CN115424870A - Biomass-derived carbon material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Biomass-derived carbon material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000255789 Bombyx mori Species 0.000 claims description 15
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009656 pre-carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005323 carbonate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 25
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 40
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- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 17
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004966 Carbon aerogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001804 chlorine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012983 electrochemical energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molecular nitrogen;molecular oxygen Chemical compound N#N.O=O DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002055 nanoplate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a biomass-derived carbon material and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of biomass-derived carbon materials 2 CO 3 ) And potassium chloride (KCl) in a mass ratio of 0.5-2:1. Compared with the prior art of activating and carbonizing biomass, the carbon material prepared by the method has a unique 2D carbon nanosheet structure, a large specific surface area, a high specific capacitance and high rate stability. The method provides great application potential for the material of the capacitor electrode, the catalyst, the adsorbent and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of biomass-derived carbon materials, in particular to a biomass-derived carbon material and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Carbon materials are commonly carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fibers, carbon aerogels, activated carbon and the like. The activated carbon is the most applied and mature electrode material of the super capacitor at present and is also the electrode material of the commercial electric double layer capacitor at present.
The biomass-derived carbon material is one of activated carbons, and is still a research hotspot in the research and development field of electrode materials so far due to the unique advantages of high specific surface area, excellent graphite conductivity, easy compounding with other materials, rich heteroatom self-doping (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and the like) and the like.
At present, the methods for activating biomass are various, the process for preparing the porous carbon material by using the KOH biomass activation method is basically mature, most prepared carbon materials have higher specific surface area, but most pore structures of the materials are disordered micropores, the fast transmission of electrolyte ions is not facilitated, and the use of strong corrosive chemical reagents in the activation process can increase the production cost and cause new environmental problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve at least one technical problem in the prior art and provides a biomass-derived carbon material and a preparation method and application thereof.
The technical solution of the invention is as follows:
a biomass-derived carbon material comprising the following starting materials: a biomass precursor, and an active agent solution containing a chloride salt and a carbonate.
Further, the chloride salt is KCl and/or NaCl, and the carbonate is K 2 CO 3 、KHCO 3 、Na 2 CO 3 And NaHCO 3 At least one of (1).
Further, the mass ratio of the carbonate to the chloride is 0.5-2:1.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the biomass-derived carbon material, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: pre-carbonizing a biomass precursor;
step two: preparing an active agent solution containing mixed salt of chloride and carbonate, placing the product obtained in the step one in the active agent solution, and ultrasonically standing and drying;
step three: and D, carbonizing the product obtained in the step two, cooling, repeatedly washing the product with pure water, and drying to obtain the biomass derived carbon material.
Further, the biomass precursor is silkworm cocoon subjected to freeze drying treatment, and the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃.
Further, in the first step, the pre-carbonization temperature is 400-500 ℃, the heating rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 20-40min.
Further, in the second step, ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 5-20min, and standing is carried out for 10-14h.
Further, in the third step, the carbonization temperature is 800-1000 ℃, the heating rate is 3-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 80-100min.
Further, in the third step, the washing method specifically comprises the following steps: and (5) performing suction filtration and washing for 3-5 times by using suction filtration equipment.
The invention also discloses an application of the biomass-derived carbon material or the biomass-derived carbon material prepared by any one of the preparation methods in an electrode.
The beneficial effects of the invention are:
(1) According to the biomass-derived carbon material, the silkworm cocoons are used as precursors, and rich and uniform heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen are doped, so that an additional pseudo-capacitance can be provided, and the wettability of the electrode in a water-based capacitor is improved.
(2) According to the biomass-derived carbon material, the mixture of the chloride salt and the carbonate is used as the activating agent, the research type range of the molten salt is widened, the etching degree of potassium ions to carbon is improved, the service life of equipment is prolonged, the cost of the activating agent is reduced, and the specific surface area and the pore ratio of the mixture can be regulated and controlled according to the mass ratio of the mixed salt.
