CN115445617A - Catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, preparation method and application - Google Patents
Catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of inorganic material preparation, and discloses a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a preparation method and application thereof. The catalyst has a structure that a single metal is loaded on carbon-based silicon dioxide; the single metal is from a fourth period transition element. The preparation method of the catalyst is to synthesize the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation by stirring, hydrothermal method and one-step method. The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation is used for catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to prepare 2, 5-dimethylfuran, and the conversion rate of HMF is 100% of the highest conversion rate; the selectivity of DMF is more than 95 percent and reaches as high as 99 percent; the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation has good stability and recycling property, and still has higher conversion rate and selectivity after being recycled for many times.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of inorganic material preparation, and relates to a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the diminishing number of non-sustainable energy sources (such as oil, gas and coal), the global energy crisis is becoming more and more intense; many fossil fuels are rapidly consumed, resulting in increased emissions of exhaust gases (such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxide) year by year. Meanwhile, environmental and social problems such as greenhouse effect and acid rain become more and more noticeable, and much attention has been paid to the prospect and the light strategy for improving the current carbon-rich energy problem by developing and searching for alternatives to fossil fuels; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be prepared by dehydrating glucose, fructose and the like, is easy to obtain and can be regenerated, and a large amount of derivatives with additional values can be produced by the preparation method, so that the preparation method has very important platform applicability; in the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reaction product, not only 2, 5-di (hydroxymethyl) furan, which is a raw material for synthesizing ethers, ketones and resins, but also 2, 5-Dimethylfuran (DMF), 2, 5-furandioic acid (FDCA), 2, 5-di (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF), and the like can be produced; the production of these chemicals can be used as pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polymers, etc., and are of market value.
However, in the prior art, as a noble metal catalyst and hydrogen are mostly adopted as a reaction system for catalytic hydrogenation, 2, 5-dimethylfuran is prepared by catalyzing 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), although an excellent activity result is obtained, the reaction has certain disadvantages, such as high cost of noble metal, high difficulty in transportation and storage and potential safety hazard in use, and hydrogen (hydrogen source) is derived from non-renewable energy; or the composite metal material is used as the catalyst, but the composite metal catalyst is complex in synthesis and preparation, the process is not easy to control, and good activity can be embodied only at higher temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a preparation method and application thereof, so as to solve the problems.
The purpose of the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, wherein the catalyst has a structure that a single metal is supported on carbon-based silica.
Preferably, the single metal is from a fourth period transition element.
More preferably, the single metal is selected from any one of copper, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron.
Preferably, the carbon source in the catalyst is selected from any one of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid, phthalic acid, glucose and dimethyl imidazole.
Preferably, the monometallic source in the catalyst is a copper source selected from any one of copper nitrate trihydrate, copper chloride dihydrate and copper sulfate pentahydrate.
Preferably, the silicon source in the catalyst is selected from silica sol or ethyl orthosilicate.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation, comprising the steps of:
(1) Respectively dissolving a carbon source and a monometal source in ethanol and deionized water, and mixing the two solutions to obtain a solution A;
(2) Adding a silicon source into the mixed solution A in the step (1), and stirring to obtain a mixed solution B;
(3) And (3) transferring the mixed solution B obtained in the step (2) into a reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction in an oven, separating the obtained solid-liquid mixture, washing the separated solid, drying and grinding to obtain the catalyst.
Preferably, in the step (1), the carbon source is selected from any one of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid, phthalic acid, glucose and dimethyl imidazole.
More preferably, in the step (1), the carbon source is 1,3, 5-trimesic acid.
Preferably, in the step (1), the single metal source is a copper source selected from any one of copper nitrate trihydrate, copper chloride dihydrate and copper sulfate pentahydrate.
More preferably, in the step (1), the copper source is copper nitrate trihydrate.
Preferably, in the step (1), the mass ratio of the 1,3, 4-trimesic acid to the copper nitrate trihydrate is 1.
Preferably, in the step (2), the silicon source is selected from silica sol or ethyl orthosilicate.
More preferably, in the step (2), the silicon source is silica sol.
Preferably, in the step (2), the silicon source is added with Cu: the mass ratio of Si is 22-6.
