CN115333173B - Active power control method of multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage - Google Patents

Active power control method of multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage Download PDF

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CN115333173B
CN115333173B CN202211245211.2A CN202211245211A CN115333173B CN 115333173 B CN115333173 B CN 115333173B CN 202211245211 A CN202211245211 A CN 202211245211A CN 115333173 B CN115333173 B CN 115333173B
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CN115333173A (en
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杨威嘉
廖溢文
汪哲铖
黄一凡
赵志高
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Wuhan University WHU
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/48—Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • H02J3/241—The oscillation concerning frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/466—Scheduling the operation of the generators, e.g. connecting or disconnecting generators to meet a given demand
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/10—Power transmission or distribution systems management focussing at grid-level, e.g. load flow analysis, node profile computation, meshed network optimisation, active network management or spinning reserve management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/40—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation wherein a plurality of decentralised, dispersed or local energy generation technologies are operated simultaneously
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

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Abstract

The invention relates to an active power control technology of a power system, in particular to a multi-energy complementary system active power control method based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a real-time control framework of a water-wind-light-storage-pumping-storage multi-energy complementary system; making a station side active control strategy according to the power supply characteristics; selecting a combined bundling output active control mode; and performing real-time coordination control on the controllable power supply by adopting a power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm. The method improves the stability of the bundling power delivery of the comprehensive energy base, effectively relieves the adjustment burden of the hydroelectric generating set, and is beneficial to the development of a large-scale multi-energy complementary system.

Description

Active power control method of multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of active power control of power systems, and particularly relates to a multi-energy complementary system active power control method based on hydropower and battery energy storage.
Background
The biggest characteristic of a high-proportion renewable energy power system is randomness and fluctuation of power generation, the problem of consumption of renewable energy is always a great challenge in the process of energy transformation, and a multi-energy complementary system is a feasible mode for improving the supply and demand coordination capability of the renewable energy and the comprehensive efficiency of an energy system. As the hydroelectric and pumped storage technology is mature, the capacity is huge, the high-quality regulation capability is realized, the response speed of the electrochemical energy storage technology is combined, the hydroelectric is used as a guide, the development and operation pattern of a large-scale clean energy base in a basin is formed by the complementation of 'water-wind-light storage', and the method becomes an important route for realizing energy cleaning and low carbonization. Therefore, how to fully exert the respective power supply regulation advantages of water, storage and pumping storage is important to safely, stably and efficiently realize the real-time active control target of the multi-energy complementary system.
Summarizing the prior art, the real-time coordination active control research of the multi-functional complementary system mainly has the following defects: 1) Aspect of the study subject: many researches relate to four multi-energy complementary forms of a wind-light storage complementary system, a water-light complementary system, a water-wind-light complementary system and a water-wind-light storage complementary system, and the real-time control research aiming at the water-wind-light-storage-pumping-storage multi-energy complementary system is less and can not adapt to the requirement of energy development; 2) The characteristic aspect of the subsystem is as follows: at present, most of researches, especially related researches on multi-energy complementary optimization scheduling simplify the internal characteristics of each power supply, and the proposed scheduling does not fully consider the dynamic response characteristics of a combined operation system and a power supply subsystem thereof; 3) And (3) control strategy aspect: at present, active power control research on how to coordinate subsystems, especially large hydropower stations, pumped storage power stations and electrochemical energy storage power stations, fully exert the adjustment advantages thereof in the capacity range is urgently needed to be carried out.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the background art, the invention provides a multi-energy complementary system active power control method based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage comprises the following steps:
step 1, establishing a water-wind-light-storage-pumping and storage multi-energy complementary system real-time control framework; the real-time control framework of the water-wind-light-storage-pumping and storage multi-energy complementary system comprises a combined control layer, a station monitoring layer and an equipment layer; the multi-energy complementary system comprises two types of new energy objects of a wind power plant and a photovoltaic power station and three types of control objects of a conventional hydropower station, a pumped storage power station and an electrochemical energy storage power station;
step 2, making a station side active control strategy according to the power supply characteristics; the field station side active control strategy comprises the charge state limitation and the quick response characteristic of an electrochemical energy storage power station, the large-capacity characteristic and the slower response characteristic of a conventional hydropower station and a pumped storage power station;
step 3, selecting a combined bundling output active control mode;
step 4, performing real-time coordination control on the controllable power supply by adopting a power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm; the power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system adopts a low-pass filtering algorithm to extract a fast component and a slow component of a control signal, the electrochemical energy storage system is used for responding to the fast component according to the response speed of the controllable power supply, the pumped-storage system is used for responding to the slow component, the conventional hydroelectric system is compensated and adjusted according to the power shortage, and the active adjustment compensation performance of the combined operation system is fully exerted according to the characteristics of each power supply.
