CN115402087A - 用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件、混合动力发动机单元 - Google Patents

用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件、混合动力发动机单元 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115402087A
CN115402087A CN202210594553.9A CN202210594553A CN115402087A CN 115402087 A CN115402087 A CN 115402087A CN 202210594553 A CN202210594553 A CN 202210594553A CN 115402087 A CN115402087 A CN 115402087A
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shaft
electric machine
reversible electric
intermediate shaft
primary
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CN202210594553.9A
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L.瓦西尤克斯
D.勒尤鲁克斯
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Valeo Embrayages SAS
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Valeo Embrayages SAS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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Abstract

一种用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件(10)，包括至少一个初级轴(12)、至少一个次级轴(16)、包括不同于初级轴(12)和次级轴(16)的至少一个中间轴(26)的变速箱(18)、以及包括至少一个可逆电机(56)和联接装置(58)的电动单元，所述联接装置能够占据至少一个中间联接位置和次级联接位置，在中间联接位置中，可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)运动学地连接到中间轴(26)，在该次级联接位置中，可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)运动学地连接到次级轴(16)而不经过中间轴(26)。

Description

用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件、混合动力发动机单元
技术领域
本发明涉及一种驱动子组件，用于安装在发动机(如内燃机)和车辆的一组一个或多个驱动轮之间。尽管不是排他的，但本发明特别涉及用于装备重型车辆的这种子组件，也就是重量超过3.5吨的公路车辆，特别是牵引车或卡车。
背景技术
AT520019B1描述了一种车辆动力系统，包括适于由车辆发动机驱动的初级轴、适于驱动车辆的一个或多个驱动轮的组件的次级轴和变速箱，该变速箱包括：一个或多个初级齿轮，初级齿轮固定在初级轴上以与其一起旋转或能够联接到初级轴；次级齿轮，固定到次级轴以与其一起旋转或能够联接到次级轴上；以及中间轴，中间齿轮固定在该中间轴上与其一起旋转，(多个)初级齿轮和(多个)次级齿轮每个都与中间齿轮的相应齿轮啮合。车辆动力传动系还具有可逆电机，该可逆电机运动学地连接到中间轴，并且能够作为发电机操作以制动中间轴，或者作为中间轴的驱动马达操作。这种电机使得可以设想不同的操作模式，特别是电机的瞬态操作，以便制动或加速中间轴并在换档阶段中促进变速箱的同步，作为马达操作以便在换档阶段之外辅助车辆主发动机的驱动，以及作为发电机操作以便向车辆附件或电池供电，特别是在车辆制动阶段。
GB1435517A描述了一种变速箱，其包括输出轴和对轴(countershaft)，以及位于对轴和输出轴之间的齿轮组，该齿轮组包括固定至两个轴之一的第一齿轮和可通过爪式离合器固定至另一个轴的第二齿轮。可逆电机永久地联接到对轴上，并且联接器件被驱动，以便在第二齿轮和爪式离合器接合之前使它们的速度同步。
在这些装置中，中间轴或对轴始终与电机轴相连，这限制了可设想的操作模式。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服现有技术的缺点，并提供电机与变速箱中间轴的更好集成，使得可以设想以前无法实现的操作模式。
为此，根据第一方面，本发明提供了一种用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件，包括：至少一个初级轴；至少一个次级轴；和变速箱，变速箱包括不同于初级轴和次级轴的至少一个中间轴，以及用于通过中间轴在初级轴和次级轴之间获得多个传动比的齿轮组。混合动力子组件还包括电动单元和联接装置，电动单元包括至少一个可逆电机，联接装置在至少一个中间联接位置将可逆电机的输出轴运动学地连接到中间轴。值得注意的是，在至少一个次级联接位置，所述联接装置将可逆电机的输出轴运动学地连接到次级轴，而不经过中间轴。
