CN115398169A - 液化气体储存设施 - Google Patents

液化气体储存设施 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115398169A
CN115398169A CN202180028563.XA CN202180028563A CN115398169A CN 115398169 A CN115398169 A CN 115398169A CN 202180028563 A CN202180028563 A CN 202180028563A CN 115398169 A CN115398169 A CN 115398169A
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China
Prior art keywords
heat
refrigerator
gas
reservoir
transfer fluid
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CN202180028563.XA
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English (en)
Inventor
弗朗索瓦·拉古特
让-马克·本哈特
R·尼古拉斯
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Application filed by LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Publication of CN115398169A publication Critical patent/CN115398169A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/002—Storage in barges or on ships
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
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    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
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    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种液化气体储存设施，特别用于液态氢，该设施包括：液化气体储器(2)，该液化气体储器旨在容装液体形式的气体(3)和气相(4)；用于冷却该储器(2)的内容物的装置，该冷却装置包括至少一个具有循环气体的制冷循环的第一制冷机(5)，所述第一制冷机(5)包括串联地设置在循环回路(6)中的：用于压缩循环气体的构件(7)、用于冷却循环气体的构件(8，9)、用于使第二循环气体膨胀的构件(10)、以及用于再加热膨胀的循环气体的构件(11，9)，该冷却装置包括第一热传递流体环路(12)，该第一热传递环路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与第一制冷机的冷端部(11)进行热交换，该第二端部包括位于储器(2)中的第一热交换器(13)，第一热传递流体环路(12)包括用于使热传递流体循环的构件(14)，其特征在于：第一热交换器(13)直接与储器(2)的内部进行热交换，也就是说第一热交换器(13)直接与在储器(2)中环绕第一热交换器的流体进行热交换。

Description

液化气体储存设施
本发明涉及一种用于储存液化气体、特别是液态氢的设备。
本发明更特别地涉及一种用于储存液化气体、特别是液态氢的设备，该设备包括：液化气体储器，该液化气体储器旨在容装液体形式的气体和气相；用于冷却储器的内容物的装置，该冷却装置包括至少一个具有循环气体的制冷循环的第一制冷机，所述第一制冷机包括串联地设置在循环回路中的：用于压缩循环气体的构件、用于冷却循环气体的构件、用于使第二循环气体膨胀的构件、以及用于加热膨胀的循环气体的构件，该冷却装置包括第一热传递流体环路，该第一热传递回路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与第一制冷机的冷端部进行热交换，该第二端部包括位于储器中的第一热交换器，该第一热传递流体环路包括用于使热传递流体循环的构件。
本发明可以特别地涉及一种用于储存液化气体、特别是通过船来运输的液态氢的设备。因此，本发明还可以涉及一种包括这种设备的船。
本发明特别地涉及一种用于长期储存液态氢的系统，该系统考虑填充阶段和抽取阶段，不会因蒸发而损失，该系统实施使装备的数量和所需的维护最小化的技术。