Preferably, in the step (2), the stirring time is 0.5-2 h.
Preferably, in the step (3), the hydrothermal temperature is 120-150 ℃ and the hydrothermal reaction time is 24 hours.
Preferably, in the step (3), the washing process is 2 times of ethanol washing and 2 times of deionized water washing, the drying temperature is 80 ℃, and the drying time is 12-24 hours.
In a third aspect, the invention also provides an application of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction.
The catalyst is applied to catalyzing the transfer hydrogenation reaction of compounds containing aldehyde groups and hydroxyl groups.
The application of the catalyst in preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran.
The catalyst is applied to the preparation of 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
Preferably, the catalyst for preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural comprises the following steps:
(1) Fusing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, the catalyst, toluene and a solvent;
(2) Reacting under the condition of specified gas pressurization, cooling and filtering to obtain the 2, 5-dimethylfuran.
Preferably, in the step (1), the mass ratio of the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to the catalyst is 1:0.1 to 0.5.
Preferably, in the step (1), the solvent is at least one of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and sec-butanol.
More preferably, in the step (1), the solvent is isopropanol.
Preferably, in the step (2), the specified gas is nitrogen or a rare gas.
Preferably, in the step (2), the pressure reaction pressure is 0 to 3MPa.
More preferably, in the step (2), the pressure of the pressurized reaction is 3MPa.
Preferably, in the step (2), the reaction temperature is 120-200 ℃ and the reaction time is 1-8 h.
More preferably, in the step (2), the reaction temperature is 180 ℃ and the reaction time is 1-5 h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation provided by the invention has high catalytic transfer hydrogenation activity under the condition that hydrogen is not used as a hydrogen donor (nitrogen is used as the hydrogen donor), and shows high conversion rate and high selectivity; the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation is applied to the preparation of 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and the conversion rate of HMF is 100 percent of the highest conversion rate; the selectivity of DMF (2, 5-dimethylfuran) is more than 95 percent and is as high as 99 percent;
(2) The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation provided by the invention has good stability and recycling property, and still has higher conversion rate and selectivity after being recycled for many times;
(3) The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation is synthesized by a hydrothermal method and a one-step method, and the preparation method is simple, simple and convenient to operate and high in preparation efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the conversion of HMF and selectivity of DMF in examples 1-4 of the present invention at different Cu: activity data plot at Si mass ratio.
FIG. 2 is an SEM scanning electron micrograph of a catalyst prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the number of cycles of the catalyst obtained in example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the description of the embodiments is provided to help understanding of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the respective embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The starting materials, reagents or apparatus used in the following examples are conventionally commercially available or can be obtained by conventionally known methods, unless otherwise specified.
Examples
With reference to the accompanying figures 1-3,
a catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation has a structure that a single metal is loaded on carbon-based silicon dioxide; the single metal is from a fourth period transition element.
A preparation method of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation comprises the following steps:
(1) Respectively dissolving a carbon source and a monometal source in ethanol and deionized water, and mixing the two solutions to obtain a mixed solution A;
(2) Adding a silicon source into the mixed solution A obtained in the step (1), and stirring to obtain a mixed solution B;
(3) And (3) moving the mixed solution B in the step (2) into a reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction in an oven, separating the obtained solid-liquid mixture, washing, drying and grinding the separated solid to obtain the catalyst.
The following description will be made in detail with reference to a number of specific embodiments.
Example 1
The preparation method of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation comprises the following steps:
dissolving 2.52g of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid and 2.1148g of copper nitrate trihydrate in 50mL of ethanol and deionized water respectively, stirring at 400rpm for 30 minutes, slowly dropping the obtained 1,3, 5-trimesic acid solution into the copper nitrate trihydrate solution at 4mL/min, stirring at 400rpm for 2 hours to form a sky blue solution, dropping 1.2g of silica sol (30% silica) and stirring for 30 minutes, transferring the mixed solution into a stainless steel-sealed polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, reacting at 150 ℃ for 24 hours, cooling the reaction kettle to room temperature, separating the solid-liquid mixture by using a Buchner funnel, filtering with deionized water for 2 times, filtering with ethanol for 2 times, taking the precipitate, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃ overnight for 12h, wherein: si =6.5:1, obtaining the catalyst 1.
