CN115451426B - Accurate measurement method for ignition energy of energetic fuel - Google Patents
Accurate measurement method for ignition energy of energetic fuel Download PDFInfo
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- CN115451426B CN115451426B CN202211036096.8A CN202211036096A CN115451426B CN 115451426 B CN115451426 B CN 115451426B CN 202211036096 A CN202211036096 A CN 202211036096A CN 115451426 B CN115451426 B CN 115451426B
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 100
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001454 recorded image Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q23/00—Testing of ignition installations
- F23Q23/08—Testing of components
- F23Q23/10—Testing of components electrically
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a fuel ignition energy experimental technology, and aims to provide an accurate measurement method for ignition energy of an energetic fuel. The method is to pre-embed the electric heating wire in the forming process of the energetic fuel, and convert the electric energy into heat energy by utilizing the thermal effect of the electric heating wire current. In the experiment, only the power-on time and the ignition time of the energy-containing fuel pressing block are needed to obtain the ignition time; and then the power monitoring module is used for controlling the electric heating wire to work at the set power value, so that the ignition energy of the energetic fuel can be calculated and obtained. The method is simple, practical, accurate and convenient, and solves the problems that the existing method for measuring and calculating the ignition energy of the energetic fuel cannot be realized or is inaccurate in calculation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fuel ignition energy experimental technology, and aims to provide an accurate measurement method for ignition energy of an energetic fuel.
Background
The energetic fuel has high volumetric heat value and mass heat value, is widely applied to spacecraft engines, weapon power devices and explosives, is a main energetic component in common solid propellant and explosives, plays an irreplaceable role in improving the energy density of the propellant or the explosives, and directly influences the energy release process and release degree of the solid propellant or the explosives. The combustion of fuel is an important way and mode of energy release, so the ignition combustion characteristic of the energetic fuel is directly related to the performance of the propellant or explosive, and even influences the navigational speed, navigational range or the power of the explosive weapon of the spacecraft. The combustion process of the fuel is firstly ignition, the ignition of the fuel is a precondition and a precondition of combustion, and the main indexes for measuring the ignition characteristics of the energetic fuel are ignition delay time, ignition energy, ignition temperature and the like, which have important influences on the selection of the energetic fuel, the formulation design of solid propellant or explosive, energy release performance and the like.
At present, the ignition delay time and the ignition temperature are easy to measure, the precision is high, and the measuring method is more, for example, the ignition delay time of the energy-containing fuel can be conveniently measured by adopting a spectrometry or a high-speed shooting method; the ignition temperature of the energetic fuel can be conveniently measured by adopting a radiation pyrometer, a thermal infrared imager, a thermocouple, a thermal balance and the like. However, quantitative determination of ignition energy of energetic fuel is difficult, and no relative instrument and equipment for directly measuring ignition energy and a corresponding calculation method are available at present.
In addition, there are many devices and methods for measuring the ignition performance of the energetic fuel, such as laser ignition method, shock tube, flat flame burner, horizontal or vertical tube furnace, xenon lamp focused ignition, plasma ignition, etc., but these devices or methods can only qualitatively observe or detect the ignition combustion performance of the energetic fuel, and are generally used for comparison experiments, such as whether to effectively ignite the fuel, the ignition time, the combustion intensity, the evolution of the flame morphology and the ignition combustion process, or with the aid of a measuring instrument, the combustion characteristic parameters of ignition temperature, combustion time, etc. can be obtained, but generally, the relatively accurate ignition energy cannot be obtained. Methods such as laser ignition, xenon lamp spot ignition, plasma ignition, etc. are all large (high) energy ignition, i.e. use much more excess energy, so the amount of ignition energy actually used for and absorbed by energetic fuel cannot be known; the methods of flat flame burners, horizontal or vertical tube furnaces, etc., provide a relatively high ambient temperature to ignite the sample, and the energy consumed by this high temperature environment is completely unequal to the energy actually required by the energetic fuel sample (the former is much greater than the latter), so that the ignition energy actually required by the energetic fuel is not known.