在次级联接位置，联接装置允许可逆电机和次级轴之间的直接功率传输，无需中间轴的驱动。这使得可以设想各种操作模式，这些操作模式将在下面描述，诸如：次级轴由作为马达操作的可逆电机永久电驱动的模式，在换档期间保持牵引力的瞬态模式，或者最小化机械阻力矩的纯再生制动模式。这些操作模式是在中间联接位置可获得的操作模式的补充。
联接装置可包括多个联接和/或分离位置，例如三个不同的联接位置，允许根据不同的传动比将功率从可逆电机传输至中间轴或次级轴。
可逆电机尤其可以是永磁同步电机、异步电机、可变磁阻电机或可变磁阻同步电机，称为同步磁阻电机。
根据一个实施例，在至少一个分离位置，联接装置将可逆电机的输出轴同时从中间轴和次级轴上运动学分离。联接装置的这种位置使得可以实现另外的操作模式，在这些模式中，电机是不联接的，这或者是因为它对于变速箱的操作是不必要的，或者是因为它被用于其它目的，例如驱动另一个旋转构件。将电机分离可以限制中间轴的惯性和阻力矩，并减轻转子中的导向轴承分负担，延长这些轴承的寿命。
根据一个实施例，联轴器装置包括永久运动学地连接到可逆电机的输出轴的至少一个联接机构、永久运动学地连接到中间轴的中间减速器和永久运动学地连接到次级轴的次级减速器。次级减速器可以有利地包括由与中间轴同轴的导向轴承旋转导向的换向齿轮。
可逆电机的尺寸被设计为使得在设想的各种操作模式下，其能在较宽的操作范围内完全操作。因此，优选地，可逆电机满足一个或多个以下标准：
可逆电机能够在低于6000rpm、优选低于5000rpm的下限和高于6000rpm、优选高于7000rpm、优选高于9000rpm的上限之间，在超过1000rpm、优选超过2000rpm的速度范围内，连续提供大于300Nm、优选大于350Nm的驱动扭矩；
可逆电机能够在低于6500rpm、优选低于6000rpm的下限和高于9000rpm、优选高于10000rpm的上限之间，在超过3000rpm、优选超过4000rpm的速度范围内，提供大于400Nm、优选大于450Nm的阻力矩，持续30秒；
可逆电机能够在低于5000rpm、优选低于4500rpm的下限和高于10000rpm、优选高于11000rpm的上限之间，在超过5500rpm、优选超过7000rpm的速度范围内，在瞬时换档阶段提供大于50Nm、优选大于60Nm的驱动扭矩，持续5秒。
实际上，在中间联接位置，联接装置将可逆电机的输出轴以称为中间传动比的传动比运动学地连接至中间轴，而在次级联接位置，联接装置将可逆电机以称为次级传动比的传动比运动学地连接至次级轴。根据一个实施例，联接装置满足一个或多个以下标准：
次级传动比大于6，优选大于或等于8；
可逆电机的中间轴和输出轴之间的中间传动比大于4，优选大于或等于6；
次级传动比严格大于中间传动比，优选地，次级传动比和中间传动比之间的倍数大于或等于1.5。
可逆电机和中间轴之间和/或可逆电机和次级轴之间有多个传动比可以是有利的。为此，可采用以下一种或多种布置：
在附加的中间联接位置，联接装置以不同于中间传动比的附加中间传动比将可逆电机运动学地连接到中间轴；
在附加的次级联接位置，联接装置以不同于次级传动比的附加次级传动比将可逆电机运动学地连接到次级轴。
根据一个特别有利的实施例，混合动力子组件还包括动力输出构件(power take-off member)，至少可由可逆电机驱动，优选以下列方式之一驱动：
动力输出构件永久地运动学连接到中间轴；
动力输出构件在中间联接位置通过联接装置运动学地连接到中间轴；
动力输出构件在中间联接位置通过联接装置运动学地连接到可逆电机的输出轴。
根据本实施例，动力输出构件可与中间轴同轴。
根据另一个特别有利的实施例，混合动力子组件包括至少可由可逆电机驱动的动力输出构件，该动力输出构件永久运动学连接至可逆电机的输出轴。
因此，可设想在不使用车辆主发动机的情况下，通过可逆电机驱动动力输出构件，从而可实现远高于1000rpm的转速，例如高于1500rpm，如适用，可达5000rpm。
在实践中，变速箱可有利地包括：
一个或优选多个初级齿轮，其可以例如通过一个或多个联接和分离机构，例如同步器和/或爪式离合器，联接到初级轴，
多个次级齿轮，其可以例如通过一个或多个联接和分离机构，例如同步器和/或爪式离合器，联接到次级轴，
永久固定到中间轴的中间齿轮，(多个)初级齿轮和次级齿轮分别与中间齿轮中的相应齿轮永久啮合，以形成齿轮组。
实际上，变速箱包括联接机构，用于交替地将初级齿轮中的每一个联接至初级轴，并将次级齿轮中的每一个联接至次级轴。在适用的情况下，混合动力子组件可进一步包括湿式或干式摩擦离合器，其旨在布置在初级轴和主发动机之间。
可设想初级齿轮、次级齿轮、中间轴和可逆电机的转子的各种构造。
根据一个实施例，初级轴和次级轴的旋转轴线重合。替代地，这些轴是平行且分开的。
根据一个示例性实施例，可逆电机的输出轴的旋转轴线平行于中间轴的旋转轴线，优选具有以下一个或多个特征：
输出轴的旋转轴线与中间轴的旋转轴线重合；
输出轴的旋转轴线与中间轴的旋转轴线分开；
输出轴的旋转轴线与初级轴的旋转轴线分开；
输出轴的旋转轴线与次级轴的旋转轴线分开。
根据一个实施例，联接装置包括行星齿轮组，该行星齿轮组运动学地布置在输出轴和次级轴之间。
根据各种备选方案，联接装置包括一个或多个以下联接机构：
爪式机构，
同步器机构，
离合器机构，优选地是摩擦离合器机构，优选地是湿式摩擦离合器机构，
双摩擦离合器，优选湿式双摩擦离合器，
三摩擦离合器，优选湿式三摩擦离合器。