In the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric energy and battery energy storage, the implementation of the step 1 comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, determining a topological structure of a multi-energy complementary system, determining all controllable power supply objects and a system total output connecting line in a control area aiming at a large comprehensive energy base, and taking the output power of the total connecting line as a system bundling output control target;
step 1.2, establishing a three-layer real-time control framework according to control logic:
1) A combined control layer: the upper-level dispatching mechanism issues a control instruction to the system according to the dispatching plan, so that coordinated control over the controllable power supply, the wind and light new energy power station is realized, and meanwhile, the system has a data monitoring function, and receives system operation information and returns the system operation information to the upper-level dispatching mechanism;
2) Station monitoring layer: monitoring the conventional hydroelectric, pumped storage, electrochemical energy storage, wind power and photovoltaic subsystems, reflecting the dynamic response characteristics of all physical quantities in the subsystems in real time, and returning the running states of the subsystems to a combined control layer;
3) And a device layer: the power generation unit equipment comprises: the system comprises a conventional hydroelectric generating set, a pumped storage set, an energy storage battery, a photovoltaic array and a wind generating set, wherein each device receives a control instruction from a joint control layer to perform corresponding action.
In the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric energy and battery energy storage, the implementation of the step 2 comprises the following steps:
2.1, making an active control strategy of a conventional hydropower station; the conventional hydropower station is in an active control mode, a PI type speed regulator is adopted for active control, a regulation dead zone and power change rate limitation of the conventional hydropower station are set, and a system secondary frequency modulation control instruction is responded;
2.2, formulating an active control strategy of the pumped storage power station; the pumped storage power station is in an active control mode, a PI type speed regulator is adopted for active control, a regulation dead zone and power change rate limitation of the pumped storage power station are set, and a system secondary frequency modulation control instruction is responded;
2.3, formulating an electrochemical energy storage power station active control strategy based on limit management, comprising the following steps:
step 2.3.1, setting the SOC limit value of the capacity and the state of charge of the storage battery according to the characteristics of the electrochemical energy storage power supply, including a charging early warning valueS L1 Discharge limitS L2 And discharge warning valueS H1 And charging limitS H2 ；
Step 2.3.2, judging the charging and discharging state of the energy storage system according to the active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power station and the whole SOC of the power station, wherein when the system is charged, the absorbed power is negative, and when the system is discharged, the output power is positive:
when the combined system theory stores the power instructionP C-ref <At time 0:
Figure 143032DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
when the combined system theory issues a power commandP C-ref >At time 0:
Figure 325752DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
whereins bat The method comprises the steps of representing the charge and discharge state of the energy storage system, wherein 1 represents the charge and discharge limit state, 2 represents the normal charge and discharge state, and 3 represents the charge and discharge early warning state;
step 2.3.3, determining an active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage systemP B-ref ：
When the temperature is higher than the set temperatures bat =1 i.e. when the energy storage system is in a charging or discharging limited state, the electrochemical energy storage plant is not involved in active regulation, i.e.P B-ref =0；
When in uses bat =2, namely when the energy storage system is in a normal charging or discharging state, the electrochemical energy storage power station calculates a power instruction according to a power distribution algorithmP B-S I.e. byP B-ref =P B-S ；
When in uses bat =3 when the energy storage system is in a charging or discharging early warning state, the electrochemical energy storage power station bears theoretical storage power of all the combined systems, namelyP B-ref =P C-ref 。
In the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydropower and battery energy storage, the combined bundling output active control mode in step 3 includes:
1) A power tracking mode;
if the combined system is bundled to output a tracking scheduling plan target value, selecting an active power tracking mode; the deviation between wind and light output and a power generation plan is compensated in real time by coordinating three controllable power supplies of conventional hydropower, pumped storage and energy storage, so that the bundled output of the combined system is stably output according to the plan and is in a conventional operation mode of the system;
when the wind and light output is greater than the target output, the active output is reduced by the controllable power supply; when the wind and light output is smaller than the target output, the controllable power supply increases the active output, and the output control target in the power tracking mode is as follows:
Figure 636648DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
whereinP SUM-ref (t) Is composed oftBinding output target values of the combined system at the moment;P C -ref (t) Is composed oftTarget total output of three types of controllable power supplies at the moment;P W (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually sent out by the wind power plant at the moment;P PV (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually generated by the photovoltaic power station at any moment;
2) A power smoothing mode;
if the bundled output of the control combined system meets the requirement of the power grid on the active change rate, selecting an active power smoothing mode, and smoothing wind-solar output fluctuation by controlling the output power of the pumping storage, the hydropower and the energy storage power supply; and (3) performing active power regulation of the system by using a power smoothing strategy based on a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm and using the idle capacity of the controllable power supply, wherein the target total output of the controllable power supply in a power smoothing mode is as follows:
Figure 359753DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
whereinP SUM-C The active power is constantly generated when the controllable power supply does not participate in regulation;P Δ calculating an active power adjustment value of the controllable power supply for a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm;P WPV-S outputting total active power for the wind power and the photovoltaic power which are subjected to filtering smoothing;T S is a first-order low-pass filter time constant;sis Laplace operator;P W (s) The active power is actually generated by the wind power plant in a Laplace conversion mode;P PV (s) The active power conversion method is a Laplace conversion form of the active power actually generated by the photovoltaic power station.