In summary, the technology for measuring the ignition energy of the energetic fuel more accurately is a problem which needs to be solved urgently at present, and has important practical significance for the application of the energetic fuel in a correct, efficient and low-cost manner and the full play of the energy effect of the energetic fuel.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of overcoming the defects in the prior art and providing an accurate measurement method for ignition energy of energy-containing fuel.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following solutions:
providing an accurate measurement method of the ignition energy of the energetic fuel, wherein the method is realized based on the accurate measurement device of the ignition energy of the energetic fuel;
the device comprises an electric heating wire ignition system, a high-speed camera and a synchronous controller; the heating wire ignition system comprises a power module and a heating wire pre-buried in the energetic fuel pressing block, wherein a direct-current power supply and a power monitoring module are arranged in the power module; the power monitoring module is connected to the two ends of the heating wire and used for controlling the heating wire to heat with set power; the camera of the high-speed camera is aligned to the energetic fuel pressing block, and the synchronous controller is respectively connected with the power monitoring module and the high-speed camera through signal wires and is used for synchronizing the heating of the heating wire and the time of the start recording of the high-speed camera;
the method for accurately measuring the ignition energy of the energetic fuel specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing the heating section of the heating wire in a pressing die, filling powdery energetic fuel, compacting and forming to obtain an energetic fuel pressing block with the heating wire embedded therein;
(2) Connecting a direct current power supply in the power module and connecting terminals at two ends of the heating section of the heating wire by using a wire, and connecting a power monitoring module in the power module with the connecting terminals at two ends of the heating wire; the power monitoring module, the synchronous controller and the high-speed camera are sequentially connected by utilizing a signal wire;
(3) Setting the working power of the heating wire by using a power monitoring module;
(4) Starting a power monitoring module and a high-speed camera by using a synchronous controller, so that the heating starting time of the heating wire is synchronous with the recording starting time of the high-speed camera; the energy-containing fuel pressing block ignites and continuously burns after heating the heating wire for a certain time, the power monitoring module controls the heating wire to work at constant power P, and the high-speed camera records the whole ignition process;
(5) If the ignition is successful, the ignition can be judged;
firstly, calculating the ignition time t of the energy-containing fuel pressure according to the heating starting time of the heating wire and the ignition time of the energy-containing fuel pressing block recorded by the high-speed camera; and then the ignition energy E of the energetic fuel is calculated according to the formula E=Pt.
As a preferable mode of the present invention, the active ingredient of the energetic fuel in the energetic fuel compact is any one of the following: aluminum powder, boron powder, magnesium powder, solid propellant or explosive.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, after ignition of the energetic fuel compact, the high speed camera continues recording until combustion is completed, and the recorded image information is used for analysis of combustion sustainability.
As a preferable mode of the present invention, the heating wire is a linear heating wire or a spiral heating wire made of a solid alloy material.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the heating section of the heating wire is embedded in the energetic fuel block in a penetrating way and keeps consistent with the width of the same directional section of the energetic fuel block.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the energetic fuel pressing block is formed by compression molding, and the shape of the energetic fuel pressing block is cubic; the section of the pressing block is square, the side length is 5-8 mm, and the height is 5-10 mm; the linear type heating wire with the diameter of 0.5mm is positioned on the central axis of the energy-containing fuel pressing block and is 1mm away from the surface of the pressing block, and the length of the heating section is consistent with the width of the section of the pressing block.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, two ends of the heating section of the heating wire are respectively provided with a wiring terminal.
Description of the inventive principles:
the present invention adopts compression molding to compact the energy-containing fuel into blocks, and a heating wire is buried in the blocks in advance in the molding and manufacturing process, so that the energy-containing fuel blocks with the heating wires are prepared. When the experiment is measured, the electric heating wire in the pressing block is connected with the direct current power supply through the electric wire, the power supply is turned on, the output voltage is quickly increased, when current passes through the electric heating wire with a certain resistance, the current works to consume electric energy, thereby generating heat, therefore, the electric heating wire in the pressing block can instantly generate heat and heat after being electrified, and when the electric heating wire reaches a certain heat dissipation capacity and meets the energy requirement of energy-containing fuel ignition, the pressing block is ignited and continuously combusted. Meanwhile, the temperature is quickly increased after the energetic fuel is ignited and burned, so that the heating wire is quickly fused and is not electrified, and the subsequent burning process of the energetic fuel is not influenced. When the power monitoring module is used for switching on a direct current power supply, the synchronous controller can automatically turn on the high-speed camera to carry out whole-course shooting on the ignition combustion process, and whether the self-sustaining combustion is carried out after the energy-containing fuel is ignited is judged according to shooting records, so that whether the ignition is successful or not and the ignition moment are determined.