特别是，在电机本身用于使联接装置与相关齿轮同步的情况下，可设想无同步的爪式机构。
根据一个实施例，混合动力子组件配备有用于控制可逆电机和联接装置的控制单元，以及能够产生代表中间轴或与其运动学连接的构件的转速的信号和代表可逆电机或与其运动学连接的构件的转速的信号的传感器。控制单元尤其可以用于同步联接装置。优选地，当联接装置处于分离状态时，控制单元可以控制可逆电机，使得运动学地连接到可逆电机的联接构件和运动学地连接到中间轴的联接构件之间的相对转速满足预定条件，并且当满足预定条件时，可以命令联接装置被联接。预定条件例如可以是零相对转速或预定的相对滑动速度。
根据本发明的另一方面，其包括混合动力发动机单元，该混合动力发动机单元带有主发动机，优选为内燃机，以及上述混合动力子组件。主发动机具有直接或通过离合器或变矩器连接到初级轴的主驱动轴。
优选地，用于控制联接装置的控制单元可操作以管理一个或多个以下操作模式：
瞬态模式，在该模式中，在换档期间保持牵引力，其中，联接装置被置于次级联接位置，主发动机与中间轴分离，并且当变速箱的传动比被命令改变时，可逆电机被命令在次级轴上产生驱动扭矩或最小化次级轴的速度变化；
没有中间轴的纯再生减速模式，其中，联接装置被置于次级联接位置，次级轴与中间轴分离，并且利用作为发电机操作的可逆电机产生电能；
没有中间轴的直接电驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于次级联接位置，中间轴从次级轴分离，并且可逆电机以驱动模式运行。
优选地，控制单元可操作以管理一种或多种以下操作模式：
增强模式，其中，变速箱通过中间轴产生初级轴和次级轴之间的传动比之一，主发动机被供应动力以驱动初级轴并在中间轴上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置被置于中间联接位置，可逆电机在中间轴上产生增强驱动扭矩，其具有与主驱动扭矩相同的符号；
充电模式，其中，变速箱被定位成将初级轴连接到中间轴，主发动机被供应动力以驱动初级轴并在中间轴上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且动能被转换成电能，可逆电机作为发电机操作；
在变速箱的一个传动比的换档期间中间轴同步的瞬态模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主发动机从中间轴分离，然后可逆电机被命令在将主发动机重新联接到中间轴之前将中间轴带到允许次级齿轮接合的速度设定点；
间接电驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，而中间轴运动学地连接到次级轴，然后根据车辆的速度设定点控制可逆电机；
经由中间轴的再生制动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主驱动轴从中间轴分离，并且可逆电机被命令作为发电机操作；
混合驱动制动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，初级轴和次级轴之间的传动比之一经由中间轴被接合，初级轴运动学地连接到主驱动轴，并且动能被转换成电能、同时可逆电机作为发电机操作，动能被转换成热量、同时主发动机提供阻力矩；
动力输出驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，中间轴与次级轴分离，然后可逆电机被命令驱动联接到中间轴的动力输出构件。
根据本发明的另一方面，本发明涉及一种包括上述混合动力发动机单元的车辆的混合动力驱动方法。利用用于控制联接装置的控制单元，管理以下操作模式中的一个或多个：
瞬态模式，在该模式中，在换档期间保持牵引力，其中，联接装置被置于次级联接位置，主发动机与中间轴分离，并且当变速箱的传动比被命令改变时，可逆电机被命令在次级轴上产生驱动扭矩或最小化次级轴的速度变化；
没有中间轴的纯再生减速模式，其中，联接装置被置于次级联接位置，次级轴与中间轴分离，并且利用作为发电机操作的可逆电机产生电能；
没有中间轴的直接电力驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于次级联接位置，中间轴从次级轴分离，并且可逆电机提供驱动。
优选地，以下一种或多种操作模式由控制单元管理：
增强模式，其中，变速箱通过中间轴产生初级轴和次级轴之间的传动比之一，主发动机被供应动力以驱动初级轴并在中间轴上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置被置于中间联接位置，可逆电机在中间轴上产生增强驱动扭矩，其具有与主驱动扭矩相同的符号；
充电模式，其中，变速箱被定位成将初级轴连接到中间轴，主发动机被供应动力以驱动初级轴并在中间轴上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且动能被转换成电能，可逆电机作为发电机操作；
在变速箱的一个传动比的换档期间中间轴同步的瞬态模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主发动机从中间轴分离，然后可逆电机被命令在将主发动机重新联接到中间轴之前将中间轴带到允许次级齿轮的接合的速度设定点；
间接电驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，而中间轴运动学地连接到次级轴，然后根据车辆的速度设定点控制可逆电机；