(3) The application of the biomass derived carbon material in the preparation of the electrode can be 5A g in an aqueous capacitor -1 The capacity retention rate is about 87% after 3000 cycles of circulation under the current density, and the high-performance lithium ion battery has excellent rate performance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of a pre-carbonized sample and example 1;
FIG. 2 is an SEM and Mapping of a pre-carbonized sample and example 1;
FIG. 3 shows the results of examples 1-4 at the same scanning speed (5 mV s) -1 ) The lower CV curve;
FIG. 4 shows that examples 1 to 4 were operated at the same current density (0).5A g -1 ) The GCD curve of the prepared electrode;
FIG. 5 shows the electrode of example 2 in a three-electrode system, 5A g -1 A capacity retention rate curve of 3000 cycles under current density;
description of the drawings:
in figure 1, 450 c refers to the pre-carbonized sample XRD of example 2 and 900 c refers to the product XRD of example 2.
In FIG. 2, a is the SEM picture of the pre-carbonized sample in example 1, b is the SEM picture of the product in example 1, and c, d, e and f are Mapping pictures of the product in example 1.
mV s in FIG. 3 -1 Is a Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) unit, mV is a voltage unit, 1mV =1 × 10 -3 V, s are time units, 1, 2, 3, 4 are sample numbers of electrodes prepared in the following examples 1 to 4;
a g in FIG. 4 -1 Is a constant current charge and discharge (GCD) unit, a is a current unit, and g is a mass unit. 1. 2, 3 and 4 are sample numbers of the electrodes obtained in the following examples 1 to 4;
in fig. 5, "87%" is a capacity retention rate, and the capacity retention rate = (last discharge capacity/first discharge capacity) × 100%.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are intended to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Experimental procedures without specific conditions noted in the following examples, generally according to conditions conventional in the art or as recommended by the manufacturer; the raw materials, reagents and the like used are, unless otherwise specified, those commercially available from the conventional markets and the like. Any insubstantial changes and substitutions made by those skilled in the art based on the present invention are intended to be covered by the claims.
The biomass-derived carbon material comprises a derived carbon material precursor and an active agent, wherein the active agent is a mixed solution of a chlorine salt and a carbonate. Such as, but not limited to, potassium chloride and bicarbonate, sodium chloride and carbonate, sodium chloride and bicarbonate, and the like.
The chloride salt is KCl, and the carbonate is K 2 CO 3 . The mass ratio is preferably: 0.5; 1:1; 1.5; 2:1.
The biomass precursor is silkworm cocoon which is cleaned and subjected to freeze drying treatment. And also can be leaves, barks, pericarps and the like.
A method of making a biomass-derived carbon material, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: washing silkworm cocoon with pure water, and freeze drying in a refrigerator.
Step two: and (4) putting the precursor treated in the step one into a fluorination furnace for carbonization, and grinding the pre-carbonized product into powder by using a mortar.
Step three: preparing an active agent of chloride and carbonate, putting the product of the second step into the active agent, performing ultrasonic treatment, standing and drying.
Step four: and (4) placing the products of the three steps in a porcelain boat, and performing high-temperature activation carbonization in the inert atmosphere of a tube furnace. And cooling, putting the product into a certain amount of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment, performing suction filtration, washing and drying.
In the first step, the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃, and the freezing time is 12 hours.
In the second step, the temperature rise rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the temperature is kept for 20-40min.
In the third step, the chloride is KCl and the carbonate is K 2 CO 3 The ultrasonic treatment time is 5-20min, and the drying temperature is 80-105 ℃.
In the fourth step, the inert atmosphere is N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%), heating rate is 3-6 deg.C/min to 800-1000 deg.C, constant temperature is 80-100min, and gas flow is 40-60ml/min. The ultrasonic treatment time is 10min, the times of suction filtration and washing are 3-4 times, the drying temperature is 50-70 ℃, and the time is 3-6h.
The invention also provides an application of the biomass derived carbon material in preparing an electrode, which specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: a biomass-derived carbon material sample, 8mg and 1mg of a conductive agent and 1mg of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) are weighed in a mortar, and a proper amount of absolute ethyl alcohol is added and ground until no obvious granular slurry exists.
S2, weighing 1X 2cm of cleaned and dried foamed nickel (as a current collector, other current collectors are also available, and the current collector is not limited to the above). And (3) coating the slurry obtained in the step (S1) on the surface of the foamed nickel, and placing the foamed nickel in a vacuum drying oven, wherein the drying temperature is 60 ℃ and the drying time is 4 hours.
And S3, pressing the coated and dried foamed nickel into thin slices (8 MPa for 5 min) by using a powder tablet press, weighing and calculating the mass of the loaded active substances (about 3 mg) to obtain the electrode.