低温流体的运输、特别是大量液态氢的海上运输可能会是持续几周的航行。
对于大的储器(几千m3)，累积的热输入会使货物产生显著蒸发。这导致压力增加。这个问题类似于甲烷运输船的罐遇到的问题。
特别地，这种设备遭受以下现象：
在填充储器阶段期间，由于液体到达相对较热的壁上，故而发生的显著的蒸发；
特别是在满载或空载运输阶段期间，输入天然的热；
在抽取阶段期间压力下降。
一些蒸气可以用于能源生产目的(经由燃料电池)，但使得这些蒸气能够再冷凝或能够消除蒸发的解决方案是优选的。
文件US 3302416描述了这种设备，在该设备中天然气的液相被泵送并且与容纳热交换器的封闭腔室内部的冷却热交换器进行热交换。
该解决方案使得能够冷却或储器的液相，但不允许在填充阶段期间对储器中的压力进行满意的调节。
本发明的目的是补救上文阐述的所有或一些现有技术缺点。
为此，根据本发明的、在其他方面也符合在上面的前序部分中给出的其一般定义的设备的实质性特征在于，第一热交换器与储器的内部直接进行热交换，即第一热交换器与在储器中环绕第一热交换器的流体直接进行热交换。
此外，本发明的实施例可以具有以下特征中的一个或多个特征：
-第一热交换器位于储器的上部，
-第一热传递流体环路的第二端部包括并联地连接至第一热交换器的第二热交换器，该第二热交换器位于储器的下部并且与储器的内部直接进行热交换，即该交换器与在储器中环绕该交换器的流体直接进行热交换，
-第一热传递流体环路包括具有一个或多个阀的系统，用于调节第一热交换器和/或第二热交换器中的热传递流体的流速，
-循环构件包括低温型的压缩机或泵，
-热传递流体含有氦和/或氢，
-第一热传递流体环路的第一端部与第一制冷机的冷端部在热交换器处进行热交换，以确保热传递流体与第一制冷机的循环气体之间的逆流热交换，
-该设备包括用于供应待液化流体的管路，该管路旨在连接至气体源，所述管路与第一制冷机的循环气体进行热交换，所述管路优选地通向储器，
-该设备包括低温液体的管路，该低温液体的管路与用于冷却循环气体的构件进行热交换，以便加热所述液体，
-冷却装置包括具有循环气体的制冷循环的第二制冷机，所述第二制冷机包括串联地设置在循环回路中的：用于压缩循环气体的构件、用于冷却循环气体的构件、用于使循环气体膨胀的构件、以及用于加热膨胀的循环气体的构件，该设备包括系统，该系统用于使第二制冷机的循环气体与第一制冷机的循环气体之间进行热交换，
-该系统用于使具有制冷循环的第二制冷机的循环气体与具有制冷循环的第一制冷机的循环气体之间进行热交换，该系统包括第二热传递流体环路，该第二热传递流体环路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与第二制冷机的循环回路的一部分进行热交换，该第二端部与第一制冷机的循环回路的一部分进行热交换，
-第二热传递流体环路的第一端部与第二制冷机的循环回路的一部分在至少一个热交换器处进行热交换，第二热传递流体环路的第二端部与第一制冷机的循环回路的一部分在至少一个热交换器处进行热交换，
-第二热传递流体环路包括用于使热传递流体循环的构件，比如泵。
本发明还涉及可以涉及一种使用这种设备的储存方法。
本发明还可以涉及包括权利要求范围内的上述或下述特征的任何组合的任何替代性装置或方法。
通过阅读以下参考附图提供的描述，进一步的特定特征和优点将变得显而易见，在附图中：
[图1]示出了展示根据本发明的设备的结构和操作的第一示例的示意性局部视图；
[图2]示出了展示根据本发明的设备的结构和操作的第二示例的示意性局部视图。
[图1]中示出的用于储存液化气体(特别是液态氢)的设备1包括液化气体储器2，该液化气体储器旨在在下部部分中容装液体形式的气体3并且在上部部分中容装气相4。设备1包括用于冷却储器2的内容物的装置，因此使得能够调节储器中的压力。
该冷却装置包括制冷机5，该制冷机具有循环气体的制冷循环。该循环气体优选地含有氦气和/或氢气和/或氖气和/或氮气和/或任何气体合适的气体。
该制冷机5具有串联地设置在循环回路6中的：用于压缩循环气体的构件7(比如一个或多个压缩机)、用于冷却循环气体的构件8、9(例如一个或多个热交换器)、用于使第二循环气体膨胀的构件10(一个或多个涡轮机或阀)以及用于加热膨胀的循环气体的构件11、9(例如一个或多个热交换器)。
例如，该制冷机5被配置成产生温度为在15K与25K之间的冷量以及足够的驱动压力，以确保循环气体在循环回路6中循环。
优选地，循环气体在该制冷机5中执行被称为逆布雷顿热力学循环的热力学循环。优选地，一个或多个压缩机7为离心式的(并且涡轮机为向心式的)并且具有无油操作的特定特征。根据一个实施例，一个或多个涡轮机10可以与压缩机7组装在相同的轴上以便回收能量。
冷却装置进一步包括热传递流体环路12，该热传递流体环路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与第一制冷机的冷端部11进行热交换，该第二端部包括至少一个位于储器2中的第一热交换器13。该热传递流体环路12包括用于使热传递流体循环的构件14，例如，压缩机或低温泵。
