CN115390188A - Wavelength-insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter and design method thereof - Google Patents
Wavelength-insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter and design method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a wavelength-insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter and a design method thereof, belongs to the technical field of optical fiber to the home optical distribution devices, and aims to solve the technical problem that a traditional planar waveguide non-uniform optical splitter has a large WDL. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, determining parameters of each component of the waveguide, then constructing Y-branch structures of an output waveguide I and an output waveguide II with different widths, scanning different Add by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method, and determining Add corresponding to different splitting ratios; respectively scanning EW1 and EW2 by using a three-dimensional light beam propagation method, and calculating wavelength dependent loss WDL; and obtaining a wavelength insensitive non-uniform Y-branch structure. The invention realizes the non-uniform effect of the optical power by controlling the widths of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II. By optimizing the transverse relative position of the transition waveguide and the output waveguide, the matching degree and the coupling efficiency of the optical field and the output waveguide are improved, and the WDL is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fiber-to-the-home optical distribution devices, and particularly relates to a wavelength insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter and a design method thereof.
Background
With the rapid development of triple-play and Fiber To The Home (FTTH), optical splitters are receiving more and more attention as key devices of a Passive Optical Network (PON) in an FTTH solution. The increasing availability of fiber access and other network infrastructure has driven increasing demand for bandwidth from users. This requires ensuring that stable large bandwidths are ubiquitous and connected as needed. In practical applications, the required optical signal power may vary and change from time to time due to differences in the number of subscribers and the distance from the subscribers to the Optical Line Terminal (OLT). This requires that the optical power distribution device achieve non-uniform optical power distribution.
The traditional planar optical waveguide splitter structure shows wavelength sensitivity when non-uniform power distribution is carried out on input light, and particularly shows that the large difference exists between the splitting proportion and the Insertion Loss (IL) of different wavelengths of light, namely the wavelength-dependent loss (WDL) of a device is large, so that the application of the non-uniform optical splitter to a wide spectrum in an optical communication system cannot be realized.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problem that a traditional planar waveguide non-uniform splitting optical splitter WDL is large, the invention provides a wavelength-insensitive non-uniform splitting Y-branch optical splitter and a design method thereof, and aims to achieve the purposes of non-uniform distribution of optical power in any proportion and reduction of WDL.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a design method of a wavelength insensitive non-uniform splitting Y-branch optical splitter comprises the following steps:
step 1: root of herbaceous plantDetermining core layer material and refractive index n of non-equipartition Y-branch waveguide according to actual process conditions 1 And cladding material and refractive index n 2 And the relative refractive index difference Δ n between the cladding layer and the core layer is expressed as:
and 2, step: and (3) simulating the single-mode transmission condition of the waveguide by using simulation software according to the waveguide material and refractive index selected in the step (1), thereby obtaining reasonable values of the width (width) and the thickness (height) of the input waveguide.
And 3, step 3: simulating the change of waveguide transmission loss along with the bending radius by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method according to the waveguide size determined in the step 2, and evaluating a reasonable bending radius from a simulation result;
and 4, step 4: determining the value of gap between output waveguides according to the actual photoetching process level and process repeatability, and selecting the minimum gap value as far as possible under the condition of repeatable process;
preferably, the width and thickness of the input waveguide are equal to each other and are 5-8.2 μm, the thicknesses of the widened waveguide, the transition straight waveguide and the output waveguide are equal to the thickness of the input waveguide, the bending radii of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II are 15000-20000 μm, and the gap between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is 0-3 μm.
And 5: and (3) according to the parameters of the waveguide material, the refractive index, the size, the bending radius and the like determined in the steps 1-4, modeling the non-uniform Y-branch structure in Rsoft simulation software according to the figure 1. In order to realize the non-uniform effect of the optical power, the widths of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II are required to be unequal. Introducing a waveguide width adjusting parameter Add, and setting the width W1= width + Add of the output waveguide I and the width W2= width-Add of the output waveguide 2. The larger the absolute value of Add is, the larger the output power difference between the two output optical waveguides is, and when Add is 0, the splitting ratio is 1.