The technical solution of the present invention is explained in further detail below with reference to several preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
The conditions for freeze-drying the silkworm cocoons in the following examples were as follows: cleaning silkworm cocoon with pure water, cutting, freezing in a refrigerator at-18 deg.C for 12 hr, and oven drying.
The following gas flow rates are volume ratios.
Example 1
Placing cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at 400 deg.C under heating condition with heating rate of 5 deg.C/min and constant temperature time of 30min, and grinding the product into powder. 0.5g of the pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,1.5g of K was weighed out 2 CO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment in 30ml deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 deg.C; putting the product into a porcelain boat, and putting the porcelain boat into a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%) under the atmosphere, the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃, the temperature is kept for 90min, and the gas flow is 50ml/min for activation and carbonization. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product for 12h at the temperature of 60 ℃.
Example 2
Placing cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min for 30min at 450 ℃, and grinding the product into powder with a mortar. 0.5g of the pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,3g of K are weighed out 2 CO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment in 30ml deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 deg.C; placing the product in a porcelain boat in a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%) under the atmosphere, the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃, the temperature is kept for 90min, and the gas flow is 40ml/min for activation and carbonization. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product for 12h at the temperature of 60 ℃.
Example 3
Placing cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min for 30min at a constant temperature of 500 ℃, and grinding the product into powder with a mortar. 0.5g of the pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,4.5g of K was weighed out 2 CO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment in 30ml deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 deg.C; putting the product into a porcelain boat, and putting the porcelain boat into a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%) under the atmosphere, the temperature rising rate is 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃, the temperature is kept for 90min, and the gas flow is 50ml/min for activation and carbonization. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product for 12h at the temperature of 60 ℃.
Example 4
Placing cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in a crucible, pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace at 400 deg.C under heating condition with heating rate of 5 deg.C/min and constant temperature time of 30min, and grinding the product into powder. 0.5g of the pre-carbonized sample, 3g of KCl,6g of K were weighed 2 CO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment in 30ml deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 deg.C; putting the product into a porcelain boat, and putting the porcelain boat into a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%) under the condition of that its temp-raising rate is 5 deg.C/min-900 deg.C, constant temp. is 90min, and gas flow rate is 60ml/min. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product for 12h at the temperature of 60 ℃.
Comparative example 1
Placing cleaned and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in crucible, and heating in muffle furnacePre-carbonizing at 400 deg.C under heating condition of 5 deg.C/min for 30min, and grinding into powder. Weighing 0.5g of a pre-carbonized sample, carrying out ultrasonic treatment on 3g of KCl in 30ml of deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 ℃; placing the product in a porcelain boat in a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 (5%) under the condition of that its temp-raising rate is 5 deg.C/min-900 deg.C, constant temp. is 90min, and gas flow rate is 60ml/min. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product at the temperature of 60 ℃ for 12h.
Comparative example 2
Placing the washed and freeze-dried silkworm cocoon in a crucible, and pre-carbonizing in a muffle furnace under the heating condition of temperature rise rate of 5 ℃/min and constant temperature time of 30min at the pre-carbonization temperature of 400 ℃, and grinding the product into powder by using a mortar. 0.5g of the pre-carbonized sample, 1.5g K, was weighed 2 CO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment in 30ml deionized water for 10min, standing for 12h, and drying at 105 deg.C; putting the product into a porcelain boat, and putting the porcelain boat into a tube furnace N 2 (95％)+H 2 And (5%) under the atmosphere, heating at the rate of 5 ℃/min to 900 ℃, keeping the temperature for 90min, and carrying out activation carbonization under the condition that the gas flow is 50 ml/min. And putting the product into deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, repeatedly washing the product for three times by using the deionized water and vacuum filtration, and finally drying the product for 12h at the temperature of 60 ℃.
The pre-carbonized sample and the sample of example 1 were subjected to XRD pattern measurement, and as shown in FIG. 1, diffraction peaks appearing at diffraction angles of 43.9 °,51.3 ° and 75.4 ° in the sample correspond to (111), (200) and (220) planes of carbon, respectively, and correspond to a standard card of carbon (PDF # 43-1104). As can be seen from FIG. 1, the diffraction peaks are shifted at a small angle, indicating that the spacing between carbon and carbon atoms is large, and that K is a high temperature and a high temperature in the activator + As a result of the etching carbon co-action. Meanwhile, no other impurity peaks appear, which indicates that redundant impurities and reactants can be removed by repeatedly washing with pure water.