In the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric energy and battery energy storage, the implementation of the step 4 comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, extracting a fast component and a slow component of a total active power instruction of the controllable power supply by using a low-pass filtering algorithm;
step 4.1.1, extracting the total output control target of the controllable power supply obtained in the step 3P C-ref (t) The slow component of (c):
Figure 439704DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
whereinP f-L Is the low frequency component of the power instruction obtained by the low pass filter;T fs a low-pass filtering time constant of a filtering strategy adopted for a power distribution link;
step 4.1.2, extracting the output control target in the power tracking modeP C-ref (t) The fast component of (a):
Figure 793325DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
whereinP f-H Is thatP SUM-ref The high-frequency component of (a);
and 4.2, preferentially using pumped storage and electrochemical energy storage to absorb new energy output, and enabling the pumped storage power station to bear low-frequency components of power instructions, wherein the active control instructions of the pumped storage power station are given as follows:
Figure 388255DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
whereinP P-C The constant output is the constant output when the pumped storage does not participate in the regulation;P P-S is a pumped storage output instruction after power distribution;
and 4.3, bearing high-frequency components of power instructions by using the electrochemical energy storage power station with the rapid regulation characteristic, wherein the active control instructions of the electrochemical energy storage power station are given as follows:
Figure 118313DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
whereinP B-S The electrochemical energy storage output instruction after power distribution and the actual active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power stationP B-ref Returning to the step 2.3 for obtaining;
and 4.4, giving an active control instruction for compensation adjustment of the conventional hydropower station according to the real-time power shortage:
Figure 52771DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
whereinP H-ref (t) Is composed oftAn active control command of a conventional hydropower station at a moment;P P (t) Is composed oftActual active power of a pumped storage power station at a moment;P B (t) Is composed oftActual active power of the electrochemical energy storage power station at a moment;
and 4.5, issuing the active control command of the controllable power supply obtained in the step 4.1 to the step 4.4 to a station monitoring layer and an equipment layer through a combined control layer, and controlling each energy subsystem in real time according to the active control strategy in the step 2.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the active control method of the multi-energy complementary system fully considers the adjustable capacity and the dynamic response characteristic of the conventional hydropower, pumped storage and electrochemical energy storage on the real-time control time scale, can enable the controllable power supplies with different rapidity to respectively adjust the rapid and slow components of the system, and can effectively stabilize the real-time wind and light output fluctuation. The active power response characteristics of conventional hydropower, pumped storage and electrochemical energy storage are fully considered, the bundling power delivery stability of the comprehensive energy base can be improved, the adjustment burden of the hydroelectric generating set is effectively relieved, and the development of a large-scale multi-energy complementary system is facilitated.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a multi-energy complementary system real-time control framework according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an active power control strategy for a conventional hydroelectric power station and pumped-storage power station in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of state division of an electrochemical energy storage power station according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a power smoothing control strategy according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a power distribution strategy of a hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a time domain simulation response curve of the joint operation system in the power tracking mode according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a time domain simulation response curve of the joint operation system in the power smoothing mode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without inventive efforts based on the embodiments of the present invention, shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the embodiment, a control framework of the multi-energy complementary system comprising five power supplies of a conventional hydropower station, a wind power station, a photovoltaic power station, an electrochemical energy storage power station and a pumped storage power station is established, and a combined bundling output active control strategy of the multi-energy complementary system is formulated by taking the active power of a system total output connecting line as a control target. The control object is a conventional hydropower station, a pumped storage power station and an electrochemical energy storage power station, the new energy power station in the system freely outputs power and does not participate in active power regulation, and the dispatching side can select two control modes according to the operation scene requirement, wherein the two control modes comprise a power tracking mode and a power smoothing mode; after the control mode is determined, the pumped storage power station and the electrochemical energy storage power station carry out power distribution based on a low-pass filtering algorithm, and the conventional hydropower station carries out compensation adjustment according to the real-time output of the system; and various controllable power supplies adopt proper station side active control strategies according to the characteristics of the power supplies, so that the aim of active control of combined bundling output is fulfilled.