And (3) simulating to obtain output optical powers Pout1 and Pout2 of the two output waveguides under the required working wavelength by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method (wherein the output optical power of the narrow output waveguide is less, and the output optical power of the wide output waveguide is more), and calculating the splitting ratio (Pout 1: pout 2). And changing the splitting ratio by changing the value of the Add, scanning the Add and determining the value of the Add according to the splitting ratio to be realized. Preferably, the scanning range by the three-dimensional beam propagation method is 0-Add-width.
Step 6: in order to achieve consistent matching and coupling efficiency between the optical field in the transition waveguide and the optical field in the output waveguide at different wavelengths, it is necessary to optimize the lateral relative positions of the transition waveguide and the output waveguide, i.e., to optimize the spacings EW1 and EW2 between the outside of the output waveguide and the outside of the transition waveguide, thereby reducing WDL. EW1 is the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide I and the edge of the transition straight waveguide where the output waveguide I is located; EW2 is the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide II and the edge of the transition straight waveguide where it is located.
Scanning EW1 and EW2, and simulating by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method to obtain output optical powers Pout1 and Pout2 of the two output waveguides at the required operating wavelength. And then the insertion losses IL1 and IL2, the wavelength dependent losses WDL1 and WDL2 and the maximum wavelength dependent loss WDLmax of the two output ends are respectively calculated. The calculation formula is as follows:
WDL＝max(IL(λ1，IL(λ2)，...，IL(λn))-min(IL(λ1)，IL(λ2)，...，il(λn))
WDLmax＝max(WDL1，WDL2)
wherein λ 1, λ 2,. And λ n are optical wavelengths, and Pin is input optical power;
selecting EW1 and EW2 values with the minimum WDLmax as waveguide structure parameters to reduce WDL of two output waveguides;
preferably, the scanning range by the three-dimensional beam propagation method is-2 mu m & lt EW1 & lt 2 mu m & lt, -2 mu m & lt EW2 & lt 2 mu m.
The wavelength-insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter obtained by the method comprises an input waveguide (with width), a widened waveguide, an excessive straight waveguide, an output waveguide I (with width W1) and an output waveguide II (with width W2) which are connected in sequence. All waveguides are height thick. The interval between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is gap. The relative distance between the left edge of the transition straight waveguide and the left edge of the narrow output waveguide is EW1 (extra width 1), and the relative distance between the right edge of the transition straight waveguide and the right edge of the wide output waveguide is EW2 (extra width 2). EW1 and EW2 being positive means that the transition waveguide edge is outside the corresponding output waveguide edge, whereas EW1 and EW2 being negative means that the transition waveguide edge is inside the corresponding output waveguide edge (as shown in fig. 1, EW1 is negative and EW2 is positive).
A multi-level equipartition Y-branch structure or a non-equipartition Y-branch structure in the invention can be cascaded behind the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II, and a 1 xN non-equipartition optical splitter structure can be realized, so that each path of output power meets the use requirement.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention controls the width W of the output waveguide I 1 And width W of output waveguide II 2 The non-uniform distribution effect of the optical power is realized, and the non-uniform distribution of the optical power in any proportion can be realized. Wherein the narrower output waveguides distribute less optical power and the wider output waveguides distribute more optical power. By optimizing the transverse relative position of the transition waveguide and the output waveguide, namely optimizing the intervals EW1 and EW2 between the outer side of the output waveguide and the outer side of the transition waveguide, the matching degree and the coupling efficiency of the optical field in the transition waveguide and the output waveguide at different wavelengths are improved, and the WDL is reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a wavelength insensitive non-equipartition Y-branch structure according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the variation of the effective refractive index of the waveguide mode with the size of the waveguide according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the variation of waveguide transmission loss with the bend radius of the waveguide in the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the variation trend of the Y-branch output power with the structure parameter Add.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the variation of the Y-branch WDLmax with the architectural parameters EW1 and EW2 in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a cascade 1x5 non-uniform splitter according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 shows the insertion loss five-wavelength test result of the 1 × 5 non-uniform splitter.