例如，该热传递流体可以包括氦和/或氢。
该制冷机5的冷却循环可以是级联的多个循环的组合。例如，使用氮气、氦气和/或氖气的混合物的第一循环，之后是含有氦气和/或氢气的第二循环。
该泵14(或低温压缩机)被配置成在这些非常低的温度下操作，并且其操作优选地不需要任何油或油脂。
热传递流体环路12的第一端部与第一制冷机的冷端部例如在热交换器11处进行热交换，以确保热传递流体与第一制冷机5的冷却且膨胀的循环气体之间的逆流热交换。
在所示的示例中，设备1包括储器2中的两个热交换器13、15，一个热交换器在顶部中，一个热交换器在底部中。
当然，可以提供仅具有这些交换器(或冷凝器)13、15中的一个的配置。
类似地，可以提供多个上部热交换器13和/或多个下部热交换器15(尤其是在储器2的尺寸非常大的情况下)。
这两个热交换器13、15可以在热传递流体环路12的第二端部并联地连接。热传递流体环路12优选地包括具有一个或多个调节阀16、17的系统，用于控制第一热交换器13和/或第二热交换器15中热传递流体的流速。
一个或多个交换器13、15与储器2内部的流体直接进行热交换，即，这些交换器确保与在储器2中环绕交换器的流体直接进行热交换。这意味着一个或多个交换器13、15直接浸入储存在储器2中的流体的液相或气相中。
这允许热传递流体与储器2中的流体之间进行有效的热交换，而无需泵以及储器2内部具有壳体的传递回路。
储器2被配置成例如通过整合用于调节液体压力的装备来容装确定量的液态氢，以便消除因蒸发而造成的损失。储器2可以是任何类型的(膜、球体或其他)。储器特别包括至少一个填充管路和/或抽取管路27。
因此，在储器2中的压力相对于确定的设定点过高的情况下，可以使热传递流体在低于储器2中的流体的露点的温度下在上部热交换器13中循环。这具有使蒸气再冷凝并造成储器2中的压力下降的效果。
还可以允许热传递流体在低于储器2中的液体的温度的温度下在下部交换器15中循环。
这个次级循环可以是级联的多个循环的组合。例如，使用氮气、氦气和/或氖气的混合物的第一循环，之后是含有氦气和/或氢气的第二循环。
类似地，根据一个实施例，可以使热传递流体在高于储器2中容装的液体的温度的温度下在下部热交换器15中循环。这使得能够蒸发一些液体并提高储器2中的压力。当期望通过压力差从储器2中抽取液体时，特别可以使用该程序。
因此，设备1使得能够使用上部热交换器13来加热气相，或使用下部热交换器15来蒸发液体，以便造成储器中的压力增加。
为了增加热传递流体的温度，例如，制冷机5可以切换至一种模式，在该模式下使得能够达到热传递流体的目标温度(停止、降级模式、特别是压缩机或涡轮机在相反方向上旋转)。
设备1使得能够最小化实现功能(无脱油系统，无气体缓冲储存)所需的模块数量。
如[图1]中所展示的，制冷机5还可以用于冷却并液化流体流，该流体流旨在供应例如储器2。因此，可以提供供应有待液化流体(例如来自气态源)的管路28，并且该管路可以与制冷机5的热交换器9、10进行热交换并且可以通向储器2。
热交换器9还可以供应有外部流体，例如来自安装在系统附近的低温储器的汽化(蒸发)气体。
因此，还可以在制冷机5的一个或多个热交换器9中加热额外的低温流体(特别是液体)。例如，当设备位于船上时，例如可以重复使用来自相邻罐的(例如蒸发的)冷蒸气，从该冷蒸气中可以回收千卡。
在[图2]中的实施例中，冷却装置包括第二制冷机18，该第二制冷机具有循环气体的制冷循环。该第二制冷机18包括串联地设置在循环回路19中的：用于压缩循环气体的构件20；用于冷却循环气体的构件21、22；用于使循环气体膨胀的构件23；以及用于加热膨胀的循环气体的构件24。该结构可以是与上述第一制冷机5相同的类型。
设备1包括系统9、25，该系统用于使第二制冷机18的循环气体与具有循环的第一制冷机5的循环气体之间进行热交换。
该热交换系统优选地包括第二热传递流体环路25，该第二热传递流体环路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与第二制冷机18的循环回路19的一部分进行热交换，该第二端部与第一制冷机5的循环回路6的一部分9进行热交换。
第二热传递流体环路25的第一端部可以与第二制冷机18的循环回路19的一部分在制冷机18的至少一个热交换器22、24处进行热交换(例如与该第二制冷机18的循环气体逆流)。第二热传递流体环路25的第二端部可以与第一制冷机5的循环回路6的一部分9在至少一个热交换器11、9处进行热交换(例如与循环气体逆流)。
因此，该第二制冷机18可以设置成确保对第一制冷机5的循环气体进行预冷却。
该第二制冷机18的循环气体可以包括，例如，氮气、氦气和/或氖气的混合物。热传递流体可以包括例如：氮气、氦气和/或氖气或任何其他合适的气体或气体混合物。