Because the heating wires are all buried in the energetic fuel briquettes, the heat emitted by the heating wires during operation can be considered to be all transferred to the fuel. Therefore, after confirming that the ignition of the pressing block is successful, the ignition moment is determined according to the image data recorded by the high-speed camera, and the ignition power accumulated value (namely the ignition energy) of the energetic fuel can be obtained by calculating the power accumulated value of the heating wire in the ignition time after the heating wire is electrified.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical effects that:
(1) The method of pre-embedding the electric heating wire in the forming process of the energetic fuel is adopted, and the electric energy is converted into heat energy by utilizing the thermal effect of the electric heating wire current. In the experiment, only the power-on time and the ignition time of the energy-containing fuel pressing block are needed to obtain the ignition time; and then the power monitoring module is used for controlling the electric heating wire to work at the set power value, so that the ignition energy of the energetic fuel can be calculated and obtained. The method is simple, practical, accurate and convenient, and solves the problems that the existing method for measuring and calculating the ignition energy of the energetic fuel cannot be realized or is inaccurate in calculation.
(2) The invention is not limited by the type of the energetic fuel, and the ignition energy of the energetic fuel can be obtained through accurate and simple calculation as long as the voltage or current passing through the heating wire is regulated to enable the working power to be matched with the ignition performance of the fuel and finally to be successfully ignited. Therefore, the method greatly widens the range of energetic fuels which can be tested and calculated by using experiments.
(3) The pre-buried heating wire is utilized to perform ignition measurement and calculation on the energetic fuel, and the ignition and combustion process of the sample are less affected. When the energetic fuel is ignited, the energy is released and the temperature is raised, so that the thin heating wire can be melted and disconnected (blown) very quickly at high temperature, and the heating wire is not electrified and heated any more and is melted and disappeared, thereby the subsequent combustion process of the energetic fuel is not influenced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an accurate measurement of ignition energy of an energetic fuel compact.
Fig. 2 is a view in the direction a of fig. 1.
Reference numerals: the energy-containing fuel briquetting 1, heating wires 2, a wire 3, a power module 4, a high-speed camera 5 and a synchronous controller 6.
Detailed Description
The precise measuring device and method for ignition energy of the energetic fuel according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the precise measuring device for the ignition energy of the energetic fuel comprises an energetic fuel pressing block 1, an electric heating wire ignition system, a high-speed camera 5 and a synchronous controller 6; the heating wire ignition system comprises a power module 4 and a heating wire 2 pre-buried in an energy-containing fuel pressing block, wherein a direct-current power supply and a power monitoring module are arranged in the power module 4; the power monitoring module is connected to two ends of the heating wire 2 and used for controlling the heating wire to heat with set power; the camera of the high-speed camera 5 is aligned with the energetic fuel briquetting 1, and the synchronous controller 6 is respectively connected with the power monitoring module and the high-speed camera 5 through signal wires and is used for synchronizing the heating of the heating wire 2 and the time of the high-speed camera 5 to start recording.
In the invention, the power monitoring module is used for monitoring the working voltage and current of the heating wire 2, carrying out power calculation based on the monitoring data, and automatically and continuously regulating the direct-current voltage or current output by the direct-current power supply according to the calculation result, so that the working power of the final heating wire is controlled to meet the requirement of a preset value. The power monitoring module belongs to a commercially available mature product, various types of products are selectable, and the power monitoring module can be automatically built according to design purposes, so that the specific implementation content of the power monitoring module is not repeated.