In the figure: 1. an input waveguide; 2. widening the waveguide; 3. an excess straight waveguide; 4. and an output waveguide.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A wavelength insensitive non-uniform division Y-branch optical splitter is shown in figure 1 and comprises an input waveguide 1, a widening waveguide 2, a transition straight waveguide 3 and an output waveguide 4 which are sequentially connected, wherein the output waveguide 4 comprises an output waveguide I and an output waveguide II, the interval between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is gap, and the width W of the output waveguide I 1 And width W of output waveguide II 2 And the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide I and the edge of the transition straight waveguide 3 is EW1, and the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide II and the edge of the transition straight waveguide 3 is EW2.
Example 2
A design method of a wavelength insensitive non-equipartition Y-branch optical splitter comprises the following steps:
step 1: determining the core layer material and refractive index n of the non-uniform Y-branch waveguide according to the actual process conditions 1 And cladding material and refractive index n 2 Relative refractive index difference Deltan of cladding and coreShown as follows:
the core layer is made of silicon dioxide (SiO) 2 ) The refractive index of the cladding material is n _ SiO 2 The refractive index of the core layer material is (1 + 0.45%) × n _ SiO2, and the relative refractive index difference Δ n =0.45%;
in some embodiments, the core and cladding materials of the waveguide material may also be silicon, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, or lithium niobate, among others.
And 2, step: and (3) simulating the single-mode transmission condition of the waveguide by using simulation software according to the waveguide material and refractive index selected in the step (1), thereby obtaining reasonable values of the width (width) and the thickness (height) of the input waveguide (1).
As shown in fig. 2, it can be seen from fig. 2 that a high-order mode occurs when the width and thickness of the waveguide are 8.2 μm, that is, the single-mode cutoff condition is 8.2 μm under the material selection condition of step 1, and it can be considered that the light transmission satisfies the single-mode condition when the width and thickness of the waveguide are less than 8.2 μm. In this embodiment, the width and height of the input waveguide 1 are set to 6.5 μm (the width and height of the waveguide are reasonable values between 60% and 100% of the single-mode cutoff size).
And 3, step 3: simulating the change of waveguide transmission loss along with the bending radius by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method according to the waveguide size determined in the step 2, and evaluating a reasonable bending radius from a simulation result;
the simulation structure is shown in fig. 3, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that when the bending radius is larger than 15000 μm, the transmission loss of the waveguide does not change obviously with the increase of the bending radius, and meanwhile, in order to make the splitter more compact, the more reasonable bending radius value range is 15000-20000 μm, the bending radius value of this embodiment is 15000 μm;
and 4, step 4: determining the value of the gap between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II according to the actual photoetching process level and the process repeatability, and selecting the minimum gap value as far as possible under the condition of repeatable process;
the gap value is reasonable between 0 and 3 μm, and the gap value is 1.5 μm in this embodiment.
And 5: and (3) according to the parameters of the waveguide material, the refractive index, the size, the bending radius and the like determined in the steps 1-4, modeling the non-uniform Y-branch structure in Rsoft simulation software according to the figure 1. In order to realize the non-uniform effect of the optical power, the widths of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II are required to be unequal. Introducing a waveguide width adjusting parameter Add, and setting the width W of an output waveguide I 1 width-Add and width W of the output optical waveguide 2 2 = width + Add. The larger the absolute value of Add is, the larger the difference in output power between the two output optical waveguides is, and when Add is 0, the widths of the two output optical waveguides are equal, and the splitting ratio is 1.