The method for preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by using the catalyst 1 comprises the following steps of:
to a 100ml autoclave were added reactants 0.2g HMF, 0.04g catalyst, 0.05g toluene and 30ml isopropyl alcohol (IPA), purged with nitrogen to remove dissolved O 2 Or air, then 1.75MPa nitrogen is introduced, the reaction is carried out for 4 hours at 180 ℃ and the mechanical stirring speed of 500rpm, after the reaction is finished, the reaction solution is rapidly cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution is filtered to obtain a DMF product, and the activity result is obtained after gas chromatography analysis.
The activity results for catalyst 1 were: HMF conversion was 100% and DMF selectivity was 38%.
Due to the alcoholic hydroxyl group, aldehyde group and furan ring contained in HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), the key to obtaining DMF (2, 5-dimethylfuran) is to hydrogenate only the aldehyde group and hydroxyl group and not other functional groups; therefore, the selection of a proper catalyst system is of great significance for improving the activity of converting HMF into DMF. The invention selects Cu/C @ SiO2, and utilizes the special coating structure thereof, so that the catalyst has high utilization rate of Cu; the inventors have surprisingly found that the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation can perform transfer hydrogenation under safer conditions and has high conversion rate and selectivity; the catalyst has stable structure and stable performance, still has higher conversion rate and selectivity after being recycled for many times, and the conversion rate and the selectivity are incomparable with other single metal catalysts. Meanwhile, the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation is synthesized by stirring, hydrothermal and one-step method, and the preparation method is simple, convenient to operate and extremely high in preparation efficiency.
Example 2
The preparation method of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation comprises the following steps:
2.52g of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid and 4.3380g of copper nitrate trihydrate are respectively dissolved in 50mL of ethanol and deionized water, stirred at 400rpm for 30 minutes, the obtained 1,3, 5-trimesic acid solution is slowly dripped into the copper nitrate trihydrate solution at 4mL/min, stirred at 400rpm for 2 hours to form a sky blue solution, 1.2g of silica sol (30% silica) is dripped, stirred for 30 minutes, the mixed solution is transferred into a stainless steel sealed polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle and reacted at 150 ℃ for 24 hours, after the reaction kettle is cooled to room temperature, the solid-liquid mixture is separated by a Buchner funnel, filtered by deionized water for 2 times, filtered by ethanol for 2 times, the precipitate is dried in an 80 ℃ oven overnight for 12h, cu: si =13.4:1, and obtaining a catalyst 2.
The method for preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by using a catalyst 2 comprises the following steps:
to a 100ml autoclave were charged reactants of 0.2g HMF, 0.04g catalyst, 0.05g toluene and 30ml isopropyl alcohol (IPA), purged with nitrogen to remove dissolved O 2 Or air, then 1.75MPa nitrogen is introduced, the reaction is carried out for 4 hours at 180 ℃ and the mechanical stirring speed of 500rpm, after the reaction is finished, the reaction solution is rapidly cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution is filtered to obtain a DMF product, and the activity result is obtained after gas chromatography analysis.
The activity results for catalyst 2 were: HMF conversion was 100% and DMF selectivity was 99%.
Example 3
The preparation method of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation comprises the following steps:
dissolving 2.52g of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid and 5.2056g of copper nitrate trihydrate in 50mL of ethanol and deionized water respectively, stirring at 400rpm for 30 minutes, slowly dropping the obtained 1,3, 5-trimesic acid solution into the copper nitrate trihydrate solution at 4mL/min, stirring at 400rpm for 2 hours to form a sky blue solution, dropping 1.2g of silica sol (30% silica) and stirring for 30 minutes, transferring the mixed solution into a stainless steel-sealed polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, reacting at 150 ℃ for 24 hours, cooling the reaction kettle to room temperature, separating the solid-liquid mixture by using a Buchner funnel, filtering with deionized water for 2 times, filtering with ethanol for 2 times, taking the precipitate, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃ overnight for 12h, wherein: si =16:1, and obtaining a catalyst 3.