As other alternatives: the heating wire can be a linear heating wire or a spiral product made of solid alloy material (such as nichrome), and the heating section of the heating wire is embedded in the energetic fuel pressing block in a penetrating way and keeps consistent with the width of the same directional section of the energetic fuel pressing block. Binding posts are respectively arranged at two ends of the heating section of the heating wire 2 and used for being connected with a lead 3, and the power monitoring module is also connected with the binding posts of the heating wire 2 through the lead 3.
As one example, the energetic fuel compact is compression molded, which is cubic in shape; the section of the pressing block is square, the side length is 5-8 mm, and the height is 5-10 mm; the linear type heating wire with the diameter of 0.5mm is positioned on the central axis of the energy-containing fuel pressing block and is 1mm away from the surface of the pressing block, and the length of the heating section is consistent with the width of the section of the pressing block. The direct current power supply 4 is an optional adjustable direct current stabilized voltage power supply UDP5303, and the equipment is provided with a power monitoring module and a display screen for displaying monitoring data in real time. High-speed camera 5 alternative AVT novel color high-speed camera (Bonito-400 c)
The invention relates to a precise measurement method of ignition energy of energetic fuel, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing the heating section of the heating wire 2 in a pressing die, filling powdery energetic fuel, compacting and forming to obtain an energetic fuel pressing block 1 of the pre-buried heating wire; according to past experience, after the energetic materials are briquetted, the size of the briquetted volume of the same energetic material under laboratory test conditions has little influence on ignition energy and can be ignored.
(2) Connecting a direct current power supply in the power module and connecting terminals at two ends of a heating section of the heating wire 2 by using a lead 3, and connecting a power monitoring module in the power module with the connecting terminals at two ends of the heating wire 2; the power monitoring module, the synchronous controller 6 and the high-speed camera 5 are sequentially connected by signal wires;
(3) Setting the working power of the heating wire 2 by using a power monitoring module;
(4) Starting a power monitoring module and a high-speed camera 5 by using a synchronous controller 6, so that the time when the heating wire 2 starts to heat is synchronous with the time when the high-speed camera 5 starts to record;
(5) If the ignition is successful, the ignition can be judged; calculating the ignition time t of the energy-containing fuel pressure 1 according to the heating starting time of the heating wire 2 and the ignition time of the energy-containing fuel pressing block recorded by the high-speed camera 5; because the heating wire 2 is entirely embedded in the energetic fuel compact, it can be considered that the heat dissipation after the heating wire works is absorbed by the energetic fuel, that is, the accumulated value of the power P in the ignition time period t after the heating wire 2 is electrified is the accumulated value of the ignition power (that is, the ignition energy) of the energetic fuel.
The ignition energy E of the energetic fuel can be calculated according to the following formula:
E＝Pt
(6) After ignition of the energetic fuel compact 1, the high speed camera 5 continues recording until combustion is completed, and the recorded image information is used for analysis of combustion sustainability.
In the energetic fuel compact, the active ingredient of the energetic fuel is any one of the following: aluminum powder, boron powder, magnesium powder, solid propellant or explosive.