And (3) obtaining output optical powers Pout1 and Pout2 of the two output waveguides under the required working wavelength by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method in a simulation manner (wherein the output optical power of the narrow output waveguide is less, and the output optical power of the wide output waveguide is more), and calculating the splitting ratio (Pout 1: pout 2). And changing the splitting ratio by changing the value of the Add, scanning the Add and determining the value of the Add according to the splitting ratio to be realized.
In this embodiment, the scan range of Add is 0 or more and 4 or less, the simulation result is as shown in fig. 4, and the simulation operating wavelengths are 1250, 1350, 1450, 1550, and 1650nm, and it can be seen from fig. 4 that as Add increases, the output power of the output waveguide i gradually decreases, and the output power of the output waveguide ii gradually increases. When the Add value is 0.65 μm, the splitting ratio of the Y branch is closer to 40% to 60%; when the Add value is 1.55 mu m, the splitting ratio of the Y branch is closer to 25 percent to 75 percent; when the Add value is 2.75 mu m, the splitting ratio of the Y branch is closer to 10 percent to 90 percent.
Step 6: in order to make the optical field in the transition waveguide and the optical field in the output waveguide 4 have consistent matching degree and coupling efficiency at different wavelengths, it is necessary to optimize the transverse relative positions of the transition waveguide and the output waveguide 4, i.e., the distances EW1 and EW2 between the outer sides of the output waveguide i and the output waveguide ii and the outer side of the transition waveguide, so as to reduce WDL.
Scanning EW1 and EW2, and simulating by using a three-dimensional beam propagation method to obtain output optical powers Pout1 and Pout2 of the two output waveguides at the required working wavelength. And then, the insertion losses IL1 and IL2, the wavelength dependent losses WDL1 and WDL2 and the maximum wavelength dependent loss WDLmax of the two output ends are calculated respectively. The calculation formula is as follows:
WDL＝max(IL(λ1)，IL(λ2)，...，IL(λn))-min(IL(λ1)，IL(λ2)，...，IL(λn))
WDLmax＝max(WDL1，WDL2)
wherein λ 1, λ 2,. And λ n are optical wavelengths, and Pin is input optical power;
selecting EW1 and EW2 values with the minimum WDLmax as waveguide structure parameters to reduce WDL of two paths of output waveguides;
the EW1 and EW2 were scanned in the range of-2 to 2 μm, and the simulation results are shown in FIG. 5, from which it can be seen that the optimum EW1 and EW2 values are (0.6 μm,1.6 μm), (-0.8 μm,0.8 μm) and (-1.4 μm,0.2 μm) in the three cases of the split ratios 40%:60%, 25%:75% and 10%:90%.
Example 3
As shown in fig. 6, in this embodiment, the splitting ratio of a cascade-sharing 1x4 optical splitter (2-stage 1x 2-sharing optical splitter) after a low-power output waveguide i is 75%, and a cascade-sharing 1x5 optical splitter (the sum of CH2 to 5 output powers is 25%, and the ratio of CH1 output power is 75%) is 25%.