经由中间轴的再生制动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主驱动轴从中间轴分离，并且可逆电机被命令作为发电机操作；
混合驱动制动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，初级轴和次级轴之间的传动比之一经由中间轴被接合，初级轴运动学地连接到主驱动轴，并且动能被转换成电能、同时可逆电机作为发电机操作，动能被转换成热量、同时主发动机提供阻力矩；
动力输出驱动模式，其中联接装置被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，中间轴与次级轴分离，然后可逆电机被命令驱动联接到中间轴的动力输出构件。
附图说明
通过参考附图阅读以下说明，本发明的其他特征和优点将变得显而易见，在附图中：
图1示出了根据第一实施例的用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件。
图2示出了根据第二实施例的用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件。
图3示出了根据第三实施例的用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件。
图4示出了根据第四实施例的用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件。
图5示出了根据第五实施例的用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件。
为更清楚起见，所有附图中相同或相似的元件使用相同的参考符号进行标识。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件10，其具有用于由车辆的主发动机14(例如内燃机)驱动的初级轴12，用于驱动一组一个或多个车辆驱动轮(未示出)的次级轴16，以及变速箱18。
主发动机14与初级轴12的连接可包括任何合适类型的离合器20，例如滑动离合器。次级轴16与车辆的轮的连接可以包括一个或多个驱动轴。
变速箱8安装在传动壳体24的腔22内，具有中间轴26，中间齿轮28、30、32、34、36固定在中间轴26上，以随其旋转。与初级轴12同轴的两个初级齿轮38、40分别与中间齿轮的相应齿轮28、30形成齿轮组。初级齿轮38、40和相应的中间齿轮28、30之间的齿轮组38、28和40、30的啮合是永久的。三位置双同步器41允许初级齿轮38、40中的一个或另一个联接到初级轴12，并且具有初级齿轮38、40都不联接到初级轴12的空档位置。
与次级轴16同轴的次级齿轮42、44、46同样分别与中间齿轮的相应齿轮32、34、36形成齿轮组，其中一个齿轮组为倒档齿轮组，具有用于产生倒档的中间齿轮48。由次级齿轮42、44、46和相应的中间齿轮32、34、36形成的齿轮组的啮合是永久的。位于两个次级齿轮44、46之间的不带同步器的三位置爪式联接器50使得可以将两个相关联的次级齿轮44、46中的一个或另一个联接到次级轴16上，或者在中间空档位置保持相关联的次级齿轮44、46与次级轴16分离。
在该实施例中，初级轴12的旋转轴线100与次级轴16的旋转轴线200对准，从而可将端部初级齿轮40用作通过同步器41与初级轴12相关联的初级齿轮，或用作与次级轴16相关联的次级齿轮。为此，位于端部初级齿轮40和次级齿轮42之间的不带同步器的三位置爪式联接器52使得可以将端部初级齿轮40或次级齿轮42联接到次级轴16上，并且还使得可以在中间空档位置保持端部初级齿轮40和次级齿轮42与次级轴16分离。
因此，可获得具有六个前进档和潜在的两个倒档的变速箱18，且如有必要，可在次级轴16的输出端与行星齿轮组(未示出)联接，以获得十二档变速箱。
值得注意的是，混合动力驱动子组件10配有电动单元5，其包括：可逆电机56，其输出轴57绕旋转轴线300旋转；以及联接装置58，在本示例中，联接装置58包括不带同步器的三位置爪式机构59和带齿轮60、62、64、66、68的两个减速齿轮组。在连接到中间轴26的位置，也称为中间联接位置，联接装置58将输出轴57可旋转地联接到称为中间减速器260的减速器，在这种情况下，包括与固定到中间轴26的齿轮62永久啮合的齿轮60。在连接到次级轴的位置，也称为次级联接位置，联接装置58将输出轴57可旋转地联接到称为次级减速器264的减速器上，该次级减速器包括与换向齿轮66永久啮合的齿轮64，换向齿轮66本身与固定到次级轴16的齿轮68永久啮合。值得注意的是，可以规定换向齿轮66由与中间轴26同轴的导向轴承69旋转导向。因此，中间轴26可以支撑导向轴承69。最后，在空档位置，联接装置58保持输出轴57与齿轮60、64分离。在联接装置58内，从中间联接位置到次级联接位置的转换通过由控制单元76控制的联接机构59进行。
在适用的情况下，中间轴26具有动力输出装置68，用于联接车辆的一个或多个附件，例如绞盘、泵或工具。例如，动力输出装置68可以是包括外部连接接口(例如凹槽)的传动轴。
图1所示的驱动轴57固定到可逆电机56的转子，构成驱动轴。替代地，可逆电机可以在驱动轴和输出轴57之间结合减速器。
可逆电机56由电池70经由双向电流转换器72提供动力，双向电流转换器72向作为马达的可逆电机56提供动力，或相反，旋转作为发电机的可逆电机56，以向电池70提供动力。
可逆电机56优选为高电压电机，例如以300伏至800伏的标称电压被供电，能够提供相当大的扭矩和功率，如下所述。