The method for preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with a catalyst 3 comprises the following steps of:
to a 100ml autoclave were charged reactants of 0.2g HMF, 0.04g catalyst, 0.05g toluene and 30ml isopropyl alcohol (IPA), purged with nitrogen to remove dissolved O 2 Or air, then introducedReacting under the conditions of 180 ℃ and 500rpm of mechanical stirring speed for 4 hours under the nitrogen of 1.75MPa, quickly cooling to room temperature after the reaction is finished, filtering reaction liquid to obtain a DMF product, and analyzing by gas chromatography to obtain an activity result.
The activity results for catalyst 3 were: HMF conversion was 100% and DMF selectivity was 69.1%.
Example 4
The preparation method of the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation comprises the following steps:
dissolving 2.52g of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid and 7.1577g of copper nitrate trihydrate in 50mL of ethanol and deionized water respectively, stirring at 400rpm for 30 minutes, slowly dropping the obtained 1,3, 5-trimesic acid solution into the copper nitrate trihydrate solution at 4mL/min, stirring at 400rpm for 2 hours to form a sky blue solution, dropping 1.2g of silica sol (30% silica) and stirring for 30 minutes, transferring the mixed solution into a stainless steel-sealed polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, reacting at 150 ℃ for 24 hours, cooling the reaction kettle to room temperature, separating the solid-liquid mixture by using a Buchner funnel, filtering with deionized water for 2 times, filtering with ethanol for 2 times, taking the precipitate, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃ overnight for 12h, wherein: si =22:1, obtaining the catalyst 4.
The method for preparing 2, 5-dimethylfuran by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with a catalyst 4 comprises the following steps:
to a 100ml autoclave were added reactants 0.2g HMF, 0.04g catalyst, 0.05g toluene and 30ml isopropyl alcohol (IPA), purged with nitrogen to remove dissolved O 2 Or air, then 1.75MPa nitrogen is introduced, the reaction is carried out for 4 hours at 180 ℃ and the mechanical stirring speed of 500rpm, after the reaction is finished, the reaction solution is rapidly cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution is filtered to obtain a DMF product, and the activity result is obtained after gas chromatography analysis.
The activity results for catalyst 4 were: HMF conversion was 100% and DMF selectivity was 41.9%.
As shown in fig. 1, the conversion of HMF and the selectivity of DMF were measured at different Cu: the activity data in terms of Si mass ratio can be seen from the figure when Cu: the mass ratio of Si is 22:1, the conversion rate of HMF is 100%, wherein the conversion rate into DMF is 41.9%; when Cu: the Si ratio is 16:1, the conversion rate of HMF is 100%, wherein the conversion rate into DMF is 69.1%; when Cu: the Si ratio is 13.4:1, the conversion rate of HMF is 100%, wherein the conversion rate into DMF is 99%; when Cu: the Si ratio is 6.5:1, the conversion rate of HMF is 100%, wherein the conversion rate into DMF is 38%; when Cu: the Si ratio is 1: at 1, the conversion of HMF was 86%, with a 16% conversion to DMF.
As shown in fig. 2, which is an SEM electron micrograph of the catalyst prepared in inventive example 2,
as shown in FIG. 3, which is a graph of the number of cycles of the catalyst obtained in example 2 of the present invention, it can be seen that when the number of cycles of the catalyst used is 1, the conversion of HMF is 100%, wherein the conversion ratio to DMF is 99%; when the using cycle number of the catalyst is 2 times, the conversion rate of HMF is 100 percent, wherein the conversion rate of the HMF into DMF is 97 percent; when the using cycle number of the catalyst is 3 times, the conversion rate of HMF is 100 percent, wherein the conversion rate of the HMF into DMF is 95 percent; when the using cycle number of the catalyst is 4 times, the conversion rate of HMF is 100 percent, wherein the conversion rate of the HMF into DMF is 92 percent; when the number of cycles of use of the catalyst was 5, the conversion of HMF was 100%, with a conversion to DMF of 90%.