Preparation of a 1x5 non-uniform optical splitter: the broad-spectrum 1x5 non-uniform optical splitter in the embodiment is manufactured by adopting a planar optical waveguide manufacturing process combining technologies such as photoetching, etching, plasma vapor deposition and the like, and finally, the smooth coupling end face with the inclination of 8 degrees is obtained through cutting, grinding and polishing. This example was tested using a five-wavelength fully automated coupling test system (test wavelengths 1270, 1310, 1490, 1550 and 1625 nm) and the IL test results are shown in fig. 7. The maximum WDL for 5 channels was calculated from the test data to be 0.313dB.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (9)
1. A design method of a wavelength insensitive non-uniform division Y-branch optical splitter is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: determining the width and thickness of an input waveguide, the thickness of an output waveguide, the bending radius of an output waveguide I and an output waveguide II, and the gap between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II;
and 2, step: constructing Y-branch structures of output waveguide I and output waveguide II with different widths, the width W of the output waveguide I 1 Width W of width Add and output waveguide II 2 = width + Add, add being a waveguide width adjusting parameter, width being the width of the input waveguide;
and 3, step 3: on the basis of the steps 1 and 2, scanning different Adds by using a three-dimensional light beam propagation method to obtain the output light power of the output waveguide I under the working wavelength and the output light power of the output waveguide II under the working wavelength, calculating the splitting ratio to obtain Adds corresponding to different splitting ratios, and selecting the Add corresponding to the required splitting ratio;
and 4, step 4: scanning EW1 and EW2 respectively by using a three-dimensional light beam propagation method on the basis of the step 3 to obtain output light power corresponding to the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II, and calculating wavelength dependent loss WDL of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II; EW1 in the step 4 is the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide I and the edge of the transition straight waveguide where the output waveguide I is located; EW2 is the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide II and the edge of the excessive straight waveguide where the output waveguide II is located;
and 5: and (4) determining EW1 and EW2 corresponding to the lowest wavelength-dependent loss WDL according to the step (4) to obtain a wavelength-insensitive non-equipartition Y-branch structure.
2. The design method of the wavelength insensitive non-equipartition Y-branch optical splitter according to claim 1, wherein the determination method of the width and thickness of the input waveguide in step 1 is as follows: selecting a waveguide material of the optical splitter and calculating the relative refractive index difference delta n of the waveguide material; and simulating the single-mode waveguide transmission condition by using a three-dimensional light beam propagation method to obtain a high-order mode cut-off condition, thereby determining the width and the thickness of the input waveguide.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method for determining the bending radius of the output waveguide i and the output waveguide ii in step 1 comprises: according to the width and the thickness of the input waveguide, the change of waveguide transmission loss along with the bending radius is simulated by using a three-dimensional light beam propagation method, so that the bending radii of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II are determined.
4. The method of claim 1-3, wherein the input waveguide has a width and thickness equal to 5-8.2 μm, the thickness of the widened waveguide, and the thickness of the output waveguide are equal to the thickness of the input waveguide, the bending radius of the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is 15000-20000 μm, and the gap between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is 0-3 μm.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the scanning range in step 2 by using three-dimensional beam propagation method is 0 Add width.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the scanning range in step 4 is-2 μm EW1 ≦ 2 μm, -2 μm EW2 ≦ 2 μm.
7. The design method of the wavelength insensitive non-equipartition Y-branch optical splitter according to claim 5 or 6, wherein after the output optical power is obtained in the step 4, the insertion loss IL is calculated first, and the associated loss WDL is calculated through the insertion loss IL; the calculation formula for the insertion loss IL and the wavelength dependent loss WDL is as follows:
WDL＝max(IL(λ1)，IL(λ2)，...，IL(λn))-min(IL(λ1)，IL(λ2)，...，IL(λn))
WDLmax＝max(WDL1，WDL2)
wherein λ 1, λ 2,. And λ n are optical wavelengths, pout is output optical power, and Pin is input optical power.
8. A wavelength insensitive non-uniform splitting Y-branch optical splitter obtained by the design method of any one of claims 1-3 or 5-6, which comprises an input waveguide, a widening waveguide, an excessive straight waveguide and an output waveguide which are connected in sequence, wherein the output waveguide comprises an output waveguide I and an output waveguide II, the interval between the output waveguide I and the output waveguide II is gap, and the width W of the output waveguide I is W 1 And width W of output waveguide II 2 And the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide I and the edge of the transition straight waveguide is EW1, and the distance between the outer edge of the output waveguide II and the edge of the transition straight waveguide is EW2.
9. The wavelength insensitive non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter of claim 8 wherein the non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter is combined with the uniform or non-uniform Y-branch optical splitter in a cascade to form an optical splitter.
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