The embodiment is realized by the following technical scheme, and the active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric power and battery energy storage comprises the following steps:
step (1): establishing a real-time control framework of a water-wind-light-storage-pumping-storage multi-energy complementary system;
step 1: determining a topological structure of a multi-energy complementary system, determining all controllable power supply objects and system total outgoing connecting lines in a control area aiming at a large-scale comprehensive energy base, and taking the outgoing power of the total connecting lines as a system bundling output control target;
step 2: establishing a three-layer real-time control framework according to the control logic:
1) A combined control layer: the upper-level dispatching mechanism issues a control instruction to the system according to the dispatching plan, so that coordinated control of the controllable power supply and the wind and light new energy power station is realized, and meanwhile, the system has a data monitoring function, and receives system operation information and returns the system operation information to the upper-level dispatching mechanism;
2) Station monitoring layer: monitoring the conventional hydroelectric, pumped storage, electrochemical energy storage, wind power and photovoltaic subsystems, reflecting the dynamic response characteristics of all physical quantities in the subsystems in real time, and returning the running states of the subsystems to a combined control layer;
3) Equipment layer: the method directly comprises various power generation unit devices, such as a conventional hydroelectric generating set, a pumped storage set, an energy storage battery, a photovoltaic array and a wind generating set, wherein the various devices receive control instructions from a combined control layer to perform corresponding actions;
step (2): making a station side active control strategy according to the power supply characteristics;
because the output of the new energy power station is strongly related to real-time wind energy, illumination and temperature, the method has obvious randomness and volatility, and although the wind power station and the photovoltaic power station have certain adjusting capacity in practice, reliable and continuous power support is difficult to provide, so the wind power station and the photovoltaic power station are not taken as control objects of the method, and free output is realized in the whole control process. In addition, the method of the present embodiment is based on an AGC control mode of a fixed-switching power control (FTC), that is, assuming that the multi-energy complementary system is grid-connected, the system frequency is maintained constant by an infinite power grid, and only the real active power of the system needs to be controlled.
Step 1: an active control strategy of a conventional hydropower station is formulated, the conventional hydropower station is in an active control mode, a PI type speed regulator is adopted for active control, an adjustment dead zone and power change rate limitation of the conventional hydropower station are set, and a secondary frequency modulation control command of a system is responded;
step 2: making an active control strategy of the pumped storage power station, wherein the pumped storage power station is in an active control mode similar to Step 1, adopting a PI type speed regulator to perform active control, setting an adjustment dead zone and power change rate limitation of the pumped storage power station, and responding to a system secondary frequency modulation control instruction;
step 3: electrochemical energy storage power station active control strategy based on limit management
Step 3.1: setting battery capacity (state of charge SOC) limits, including charge warning values, based on electrochemical energy storage power supply characteristicsS L1 Discharge limitS L2 And discharge warning valueS H1 And charging limitS H2 ；
Step 3.2: and (2) judging the charging and discharging state of the energy storage system according to the active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power station and the whole SOC of the power station (assuming that the absorbed power is negative when the system is charged and the output power is positive when the system is discharged):
when the system theory stores the power instructionP C-ref <At time 0:
Figure 376961DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
when the combined system theory gives out a power instructionP C-ref >At time 0:
Figure 662449DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
whereins bat The method comprises the following steps of (1) representing the charging and discharging state of an energy storage system, 1 representing the charging (discharging) limiting state, 2 representing the normal charging (discharging) state, and 3 representing the charging (discharging) early warning state;
step 3.3: determining active control commands for electrochemical energy storage systemsP B-ref ：
When in uses bat =1 when the energy storage system is in charging (discharging) limiting state, in order to avoid the energy storage battery from being overcharged or overdischarged, the electrochemical energy storage power station does not participate in active regulation, namelyP B-ref =0；
When the temperature is higher than the set temperatures bat And =2, namely when the energy storage system is in a normal charging (discharging) state, the electrochemical energy storage power station calculates a power instruction according to a power distribution algorithmP B-S I.e. byP B-ref =P B-S ；
When in uses bat =3 namely when the energy storage system is in a charging (discharging) early warning state, in order to prevent the energy storage battery from entering a charging (discharging) limiting state, the electrochemical energy storage power station bears theoretical storage power of all combined systems at the moment, namelyP B-ref =P C-ref ；
And (3): selecting a combined bundling output active control mode;
the method takes the bundling output (namely the outgoing power of the main connecting line) of the multi-energy complementary system as a control target, provides two active control modes, and controls the designated active power of the bundling outgoing of the combined operation system in real time:
1) A power tracking mode;
if the bundled output of the combined system is to be made to track the target value of the scheduling plan, an active power tracking mode is selected, the deviation between the wind and light output and the power generation plan is compensated in real time by coordinating three controllable power supplies of conventional hydropower, pumped storage and energy storage, and the bundled output of the combined system is made to be stably output according to the plan, which is a conventional operation mode of the system. When the wind and light output is greater than the target output, the controllable power supply reduces the active output; when the wind and light output is smaller than the target output, the active output is increased by the controllable power supply, and the output control target in the power tracking mode is as follows:
Figure 930619DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
whereinP SUM-ref (t) Is composed oftBinding a target value of output by a combined system at a moment;P C -ref (t) Is composed oftTarget total output of three types of controllable power supplies at the moment;P W (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually sent out by the wind power plant at the moment;P PV (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually generated by the photovoltaic power station at any moment;
2) A power smoothing mode;
and if the aim of controlling the bundled output of the combined system to meet the requirement of the power grid on the active change rate is taken as the target, selecting an active power smoothing mode, and smoothing the wind-solar output fluctuation by controlling the output power of the pumping storage power supply, the hydropower supply and the energy storage power supply. And (3) adopting a power smoothing strategy based on a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm, and only using the idle capacity of the controllable power supply to perform active power regulation on the system, wherein the target total output of the controllable power supply in a power smoothing mode is as follows:
Figure 985163DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
whereinP SUM-C The active power is constantly sent out when the controllable power supply does not participate in regulation;P Δ calculating an active power adjustment value of the controllable power supply for a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm;P WPV-S outputting total active power for the wind power and the photovoltaic power which are subjected to filtering smoothing;T S is a first order low pass filter time constant;sis Laplace operator;P W (s) The active power actually emitted by the wind power plant is in a Laplace conversion form;P PV (s) Form of Laplace conversion of active power actually generated by photovoltaic power station。
And (4): performing real-time coordination control on the controllable power supply by adopting a power distribution strategy of a hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm;
step 1: extracting a fast component and a slow component of a total active power instruction of the controllable power supply by adopting a low-pass filtering algorithm;
step 1.1: extracting the total output control target of the controllable power supply obtained in the step (3)P C-ref (t) Slow component of (a):
Figure 680586DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
whereinP f-L Is the low frequency component of the power instruction obtained by the low pass filter;T fs a low-pass filtering time constant of a filtering strategy adopted for a power distribution link;
step 1.2: extracting the total output control target of the controllable power supply obtained in the step (3)P C-ref (t) The fast component of (a):
Figure 453370DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
whereinP f-H Is thatP SUM-ref The high-frequency component of (2);
step 2: preferentially using pumped storage and electrochemical energy storage to absorb new energy output, and in order to give full play to the capacity advantage of a pumped storage power station and take the regulation characteristic that pumped storage is slower than electrochemical energy storage into consideration, the pumped storage power station is made to bear low-frequency components of power instructions, and the active control instructions of the pumped storage power station are given as follows:
Figure 56390DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
whereinP P-C The constant output is the constant output when the pumped storage does not participate in the regulation;P P-S is pumped storage after power distributionA force instruction is given;
step 3: and (3) bearing high-frequency components of power commands by using the electrochemical energy storage power station with the rapid regulation characteristic, and giving active control commands of the electrochemical energy storage power station as follows:
Figure 231019DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
whereinP B- Namely the electrochemical energy storage output instruction after power distribution and the actual active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power station in Step (2) Step 3.3P B-ref Further returning to the step (2) for obtaining;
step 4: giving an active control command for compensation adjustment of a conventional hydropower station according to the real-time power shortage:
Figure 831765DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
whereinP H-ref (t) Is composed oftAn active control command of a conventional hydropower station at a moment;P P (t) Is composed oftActual active power of a pumped storage power station at a moment;P B (t) Is composed oftActual active power of the electrochemical energy storage power station at a moment;
step 5: and (3) issuing the active control command of the controllable power supply obtained in the Step 1-Step 4 to a station monitoring layer and an equipment layer through a combined control layer, and controlling each energy subsystem in real time according to the active control strategy in the Step (2).
The feasibility of the method is proved by an embodiment of performing real-time active control on a water-wind-light-storage-pumping multi-energy complementary simulation system, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, establishing a real-time control framework of a water-wind-light-storage-pumping-storage multi-energy complementary system;
in the virtual simulation system, the installed capacity of a conventional hydropower station is 1700MW, the installed capacity of a pumped storage power station is 300MW, the installed capacity of a wind power station is 500MW, the installed capacity of a photovoltaic power station is 400MW, and the rated power of an electrochemical energy storage power station is 75MW. The method comprises the steps that the free output of a wind power plant and a photovoltaic power station is set, a conventional hydropower station constantly sends out 60% of rated output when no adjustment task is carried out, a pumped storage power station constantly sends out 67% of rated output when no adjustment task is carried out, and an electrochemical energy storage power station only carries out charging and discharging when an adjustment task is carried out.
The system real-time control framework is shown in fig. 1. The combined control layer receives a combined system bundling output target value issued by a superior scheduling mechanismP BUM-ref And is responsible for implementing the power allocation strategy in step (4) and the station-side active control strategy in step (2) of the method of the present embodiment.