SEM and Mapping tests are carried out on the pre-carbonized sample and the sample in the embodiment 1, as shown in figure 2, as can be seen from a picture a, the pre-carbonization at 450 ℃ is carried out in the air atmosphere, silkworm cocoons begin to crack, 2D carbon nano sheets can be formed under the combined action of a later-stage activating agent and the high temperature of 900 ℃, meanwhile, the salt precipitation during the dipping and drying is reduced through the pre-carbonization, and a good pre-carbonization effect is achieved. It is known from the graph b that carbon is etched under the promotion of mixed salt and high temperature of 900 ℃, interconnected holes appear, the specific surface area is improved, and abundant electrolyte ion attachment sites and channels are provided. As can be seen from Mapping, the silkworm cocoons are biomass with the protein content of more than 90%, and the self-doped nitrogen-oxygen elements are extremely rich and are uniformly distributed. The introduction of foreign doping substances and subsequent influence thereof are avoided, meanwhile, the nitrogen element and the oxygen element are beneficial to improving the wettability of the carbon material, the cycle stability of the carbon material in the water system super capacitor is improved, and the nitrogen element can also provide additional pseudo capacitance, so that the electrochemical energy storage capacity of the carbon material is improved
The etching principle of examples 1 to 4 is as follows:
K 2 CO 3 →K 2 O+CO 2
K 2 CO 3 +C→K 2 O+2CO
K 2 O+C→2K+CO
K 2 O+H 2 →2K+H 2 O
KCl has a melting point of 770 ℃ and K 2 CO 3 Has a melting point of 891 ℃, has a good molten state at 900 ℃ and exists in an ionic form. Meanwhile, the biomass is self-doped with abundant and uniform oxygen atoms, and oxygen directly etches carbon, so that gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are formed, and the etching effect of potassium ions and the etching effect of oxygen are achieved. And thus will etch the carbon layer together with the potassium ions. At the same time, the original part K 2 CO 3 The material itself will decompose at this high temperature, and the products will also etch the carbon further than the decomposed material will react directly with the carbon. Meanwhile, gas generated by the method can overflow to form pores, so that the microstructure of the final product is a 2D carbon nanosheet with micropores, mesopores and macropores.
Comparative examples 1 and 2 are the prior art methods of preparation, and it can be seen from the specific surface area and specific capacitance values that the test values of comparative examples 1 and 2 are smaller than those of examples 1 to 4, and it can be seen that the preparation method of the present invention can obtain a larger specific surface area and a higher specific capacitance value.
Meanwhile, the material sample prepared in the embodiment is prepared into an electrode according to the steps of S1, S2 and S3, and electrochemical performance tests are carried out, namely a cyclic voltammetry test (CV), a constant current charge-discharge test (GCD) and 3000 circles of 5A g -1 The capacity retention rate at current density was measured and the results are shown in FIGS. 3-5.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, at a scan rate of 5mV s -1 Examples 1-4, below, are all rectangular-like in shape, indicating their typical double layer capacitance behavior. Meanwhile, a hump appears, and the current is obviously increased, which indicates that the hump has pseudocapacitance, and corresponds to the graph e in the second graph with abundant and uniform nitrogen elements. The mechanism is explained as follows: when a voltage is applied, nitrogen atoms replace carbon atoms at the edge of a defect or at the graphite plane, thereby allowing electrons to be more readily obtained. Meanwhile, the CV curve keeps good symmetry, which shows that the electrode prepared from the biomass-derived carbon material has good reversibility.