控制单元76可控制可逆电机56及其联接装置58。传感器78、80、82连接到该控制单元，以测量输出轴57、中间轴26和次级轴16的转速，或者由这些轴永久驱动旋转的元件的转速。该控制单元76可以结合到变速箱18的机器人控制中，该机器人控制响应于扭矩或速度设定点来控制同步器41、爪形机构50、52以及(如果适用的话)主离合器20的打开和闭合。
电机56使得可以设想多种操作模式，如下所述。
图2示出了根据本发明第二实施例的混合动力子组件10，其与图1实施例的不同之处在于，除了三位置爪式联接机构59之外，联接装置58还包括二位置爪式联接机构159，其将输出轴57旋转联接至第二中间减速器360，第二中间减速器360包括与固定在中间轴26上的齿轮162永久啮合的齿轮160。齿轮160、162啮合产生的传动比不同于齿轮60、62啮合产生的传动比。在空档位置，联接机构159保持输出轴57与齿轮160分离。
本领域技术人员无需详细说明即可理解，如有必要，可通过在联接机构59、159和中间轴26之间增加减速器来增加输出轴57和中间轴之间的传动比。类似地，通过在输出轴57和次级轴16之间增加联接机构和减速器，可以增加输出轴57和次级轴16之间的传动比。
联接装置58的联接机构59、159可为任何类型，尤其是带或不带同步或摩擦机构的爪式机构。因此，图3示出了本发明的第三实施例，其与图1的实施例的不同之处在于，联接装置58包括湿式双摩擦离合器259形式的联接机构。在图4中，联接装置58包括湿式三摩擦离合器359形式的联接机构，其具有与图2实施例相同的传动比。图5示出了本发明的第五实施例，其与图3的实施例的不同之处在于增加了减速器，在这种情况下，在齿轮64和次级轴16之间是行星齿轮组564。根据所选择的行星齿轮组的类型，齿轮66、68的反向啮合可能是必要的，或者集成在行星齿轮组中。
在图2和图4所示的本发明实施例中，联接装置包括多个联接和分离位置，尤其是三个不同的联接位置，允许根据不同的传动比将可逆电机的动力传输至中间轴或次级轴。联接装置尤其包括第一中间联接位置、第二中间联接位置(也称为附加中间联接位置)和次级联接位置。在第二中间联接位置，联接装置58以不同于第一中间传动比的第二中间传动比将可逆电机56运动学地连接到中间轴26。
所述各实施例共有联接装置58，其可占据：称为中间联接位置的至少一个联接位置，其中可逆电机56运动学连接至中间轴；以及至少一个次级联接位置，其中可逆电机56运动学连接至次级轴16，无需通过中间轴26。这些不同的联接可用于获得各种各样的操作模式，如现在将要讨论的。
首先，当联接装置58将输出轴57连接至中间轴26时，可实施多种操作模式。
在换档过程中，在中间轴同步的瞬态模式下，联接装置58处于中间联接位置，主发动机14在离合器20或爪式机构41处与中间轴26分离，然后，在主发动机14与中间轴26重新联接之前，命令可逆电机56使中间轴26达到允许次级齿轮啮合的速度设定值。在这些过渡阶段期间，可逆电机56因此使得可以在切换爪式机构50、52或同步器41期间使中间轴的转速适应同步要求。在这些阶段，可逆电机可以用作电马达来提高中间轴26的转速，或者用作发电机来降低该转速。中间轴26的速度的这种调节使得可以减少接合或同步时间，而不求助于变速箱制动器。
在充电模式下，初级齿轮38、40中的一个与初级轴12连接，主发动机14被提供动力以驱动初级轴12，并在中间轴26上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置58处于中间联接位置，通过作为发电机操作的可逆电机将动能转化为电能。充电可以在中间轴26驱动次级轴16时发生，或者在没有连接到次级轴16的情况下发生。
在增强模式下，次级齿轮42、44、46中的一个与次级轴16联接，初级齿轮38、40中的一个与初级轴联接，主发动机14被提供动力以驱动初级轴12，并在中间轴26上施加主驱动扭矩，并且联接装置58被置于中间联接位置，或者如果有多个中间联接位置，则置于其中一个中间联接位置，并且可逆电机在中间轴上产生与主驱动扭矩具有相同符号的增强驱动扭矩。使用一个传动比(对于图1、3和5的实施例)、两个传动比(对于图2和4的实施例)或者甚至更多提供用于车辆牵引的额外动力供应。
在通过中间轴26进行纯电动驱动的模式下，联接装置58位于中间联接位置，主发动机14与中间轴26分离，而次级齿轮42、44、46中的一个与次级轴16联接，然后根据车辆的速度设定值控制可逆电机。例如，为了在车辆中实施这种电驱动模式，有利的是可逆电机能够在超过1000rpm、优选超过2000rpm的速度范围内，在低于6000rpm、优选低于5000rpm的下限和高于6000rpm、优选高于7000rpm、优选高于9000rpm的上限之间，连续提供大于300Nm、优选大于350Nm的驱动扭矩。在这样的操作范围内，结合通过啮合齿轮32和42、34和44、60、62以及适用情况下的齿轮160、162而获得的介于4至8之间的多个传动比，可以设想车辆在城市模式下的电动操作。
在经由中间轴的再生制动的模式下，联接装置58位于中间联接位置，主发动机14在离合器20或同步器41处与中间轴26分离，爪式离合器50、52中的一个接合，以将中间轴26连接至次级轴16，可逆电机56被命令作为发电机操作。
在混合驱动制动模式下，联接装置58置于中间联接位置，主发动机14、中间轴26和次级轴16之间保持运动学连接，次级轴16传输的部分动能转化为电能，可逆电机56作为发电机操作，次级轴16传输的部分动能转化为热量，主发动机14提供阻力矩。这种操作模式使得可以获得比单独使用主发动机14所获得的制动扭矩更大的制动扭矩。