The state quantity of a monitoring system of a station monitoring layer is mainly the actual active output of each subsystem, such as the real-time active power of a conventional hydropower stationP H (t) Real-time active power of pumped storage power stationP P (t) Real-time active power of electrochemical energy storage power stationP B (t) Photovoltaic power station real-time active powerP PV (t) Real-time active power of wind farmP W (t) And additionally comprises the real-time state of charge of the energy storage systemSOC(t) And the system state quantity is transmitted to the joint control layer to carry out active control algorithm operation, and is further transmitted to an upper-level scheduling mechanism to carry out scheduling scheme optimization.
And the device layer carries out simulation calculation according to the variable power instruction value issued by the combined control layer.
Secondly, making a station side active control strategy according to the power supply characteristics;
for conventional hydropower stations and pumped storage power stations, the active control strategy is similar, and the specific block diagram is shown in figure 2 and is implemented by a water turbine regulating systemb p Is a permanent state slip coefficient, and is,T y is the time constant of the main servomotor,K p andK i respectively a proportional gain coefficient and an integral gain coefficient of the speed regulator,yis the servomotor action stroke. In this example, takeK p= 0.5，K i= 0.1。
For an electrochemical energy storage power station, an energy storage system active control strategy based on limit management is adopted, the state areas are divided as shown in figure 3, and a controller is based onP C-ref (t) AndSOC(t) And judging the state of the system, and adjusting an active control instruction of the energy storage system. In this example, takeS H1 =80%，S H2 =90%，S L1 =20%，S L2 =10% initial state of chargeSOC 0 =50%。
Thirdly, selecting a combined bundling output active control mode;
according to the selected active control mode, the corresponding algorithm is adopted to obtaintTarget total output of three types of controllable power supplies at momentP C-ref (t)。
1) Selecting a power tracking mode, wherein the combined control layer receives a bundling output target value of the combined system issued by the upper dispatching mechanism, and performs output tracking by taking the bundling output target value as a control target, and the bundling output target with a step change is set as follows:
Figure 888583DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
in order to quantitatively evaluate the power regulation effect of the controllable power supply in the power tracking mode, an evaluation index shown as the following formula, namely an active deviation rate delta, is introducedαThe index is a negative index (i.e. the smaller the better), and reflects the deviation degree of the total binding output of the combined system from the given planned output:
Figure 232976DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
whereinP SUM (t) Is composed oftBinding an actual value of output by a combined system at a moment;
2) Selecting a power smoothing mode, enabling the wind power plant and the photovoltaic power station to freely output power, and enabling a conventional hydropower station, a pumped storage power station and an electrochemical energy storage power station to smooth output fluctuation, wherein a power smoothing control strategy block diagram is shown in FIG. 4;
in order to quantitatively evaluate the actual smoothing effect of the bundling output in the power smoothing mode, a 30 s-level fluctuation index is introduced, which reflects the smoothing degree of the bundling total output curve of the combined system within every 30s as shown in the following formula:
Figure 262112DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
whereinP imax,30s, ，P imin,30s, ，P avg i,30s, Is a firstiMaximum, minimum and average of the total bundled forces in segment 30 s. Further, a forward indicator (i.e., larger is better), will be usedb i The percentage of the number of segments less than 5% of the total number of segmentsβThe power smoothing effect is measured as:
Figure 110724DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
whereinnRepresenting the total number of the sections divided by the interval of 30s in the whole simulation time length;n bi<5% to representb i Less than 5% of the number of segments.
Fourthly, performing real-time coordination control on the controllable power supply by adopting a power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm;
the third step is solved to obtainP C-ref (t) The active control instruction of the pumped storage power station is obtained based on a low-pass filtering algorithm as the power distribution strategy input of the hybrid energy storage systemP P-S (P P-ref ) And the active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power stationP B-S The control block diagram is shown in fig. 5. And then, obtaining an active control instruction of the conventional hydropower station according to the real-time output of the pumped storage power station, the energy storage system, the wind power plant and the photovoltaic power stationP H-ref . WhereinP B-S Need to return to the second stepAnd solving an actual power instruction of the energy storage power station. And issuing the active control instruction to each energy subsystem for real-time coordination control.
The time domain simulation response of a conventional hydro-electric-storage-wind-light-storage combined operation system when the system is operating in power tracking mode is shown in fig. 6. Wherein, the dotted line No. 8 is a power instruction issued by the AGC system. When the system is not subjected to multi-energy complementary joint adjustment, the total bundling output of the system is shown by a dot-dash line No. 6 in FIG. 6; when the real-time coordinated multi-energy complementary control method is adopted, the total bundling output of the system is shown as a thick solid line No. 7 in fig. 6, when the power instruction at 300s is greatly adjusted downwards, the adjustment capacity of the pumped storage power station and the electrochemical energy storage power station is insufficient, and the conventional hydropower station correspondingly adjusts downwards to track the output plan. Under the working condition, when the system is simply connected, the active deviation ratio of the total bundling output is deltaα=26.80%; and when active regulation is performed, the active deviation ratio decreases to deltaα=2.06%, the tracking ability of the system and the burr phenomenon of the output curve are both improved obviously.