The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation provided by the invention is used for catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to prepare 2, 5-dimethylfuran, and the conversion rate of HMF is 100% of the highest conversion rate; the selectivity of DMF is more than 95 percent and reaches up to 99 percent; the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation has good stability and recycling property, and still has higher conversion rate and selectivity after being recycled for many times.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation is characterized in that the structure of the catalyst is that a single metal is loaded on carbon-based silicon dioxide; the single metal is from a fourth period transition element.
2. A method for preparing the catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(1) Respectively dissolving a carbon source and a monometal source in ethanol and deionized water, and mixing the two solutions to obtain a mixed solution A;
(2) Adding a silicon source into the mixed solution A obtained in the step (1), and stirring to obtain a mixed solution B;
(3) And (3) moving the mixed solution B in the step (2) into a reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction in an oven, separating the obtained solid-liquid mixture, washing, drying and grinding the separated solid to obtain the catalyst.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the step (1), the carbon source is any one of 1,3, 5-trimesic acid, phthalic acid, glucose and dimethylimidazole; the single metal source is a copper source, and the copper source is any one of copper nitrate trihydrate, copper chloride dihydrate and copper sulfate pentahydrate.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the carbon source is 1,3, 4-trimesic acid, the copper source is copper nitrate trihydrate, and the mass ratio of 1,3, 4-trimesic acid to copper nitrate trihydrate is 1.
5. The method for preparing a catalyst according to claim 2, wherein in the step (2), the silicon source is silica sol or ethyl orthosilicate, the silicon source is added according to a molar ratio (mass ratio) of Cu to Si of 22-6.5.
6. The preparation method according to claim 2, wherein in the step (3), the hydrothermal temperature is 120 ℃ to 150 ℃, the hydrothermal reaction is carried out for 24 hours, the washing process is ethanol washing for 2 times, deionized water washing for 2 times, the drying temperature is 80 ℃, and the drying time is 12 to 24 hours.
7. Use of the catalyst of claim 1 in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions for the catalytic production of 2, 5-dimethylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
8. The use of the catalyst of claim 7 in catalytic transfer hydrogenation, wherein the process for catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2, 5-dimethylfuran comprises the steps of:
(1) Mixing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, the catalyst, benzene and a solvent;
(2) The reaction was carried out under pressure with a prescribed gas, cooled, and filtered to obtain 2, 5-dimethylfuran.
9. The use of the catalyst according to claim 8 in catalytic transfer hydrogenation, wherein in step (1), the mass ratio of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to the catalyst is 1:0.1 to 0.5; the solvent is at least one of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and sec-butanol.
10. The use of the catalyst of claim 8 in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions, wherein in step (2), the designated gas is nitrogen or a noble gas at a pressure of 3Mpa; the reaction temperature is 120-200 ℃, and the reaction time is 1-5 h.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105251491A (en) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-01-20 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Catalyst for preparing 2,5-dimethylfuran through selective hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and preparation method of catalyst |
| CN109794244A (en) * | 2019-01-16 | 2019-05-24 | 广州大学 | A kind of copper catalyst and its preparation method and application for 5 hydroxymethyl furfural selective hydrogenation |
| US20200230578A1 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2020-07-23 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Transition metal(s) catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon and its use in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions |
| CN112742482A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-05-04 | 广州大学 | Catalyst for catalytic hydrogenation, preparation method and application thereof |
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2022
- 2022-08-29 CN CN202211038485.4A patent/CN115445617A/en active Pending
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| US20200230578A1 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2020-07-23 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Transition metal(s) catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon and its use in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions |
| CN105251491A (en) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-01-20 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Catalyst for preparing 2,5-dimethylfuran through selective hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and preparation method of catalyst |
| CN109794244A (en) * | 2019-01-16 | 2019-05-24 | 广州大学 | A kind of copper catalyst and its preparation method and application for 5 hydroxymethyl furfural selective hydrogenation |
| CN112742482A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-05-04 | 广州大学 | Catalyst for catalytic hydrogenation, preparation method and application thereof |
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| JIA-YIN LIN ET AL.: "Selective aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran catalyze d by Cu-base d metal organic frameworks with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-oxyl", 《JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS》, vol. 102, pages 242 - 249 * |
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