Table 1 shows the specific parameters and ignition energy measurement calculations in various embodiments of the present invention.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, under the test conditions described in this patent, the power required for ignition of the individual metal powder fuels is relatively large, typically above 24 watts; after the propellant or the metal powder is added with ammonium perchlorate (the main component of the propellant), the ignition power is obviously reduced, and is generally between 10 and 24 watts; while the explosive ignition power is minimal, below 10 watts, the results of the implementation in table 1 are shown to be consistent with the ignition characteristics of the actual energetic fuel.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. The method is characterized by being realized based on the following precise measuring device for the ignition energy of the energetic fuel;
the device comprises an electric heating wire ignition system, a high-speed camera and a synchronous controller; the heating wire ignition system comprises a power module and a heating wire pre-buried in the energetic fuel pressing block, wherein a direct-current power supply and a power monitoring module are arranged in the power module; the power monitoring module is connected to the two ends of the heating wire and used for controlling the heating wire to heat with set power; the camera of the high-speed camera is aligned to the energetic fuel pressing block, and the synchronous controller is respectively connected with the power monitoring module and the high-speed camera through signal wires and is used for synchronizing the heating of the heating wire and the time of the start recording of the high-speed camera;
the method for accurately measuring the ignition energy of the energetic fuel specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing the heating section of the heating wire in a pressing die, filling powdery energetic fuel, compacting and forming to obtain an energetic fuel pressing block with the heating wire embedded therein;
(2) Connecting a direct current power supply in the power module and connecting terminals at two ends of the heating section of the heating wire by using a wire, and connecting a power monitoring module in the power module with the connecting terminals at two ends of the heating wire; the power monitoring module, the synchronous controller and the high-speed camera are sequentially connected by utilizing a signal wire;
(3) Setting the working power of the heating wire by using a power monitoring module;
(4) Starting a power monitoring module and a high-speed camera by using a synchronous controller, so that the heating starting time of the heating wire is synchronous with the recording starting time of the high-speed camera; the energy-containing fuel pressing block ignites and continuously burns after heating the heating wire for a certain time, the power monitoring module controls the heating wire to work at constant power P, and the high-speed camera records the whole ignition process;
(5) If the ignition is successful, the ignition can be judged;
firstly, calculating the ignition time t of the energy-containing fuel pressure according to the heating starting time of the heating wire and the ignition time of the energy-containing fuel pressing block recorded by the high-speed camera; and then the ignition energy E of the energetic fuel is calculated according to the formula E=Pt.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the active component of the energetic fuel in the energetic fuel compact is any one of the following: aluminum powder, boron powder, magnesium powder, solid propellant or explosive.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein after ignition of the energetic fuel compact, the high speed camera continues recording until combustion is complete, and the recorded image information is used for analysis of combustion sustainability.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating wire is a linear heating wire or a spiral heating wire made of a solid alloy material.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating section of the heating wire is embedded throughout the energetic fuel compact and is consistent with the width of the co-directional cross section of the energetic fuel compact.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the energetic fuel compact is compression molded to a cube shape; the section of the pressing block is square, the side length is 5-8 mm, and the height is 5-10 mm; the linear type heating wire with the diameter of 0.5mm is positioned on the central axis of the energy-containing fuel pressing block and is 1mm away from the surface of the pressing block, and the length of the heating section is consistent with the width of the section of the pressing block.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating sections of the heating wire are provided with connection terminals at both ends thereof, respectively.
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| JP2006286544A (en) * | 2005-04-04 | 2006-10-19 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell system |
| CN101324341A (en) * | 2008-07-09 | 2008-12-17 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Apparatus and method of pulverized coal boiler pure oxygen ignition / steady combustion |
| CN102203397A (en) * | 2010-01-25 | 2011-09-28 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Gas turbine control device and gas turbine starting method |
| CN104775909A (en) * | 2014-01-10 | 2015-07-15 | 福特环球技术公司 | Laser ignition system based diagnostics |
| KR101851684B1 (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-24 | 한국가스안전공사 | Testing device for hydrogen jet flame and testing method for hydrogen jet flame using that |
| CN109270209A (en) * | 2018-10-16 | 2019-01-25 | 中国科学技术大学 | Phosphine gas fumigates grain various factors coupling under environment and ignites mechanism research experiment platform |
-
2022
- 2022-08-27 CN CN202211036096.8A patent/CN115451426B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2006286544A (en) * | 2005-04-04 | 2006-10-19 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell system |
| CN101324341A (en) * | 2008-07-09 | 2008-12-17 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Apparatus and method of pulverized coal boiler pure oxygen ignition / steady combustion |
| CN102203397A (en) * | 2010-01-25 | 2011-09-28 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Gas turbine control device and gas turbine starting method |
| CN104775909A (en) * | 2014-01-10 | 2015-07-15 | 福特环球技术公司 | Laser ignition system based diagnostics |
| KR101851684B1 (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-04-24 | 한국가스안전공사 | Testing device for hydrogen jet flame and testing method for hydrogen jet flame using that |
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