The time domain simulation response of the water-wind-light-storage combined operation system when the system is operated in the power smoothing mode is shown in fig. 7. In fig. 7, the dot-dash line 6 is free output, and the thick solid line 7 represents total system bundling output after the combined regulation of three types of controllable power supplies of conventional hydroelectric power, pumping storage and electrochemical energy storage.b i The number of the sections less than 5 percent is 5, and the proportion is 27.78 percent; after the three types of controllable power supplies are adopted for combined regulation,b i the number of the sections less than 5% is increased to 17, the proportion is 94.44%, the smoothing effect of the system is increased in a leap manner, and the remarkable smoothing effect of electrochemical energy storage can be visually observed in the figure. In addition, no matter which control mode is adopted, the electrochemical energy storage power station bears the rapid component of the power instruction adjusted by the hydroelectric generating set originally, so that the adjustment burden of the hydroelectric generating set is relieved remarkably.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (5)

1. The active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on water and electricity and battery energy storage is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, establishing a water-wind-light-storage-pumping-storage multi-energy complementary system real-time control framework; the real-time control framework of the water-wind-light-storage multi-energy complementary system comprises a combined control layer, a station monitoring layer and an equipment layer; the multi-energy complementary system comprises two types of new energy objects of a wind power plant and a photovoltaic power station and three types of control objects of a conventional hydropower station, a pumped storage power station and an electrochemical energy storage power station;
step 2, making a station side active control strategy according to the power supply characteristics; the field station side active control strategy comprises the charge state limitation and quick response characteristics of an electrochemical energy storage power station, the large-capacity characteristics and the slower response characteristics of a conventional hydropower station and a pumped storage power station;
step 3, selecting a combined bundling output active control mode;
step 4, performing real-time coordination control on the controllable power supply by adopting a power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system based on a low-pass filtering algorithm; according to the power distribution strategy of the hybrid energy storage system, a low-pass filtering algorithm is adopted to extract a fast component and a slow component of a control signal, an electrochemical energy storage system is used for responding to the fast component according to the response speed of a controllable power supply, a pumped-storage system is used for responding to the slow component, a conventional hydroelectric system carries out compensation and adjustment according to power shortage, and the active adjustment and compensation performance of a combined operation system is fully exerted according to the characteristics of each power supply.
2. The active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric and battery energy storage as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the implementation of step 1 comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, determining a topological structure of a multi-energy complementary system, determining all controllable power supply objects and system total output connecting lines in a control area aiming at a large-scale comprehensive energy base, and taking the output power of the total connecting lines as a system bundling output control target;
step 1.2, establishing a three-layer real-time control framework according to control logic:
1) A combined control layer: the upper-level dispatching mechanism issues a control instruction to the system according to the dispatching plan, so that coordinated control of the controllable power supply and the wind and light new energy power station is realized, and meanwhile, the system has a data monitoring function, and receives system operation information and returns the system operation information to the upper-level dispatching mechanism;
2) Station monitoring layer: monitoring conventional hydroelectric, pumped storage, electrochemical energy storage, wind power and photovoltaic subsystems, reflecting dynamic response characteristics of physical quantities in the subsystems in real time, and returning the running states of the subsystems to a joint control layer;
3) And a device layer: the power generation unit equipment comprises: the system comprises a conventional hydroelectric generating set, a pumped storage set, an energy storage battery, a photovoltaic array and a wind generating set, wherein each device receives a control instruction from a joint control layer to perform corresponding action.