As can be seen in FIG. 4, at 0.5A g -1 The samples of examples 1-4 were all typically symmetrical triangular in shape at the current density of (a), indicating that the reversibility of the electrode was good. Due to the better distribution of micropores and mesopores of the material, higher specific capacitance can be obtained under low current density. The sample of the embodiment 2 has the highest specific capacitance which reaches 276.05F g -1 . It is demonstrated that the activation effect is optimal relative to other examples under the mixed salt ratio, and the ratio of micropores, mesopores and macropores is the most suitable for energy storage and transfer. Examples 3 and 4 exhibit a decrease in capacity, which may indicate K 2 CO 3 The excessive proportion of the carbon causes the activation degree to be deepened, the carbon is seriously etched, the aperture is increased, the micro/mesoporous ratio is reduced, and the ratio of mesopores to macropores is increased. Therefore, at the same current density, electrons do not attach in time and pass directly through the pore channel, and the optimal value of energy storage is not achieved.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the electrode made of the material of example 2 was subjected to a large current density of 5A g in the aqueous three-electrode system -1 3000 circles of charge and discharge in circulationThe rate performance test of (2) shows that the good symmetrical triangular shape can be still maintained in the example 2, which shows that the stability and the reversibility of the electrode material are excellent, and the capacity retention rate is maintained at about 87%. This fully demonstrates that with the mixed salt ratio of example 2, an optimal one of the activation effects is achieved, with a suitable proportion of micro-mesopores, also due to the fact that the layered structure between the 2D nanoplates is able to fully expose and contact more active sites in the aqueous electrolyte, thereby promoting higher proton transport efficiency. Meanwhile, the biomass-derived carbon material is doped with oxygen and nitrogen elements and has good hydrophilic property, so that the biomass-derived carbon material can keep excellent energy storage property in a long-term physical adsorption/desorption cyclic process, and the phenomena of structural collapse and falling of a large amount of active substances are avoided.
It should be noted that the etching effect on carbon is considered from the viewpoint of the influence of the temperature on the melting points of the two salts. The melting points of these two salts are: KCl has a melting point of 770 ℃ and K 2 CO 3 The melting point of (B) was 891 ℃. The temperature difference between the two is not too large, so that the etching process can be synchronously carried out, namely, on the mesopores and macropores etched by the potassium chloride, more abundant micropores and mesopores can be etched by the potassium carbonate on the basis of the temperature increase. The common molten salt at present has the same anion and different cation, such as potassium chloride and sodium chloride, potassium chloride and zinc chloride, and the like. The cations of the present application are the same, and the etching process mainly comprises etching of potassium ions, and the potassium ions have the effect of expanding the carbon layer spacing corresponding to the activation mechanism part and the XRD, so that the sheet formation is promoted.
Therefore, the electrode prepared from the biomass-derived carbon material has excellent stable hydrophilic characteristic, high specific capacitance, high specific surface area and unique 2D nanosheet layered structure, and has great application prospect in the aspect of electrochemical performance of the electrode carbon material.
The above additional technical features can be freely combined and used in superposition by those skilled in the art without conflict.
In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that "-" and "-" indicate the same range of two numerical values, and the range includes the endpoints. For example: "A-B" means a range of greater than or equal to A and less than or equal to B. "A to B" means a range of not less than A and not more than B.
In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, the term "and/or" herein is only one kind of association relationship describing an associated object, and means that there may be three kinds of relationships, for example, a and/or B, and may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the technical solutions that achieve the objects of the present invention by basically the same means are all within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A biomass-derived carbon material comprising the following starting materials: a biomass precursor, and an active agent solution containing a chloride salt and a carbonate.
2. The biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 1, wherein the chloride salt is KCl and/or NaCl, and the carbonate salt is K 2 CO 3 、KHCO 3 、Na 2 CO 3 And NaHCO 3 At least one of (1).
3. The biomass-derived carbon material of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the carbonate to the chloride is 0.5-2:1.
4. A method for preparing a biomass-derived carbon material, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: pre-carbonizing a biomass precursor;
step two: preparing an active agent solution containing mixed salt of chloride and carbonate, placing the product obtained in the step one in the active agent solution, and ultrasonically standing and drying;
step three: and D, carbonizing the product obtained in the step two, cooling, repeatedly washing the product with pure water, and drying to obtain the biomass derived carbon material.
5. The method for preparing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 4, wherein the biomass precursor is freeze-dried silkworm cocoon, and the freezing temperature is-18 ℃ to-16 ℃.
6. The method for preparing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 4, wherein in the first step, the pre-carbonization temperature is 400-500 ℃, the temperature rise rate is 4-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 20-40min.
7. The method for preparing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 4, wherein in the second step, the ultrasound is performed for 5-20min, and the standing is performed for 10-14h.
8. The method for preparing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 4, wherein in the third step, the carbonization temperature is 800-1000 ℃, the temperature rise rate is 3-6 ℃/min, and the constant temperature time is 80-100min.
9. The method for preparing the biomass-derived carbon material according to claim 4, wherein in the third step, the washing method specifically comprises: and (5) performing suction filtration and washing for 3-5 times by using suction filtration equipment.
10. Use of the biomass-derived carbon material according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or the biomass-derived carbon material produced by the production method according to any one of claims 4 to 9 for an electrode.
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