当变速箱18处于空档位置时，也可将可逆电机56用作驱动动力输出装置68的马达，以便一方面断开中间轴26与初级轴12之间的连接，另一方面断开中间轴26与次级轴16之间的连接。
特别有利的是，当联接装置58将输出轴57连接至中间轴26时，可设想其他操作模式。
因此，可实施过渡模式，其中，换挡期间保持牵引力，其中，联接装置58被置于次级联接位置，主发动机14与中间轴26分离，并且当在主发动机14和中间轴26之间和/或在中间轴26和次级轴16之间命令改变变速箱18的传动比时，可逆电机56被命令在次级轴16上产生驱动扭矩或最小化次级轴的速度变化。
也可考虑无中间轴26的纯再生制动模式，其中，联接装置被置于次级联接位置，次级轴16通过作用于爪式机构50、52与中间轴26分离，电能由作为发电机操作的可逆电机56产生。为了在没有主发动机的情况下最佳地实施这种再生制动模式，有利的是，可逆电机能够在超过3000rpm、优选超过4000rpm的速度范围内，在低于6500rpm、优选低于6000rpm的下限和高于9000rpm、优选高于10000rpm的上限之间，提供大于400Nm、优选大于450Nm的阻力矩至少30秒。
换挡期间保持牵引力的瞬态模式和不带中间轴26的纯再生制动模式是这样的瞬态操作模式，其不意于持续超过三十秒左右。例如，在输出轴57和次级轴16之间的传动比大约为8的情况下，对于可逆电机来说，有利的被定尺寸以便在跨越超过3000rpm、优选超过4000rpm的速度范围内，在低于6500rpm、优选低于6000rpm的下限和高于9000rpm、优选高于10000rpm的上限之间，提供大于400Nm、优选大于450Nm的阻力矩，持续30秒。
最后，可实现无中间轴26的直接电力驱动模式，其中，联接装置58被置于次级联接位置，中间轴26在爪式机构50、52处与次级轴16分离，可逆电机根据加速或制动要求以驱动或再生模式操作。这种操作模式比具有中间轴的电驱动模式灵活性差，因为变速箱18的多个传动比是不可用的。然而，它可以与后者一起使用，在输出轴57和次级轴16之间提供直接传动比，该传动比高于使用变速箱18的传动比。例如，通过变速箱18的爪式离合器50、52与联接装置58的齿轮组60、62相结合，可以分别具有大约为4和6的两个传动比，并且通过联接装置58的齿轮组64、66、68可以具有大约为8的附加传动比。
当然，图中所示和上文所述的示例仅为非限制性说明。为了提出进一步的实施例，明确规定将各种示出的实施例进行组合。明确规定将所示出的各种实施例组合以提出其他实施例。
根据一个未图示的替代方案，动力输出根据68位于可逆电机56的输出轴57上。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于驱动车辆的混合动力子组件(10)，具有：
至少一个初级轴(12)；
至少一个次级轴(16)；
变速箱(18)，包括不同于所述初级轴(12)和所述次级轴(16)的至少一个中间轴(26)，和用于经由所述中间轴(26)在所述初级轴(12)和所述次级轴(16)之间获得多个传动比的齿轮组(38，28，40，30，32，42，36，48，44，46)；
电动单元，包括至少一个可逆电机(56)和联接装置(58)，所述联接装置在至少一个中间联接位置将所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)运动学地连接到所述中间轴(26)，
其特征在于，所述联接装置(58)在次级联接位置中将所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)运动学地连接到所述次级轴(16)，而不经过所述中间轴(26)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，所述联接装置(58)在至少一个分离位置将所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)同时从所述中间轴(26)和所述次级轴(16)运动学地分离。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，所述联接装置(58)包括永久运动学地连接到所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)的至少一个联接机构(59，159，259，359)、永久运动学地连接到所述中间轴(26)的中间减速器(260，360)和永久运动学地连接到所述次级轴(16)的次级减速器(264，564)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，所述次级减速器(264，564)包括由与所述中间轴(26)同轴的导向轴承(69)旋转导向的换向齿轮(66)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，具有下列特征中的一个或多个：
所述可逆电机(56)能够在低于6000rpm的下限和高于6000rpm的上限之间，在超过1000rpm的速度范围内，连续提供大于300Nm的驱动扭矩；
所述可逆电机(56)能够在低于6500rpm的下限和高于9000rpm的上限之间，在大于3000rpm的速度范围内，提供大于400Nm的阻力矩，持续30秒；