当然，用于使第二制冷机的循环气体与第一制冷机的循环气体之间进行热交换的系统不限于以上示例。因此，例如，可以设想两个制冷机之间的任何其他的热交换、特别是两个制冷机之间直接的热交换。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于储存液化气体、特别是液态氢的设备，该设备包括：液化气体储器(2)，该液化气体储器旨在容装液体形式的气体(3)和气相(4)；用于冷却该储器(2)的内容物的装置，该冷却装置包括至少一个具有循环气体的制冷循环的第一制冷机(5)，所述第一制冷机(5)包括串联地设置在循环回路(6)中的：用于压缩该循环气体的构件(7)、用于冷却该循环气体的构件(8，9)、用于使该第二循环气体膨胀的构件(10)、以及用于加热该膨胀的循环气体的构件(11，9)，该冷却装置包括第一热传递流体环路(12)，该第一热传递回路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与该第一制冷机的冷端部(11)进行热交换，该第二端部包括位于该储器(2)中的第一热交换器(13)，该第一热传递流体环路(12)包括用于使热传递流体循环的构件(14)，其特征在于：该第一热交换器(13)与该储器(2)的内部直接进行热交换，即该第一热交换器(13)与在该储器(2)中环绕该第一热交换器的流体直接进行热交换，并且该第一热传递流体环路(12)的第二端部包括并联地连接至该第一热交换器(13)的第二热交换器(15)，该第二热交换器(15)位于该储器(2)的下部并且与该储器(2)的内部直接进行热交换，即该交换器与在该储器(2)中环绕该交换器的流体直接进行热交换。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，该第一热交换器(13)位于该储器(2)的上部。
3.如一个权利要求2所述的设备，其特征在于，该第一热传递流体环路(12)包括具有一个或多个阀(16，17)的系统，用于调节该第一热交换器(13)和/或该第二热交换器(15)中的热传递流体的流速。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该循环构件(14)包括低温型的压缩机或泵。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该热传递流体含有氦和/或氢。
6.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该第一热传递流体环路(12)的第一端部与该第一制冷机的冷端部在热交换器(11)处进行热交换，以确保该热传递流体与该第一制冷机的循环气体之间的逆流热交换。
7.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备包括用于供应待液化流体的管路(28)，该管路旨在连接至气体源，所述管路(28)与该第一制冷机(5)的循环气体进行热交换，所述管路(28)优选地通向该储器(2)。
8.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备包括低温液体的管路，该低温液体的管路与用于冷却该循环气体的构件(8，9)进行热交换，以便加热所述液体。
9.如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该冷却装置包括具有循环气体的制冷循环的第二制冷机(18)，所述第二制冷机(18)包括串联地设置在循环回路(19)中的：用于压缩该循环气体的构件(20)、用于冷却该循环气体的构件(21，22)、用于使该循环气体膨胀的构件(23)、以及用于加热该膨胀的循环气体的构件(24)，该设备(1)包括系统(9，25)，该系统用于使该第二制冷机(18)的循环气体与该第一制冷机(5)的循环气体之间进行热交换。
10.如权利要求9所述的设备，其特征在于，该系统用于使该具有制冷循环的第二制冷机(18)的循环气体与该具有制冷循环的第一制冷机(5)的循环气体之间进行热交换，该系统包括第二热传递流体环路(25)，该第二热传递流体环路包括第一端部和第二端部，该第一端部与该第二制冷机(18)的循环回路(19)的一部分进行热交换，该第二端部与该第一制冷机的循环回路(6)的一部分(9)进行热交换。
11.如权利要求10所述的设备，其特征在于，该第二热传递流体环路(25)的第一端部与该第二制冷机(18)的循环回路(19)的一部分在至少一个热交换器(22，24)处进行热交换，并且在于该第二热传递流体环路(25)的第二端部与该第一制冷机的循环回路(6)的一部分(9)在至少一个热交换器(9)处进行热交换。
12.如权利要求10或11所述的设备，其特征在于，该第二热传递流体环路(25)包括用于使该热传递流体循环的构件(26)，比如泵。
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