sn/SiO2催化剂上的的反应评价操作同实施案例4。反应结果如图4所示,单独的Sn/SiO2催化剂几乎没有催化间甲酚加氢脱氧的活性。
实施例6
NiSn/SiO2催化间甲酚加氢脱氧反应
木质素衍生酚类化合物在NiSn/SiO2催化剂上的的反应评价操作同实施案例4。反应结果如图4所示,NiSn/SiO2表现出100%的脱氧选择性。甲苯收率为24%,要远高于Ni/SiO2催化剂中的4%。
实施例7
Ni/SiO2催化剂间甲酚加氢脱氧稳定性评价
间甲酚在Ni/SiO2催化剂上转化的稳定性评价操作同实施案例4。反应条件为:W/F= 2.4h,运行时间(Time on stream)为400 min。稳定性评价结果如图6所示,Ni/SiO2催化剂随着运行时间的增加快速失活,在400 min中活性近为初始活性的一半。
实施例8
NiSn/SiO2催化剂间甲酚加氢脱氧稳定性评价
木质素衍生酚类化合物间甲酚在NiSn/SiO2催化剂上转化的稳定性评价操作同实施案例4。反应条件为:W/F = 3.8h,运行时间(Time on stream)为400 min。稳定性评价结果如图6所示,NiSn/SiO2催化剂表现出了优异的稳定性,在运行400 min时没有明显失活。
实施例9
Ni/SiO2催化剂反应后积碳分析
将实施例9中反应后的Ni/SiO2催化剂进行积碳分析。采用O2-程序升温氧化(O2-TPO)表征来分析积碳。O2-TPO表征在化学吸附仪中进行,将催化剂至于U型反应管内,在室温引入5%O2/He, 待基线稳定后以10℃/min的速率升温至850℃。采用在线质谱检测器检测CO2(m/z=44),CO(m/z=28),H2O(m/z=18)等信号。通过脉冲CO2的方式对CO2生成的峰面积进行定量分析。Ni/SiO2催化剂上的O2-TPO结果如图7所示,可以看出该催化剂有明显的积碳,定量分析可以计算出积碳量为1.1%gcarbon/gcat。
实施例12
NiSn/SiO2催化剂反应后积碳分析
将实施例10中反应后的NiSn/SiO2催化剂进行积碳分析。采用O2-TPO表征来分析积碳,操作步骤同实施案例9。NiSn/SiO2的O2-TPO结果如图7所示,可以看出该催化剂表面基本没有积碳的沉积,体现出了其优异的抗积碳性能。
本发明公开和提出的技术方案,本领域技术人员可通过借鉴本文内容,适当改变条件路线等环节实现,尽管本发明的方法和制备技术已通过较佳实施例子进行了描述,相关技术人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容、精神和范围内对本文所述的方法和技术路线进行改动或重新组合,来实现最终的制备技术。特别需要指出的是,所有相类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的,他们都被视为包括在本发明精神、范围和内容中。
Claims (8)
1.一种负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂用于催化木质素衍生酚类化合物模型分子加氢脱氧生成芳烃,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)称取二甲基二氯化锡溶于甲苯,加入SiO2载体搅拌,随后滴加三乙胺,搅拌过滤,分别用甲苯和乙醇洗涤,干燥,在空气氛围下高温焙烧,得到Sn/SiO2;
(2)称取六水合硝酸镍和尿素溶于水中,滴加至步骤(1)所制备的Sn/SiO2中,研磨均匀,室温静置,随后干燥,进一步在空气氛围下焙烧,得到SiO2负载的复合氧化物;
(3)将步骤(2)所制备的SiO2负载的复合氧化物放在管式炉内,在氢气氛中,升温至350-500℃,得到SiO2负载的Ni3Sn金属间化合物催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Ni3Sn金属间化合物的晶粒尺寸为3纳米,且均匀分散在SiO2载体上。
3.根据权利要求1所述负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第(1)步中,在烘箱120℃干燥12 h,随后在马弗炉中580℃焙烧3 h,升温速率为1℃/min。
4.根据权利要求1所述负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第(2)步中,在烘箱中90℃干燥 12h,随后在马弗炉空气氛围下400℃焙烧4h,升温速率为2℃/min。
5.根据权利要求1所述负载型金属间化合物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第(3)步中,以10℃/min的升温速率升温,然后保持1h。
6.一种木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧生成芳烃的方法,其特征在于,使用权利要求1~5任何之一方法制备的催化剂,在常压气相固定床反应器中反应,气氛环境为H2,在进样口加热使木质素衍生酚类化合物汽化,经过催化剂床层发生加氢脱氧反应制备芳烃,H2压力为1 atm,反应温度为250-350℃,反应时间为0.1-4h。
7.根据权利要求6所述的木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧生成芳烃的方法,其特征在于,所述氢气与酚类化合物的摩尔比为60:1。
8.根据权利要求6所述的木质素衍生酚类化合物加氢脱氧生成芳烃的方法,其特征在于,所述的木质素衍生酚类化合物包括间甲酚和苯甲醚。
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