所述可逆电机(56)能够在低于5000rpm的下限和高于10000rpm的上限之间，在超过5500rpm的速度范围内，在瞬时换档阶段提供大于50Nm的驱动扭矩，持续5秒。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，在所述中间联接位置，所述联接装置(58)以中间传动比将所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)运动学地连接到所述中间轴(26)，在所述次级联接位置，所述联接装置(58)以次级传动比将所述可逆电机(56)运动学地连接到所述次级轴(16)，并且满足以下标准中的至少一个：
所述次级传动比大于6，优选大于或等于8；
所述可逆电机(56)的中间轴(26)和输出轴(57)之间的中间传动比大于4，优选大于或等于6；
所述次级传动比严格大于所述中间传动比，优选地，所述次级传动比和所述中间传动比之间的倍数大于或等于1.5。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，在附加的中间联接位置，所述联接装置(58)以不同于所述中间传动比的附加中间传动比将所述可逆电机(56)运动学地连接到所述中间轴(26)。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，其还包括动力输出构件(68)，所述动力输出构件能够至少由所述可逆电机(56)驱动，优选地以下列方式之一驱动：
所述动力输出构件(68)永久地运动学连接到所述中间轴(26)；
所述动力输出构件(68)在所述中间联接位置通过所述联接装置(58)运动学地连接到所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，所述可逆电机(56)的输出轴(57)具有平行于所述中间轴(26)的旋转轴线的旋转轴线(300)，优选存在以下特征中的一个或多个：
所述输出轴(57)的旋转轴线(300)与所述中间轴(26)的旋转轴线(200)重合；
所述输出轴(57)的旋转轴线(300)与所述中间轴(26)的旋转轴线(200)分开；
所述输出轴(57)的旋转轴线(300)与所述初级轴(12)的旋转轴线(100)分开；
所述输出轴(57)的旋转轴线(300)与所述次级轴(16)的旋转轴线分开。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件，其特征在于，所述联接装置(58)包括运动学地布置在所述输出轴(57)和所述次级轴(16)之间的行星齿轮组(564)。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件，其特征在于，所述联接装置(58)包括以下联接机构中的一个或多个：
爪式机构(59，159)，
同步器机构，
离合器机构(259，359)，优选摩擦离合器机构，优选湿式摩擦离合器机构，
双摩擦离合器(259)，优选为湿式双摩擦离合器，
三摩擦离合器(359)，优选为湿式三摩擦离合器。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，其特征在于，其包括：用于控制所述可逆电机(56)和所述联接装置(58)的控制单元(76)；以及传感器(78，80，82)，能够产生代表所述中间轴(26)或运动学连接到所述中间轴的构件的转速的信号、代表所述次级轴(16)或运动连接到所述次级轴的构件的转速的信号、以及代表所述可逆电机(56)或运动连接到所述可逆电机的构件的转速的信号的。
13.一种混合动力发动机单元，包括具有主驱动轴的主发动机(14)，优选为内燃机，其特征在于，还包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力子组件(10)，所述主驱动轴直接或通过离合器(20)或变矩器连接到所述初级轴(12)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的混合动力发动机单元，所述混合动力子组件(10)根据权利要求12所述，其特征在于，用于控制所述联接装置(58)的所述控制单元(76)能够操作以管理以下操作模式中的一个或多个：
瞬态模式，其中，在换档期间保持牵引力，其中，所述联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，主发动机(14)与中间轴(26)分离，并且当变速箱(18)的传动比被命令改变时，可逆电机(56)被命令在次级轴(16)上产生驱动扭矩或最小化次级轴(16)的速度变化；
没有中间轴(26)的纯再生减速模式，其中，联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，次级轴(16)与中间轴(26)分离，并且利用作为发电机操作的可逆电机(56)产生电能；
没有中间轴(26)的直接电力驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，中间轴(26)从次级轴(16)分离，并且可逆电机(56)提供驱动。
15.根据权利要求14所述的混合动力发动机单元，其特征在于，所述控制单元(76)能够操作以管理以下操作模式中的一个或多个：
增强模式，其中，变速箱(18)经由中间轴(26)产生初级轴(12)和次级轴(16)之间的传动比之一，主发动机(14)被供应动力以驱动初级轴(12)并在中间轴(26)上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，可逆电机(56)在中间轴(26)上产生具有与主驱动扭矩相同的符号的增强驱动扭矩；
充电模式，其中，变速箱(18)被定位成将初级轴(12)连接到中间轴(26)，主发动机(14)被供应动力以驱动初级轴(12)并在中间轴(26)上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且动能被转换成电能，可逆电机(56)作为发电机操作；
在变速箱的传动比中的一个的换档期间中间轴(26)同步的瞬态模式，其中(58)联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主发动机(14)从中间轴(26)分离，然后可逆电机(58)被命令在将主发动机(14)重新联接到中间轴(26)之前将中间轴(26)带到允许次级齿轮接合的速度设定点；
间接电驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机(14)与中间轴(26)分离，而中间轴(26)运动学地连接到次级轴(16)，然后根据车辆的速度设定点控制可逆电机；
经由中间轴(26)的再生制动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，主驱动轴(12)从中间轴(26)分离，并且可逆电机(56)被命令作为发电机操作；
混合驱动制动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，初级轴和次级轴(16)之间的传动比之一经由中间轴(26)被接合，初级轴(12)运动学地连接到主驱动轴，并且动能被转换成电能、同时可逆电机(56)作为发电机操作，动能被转换成热量、同时主发动机提供阻力矩；
动力输出装置(68)驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，中间轴(26)与次级轴(16)分离，然后可逆电机(56)被命令驱动联接到中间轴(26)的动力输出装置(68)。
16.一种用于包括根据权利要求13所述的混合动力发动机单元的车辆的混合动力驱动方法，其特征在于，利用用于控制联接装置(58)的控制单元(76)，管理以下操作模式中的一个或多个：
瞬态模式，其中，在换档期间保持牵引力，其中，所述联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，主发动机(14)与中间轴(26)分离，并且当变速箱(18)的传动比被命令改变时，可逆电机(56)被命令在次级轴(16)上产生驱动扭矩或最小化次级轴(16)的速度变化；
没有中间轴(26)的纯再生减速模式，其中，联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，次级轴(16)与中间轴(26)分离，并且利用作为发电机操作的可逆电机(56)产生电能；
没有中间轴(26)的直接电力驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于次级联接位置，中间轴(26)从次级轴(16)分离，并且可逆电机(56)提供驱动。
17.根据权利要求16所述的混合动力驱动方法，其特征在于，利用控制单元(76)，管理以下操作模式中的一个或多个：
增强模式，其中，变速箱(18)经由中间轴(26)产生初级轴(12)和次级轴(16)之间的传动比之一，主发动机(14)被供应动力以驱动初级轴(12)并在中间轴(26)上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，可逆电机(56)在中间轴(26)上产生具有与主驱动扭矩相同的符号的增强驱动扭矩；
充电模式，其中，变速箱(18)被定位成将初级轴(12)连接到中间轴(26)，主发动机(14)被供应动力以驱动初级轴(12)并在中间轴(26)上施加主驱动扭矩，联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且动能被转换成电能，可逆电机(56)作为发电机操作；
在变速箱的传动比中的一个的换档期间中间轴(26)同步的瞬态模式，其中(58)联接装置被置于中间联接位置，主发动机(14)从中间轴(26)分离，然后可逆电机(56)被命令在将主发动机(14)重新联接到中间轴(26)之前将中间轴(26)带到允许次级齿轮接合的速度设定点；
间接电驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机(14)与中间轴(26)分离，而中间轴(26)运动学地连接到次级轴(16)，然后根据车辆的速度设定点控制可逆电机；
经由中间轴(26)的再生制动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，主驱动轴(12)从中间轴(26)分离，并且可逆电机(56)被命令作为发电机操作；
混合驱动制动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，初级轴和次级轴(16)之间的传动比之一经由中间轴(26)被接合，初级轴(12)运动学地连接到主驱动轴，并且动能被转换成电能、同时可逆电机(56)作为发电机操作，动能被转换成热量、同时主发动机提供阻力矩；
动力输出装置(68)驱动模式，其中联接装置(58)被置于中间联接位置，并且主发动机与中间轴分离，中间轴(26)与次级轴(16)分离，然后可逆电机(56)被命令驱动联接到中间轴(26)的动力输出装置(68)。
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