3. The active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric and battery energy storage as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the implementation of step 2 comprises the following steps:
2.1, making an active control strategy of a conventional hydropower station; the conventional hydropower station is in an active control mode, a PI type speed regulator is adopted for active control, a regulation dead zone and power change rate limitation of the conventional hydropower station are set, and a system secondary frequency modulation control instruction is responded;
2.2, making an active control strategy of the pumped storage power station; the pumped storage power station is in an active control mode, a PI type speed regulator is adopted for active control, a regulation dead zone and power change rate limitation of the pumped storage power station are set, and a system secondary frequency modulation control instruction is responded;
2.3, formulating an electrochemical energy storage power station active control strategy based on limit management, comprising the following steps:
step 2.3.1, setting the SOC limit value of the capacity and the state of charge of the storage battery according to the characteristics of the electrochemical energy storage power supply, including a charging early warning valueS L1 Discharge limitS L2 And dischargingEarly warning valueS H1 And charging limitS H2 ；
Step 2.3.2, judging the charging and discharging state of the energy storage system according to the active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power station and the whole SOC of the power station, wherein when the system is charged, the absorbed power is negative, and when the system is discharged, the output power is positive:
when the system theory stores the power instructionP C-ref <At time 0:
Figure 577797DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
when the combined system theory gives out a power instructionP C-ref >At time 0:
Figure 650182DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
whereins bat The method comprises the steps of representing the charge and discharge state of the energy storage system, wherein 1 represents the charge and discharge limit state, 2 represents the normal charge and discharge state, and 3 represents the charge and discharge early warning state;
step 2.3.3, determining an active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage systemP B-ref ：
When the temperature is higher than the set temperatures bat =1 when the energy storage system is in a charging or discharging limiting state, the electrochemical energy storage power station does not participate in active regulation, i.e.P B-ref =0；
When the temperature is higher than the set temperatures bat =2, namely when the energy storage system is in a normal charging or discharging state, the electrochemical energy storage power station calculates a power instruction according to a power distribution algorithmP B-S I.e. byP B-ref =P B-S ；
When in uses bat =3 when the energy storage system is in a charging or discharging early warning state, the electrochemical energy storage power station bears theoretical storage power of all the combined systems, namelyP B-ref =P C-ref 。
4. The active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric and battery energy storage is characterized in that: step 3, the combined bundling output active control mode comprises the following steps:
1) A power tracking mode;
if the combined system is bundled to output a tracking scheduling plan target value, selecting an active power tracking mode; the deviation between wind and light output and a power generation plan is compensated in real time by coordinating three controllable power supplies of conventional hydropower, pumped storage and energy storage, so that the bundled output of the combined system is stably output according to the plan and is in a conventional operation mode of the system;
when the wind and light output is greater than the target output, the active output is reduced by the controllable power supply; when the wind and light output is smaller than the target output, the controllable power supply increases the active output, and the output control target in the power tracking mode is as follows:
Figure 64983DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
whereinP SUM-ref (t) Is composed oftBinding a target value of output by a combined system at a moment;P C -ref (t) Is composed oftTarget total output of three types of controllable power supplies at the moment;P W (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually generated by the wind power plant at the moment;P PV (t) Is composed oftThe active power actually generated by the photovoltaic power station at any moment;
2) A power smoothing mode;
if the bundled output of the control combined system meets the requirement of the power grid on the active change rate, selecting an active power smoothing mode, and smoothing wind-solar output fluctuation by controlling the output power of the pumping storage, the hydropower and the energy storage power supply; and (3) performing active power regulation of the system by using a power smoothing strategy based on a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm and using the idle capacity of the controllable power supply, wherein the target total output of the controllable power supply in a power smoothing mode is as follows:
Figure 273111DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
whereinP SUM-C The active power is constantly generated when the controllable power supply does not participate in regulation;P Δ calculating an active power adjustment value of the controllable power supply for a first-order low-pass filtering algorithm;P WPV-S outputting total active power for the wind power and the photovoltaic power which are subjected to filtering smoothing;T S is a first order low pass filter time constant;sis Laplace operator;P W (s) The active power is actually generated by the wind power plant in a Laplace conversion mode;P PV (s) The active power conversion method is a Laplace conversion form of the active power actually generated by the photovoltaic power station.
5. The active power control method of the multi-energy complementary system based on hydroelectric and battery energy storage is characterized in that: the implementation of step 4 comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, extracting a fast component and a slow component of a total active power instruction of the controllable power supply by using a low-pass filtering algorithm;
step 4.1.1, extracting the total output control target of the controllable power supply obtained in the step 3P C-ref (t) The slow component of (c):
Figure 38941DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
whereinP f-L Is the low frequency component of the power instruction obtained by the low pass filter;T fs a low-pass filtering time constant of a filtering strategy adopted for a power distribution link;
step 4.1.2, extracting the output control target in the power tracking modeP C-ref (t) The fast component of (a):
Figure 521875DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
whereinP f-H Is thatP SUM-ref The high-frequency component of (2);
and 4.2, preferentially using pumped storage and electrochemical energy storage to absorb new energy output, and enabling the pumped storage power station to bear low-frequency components of power instructions, wherein the active control instructions of the pumped storage power station are given as follows:
Figure 525603DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
whereinP P-C The constant output is the constant output when the pumped storage does not participate in the regulation;P P-S is a pumped storage output instruction after power distribution;
and 4.3, bearing high-frequency components of power instructions by using the electrochemical energy storage power station with the rapid regulation characteristic, wherein the active control instructions of the electrochemical energy storage power station are given as follows:
Figure 904632DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
whereinP B-S The electrochemical energy storage output instruction after power distribution and the actual active control instruction of the electrochemical energy storage power stationP B-ref Returning to the step 2.3 for obtaining;
and 4.4, giving an active control instruction for compensation adjustment of the conventional hydropower station according to the real-time power shortage:
Figure 361021DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
whereinP H-ref (t) Is composed oftAn active control command of a conventional hydropower station at a moment;P P (t) Is composed oftActual active power of the pumped storage power station at a moment;P B (t) Is composed oftActual active power of the electrochemical energy storage power station at the moment;
and 4.5, issuing the active control command of the controllable power supply obtained in the step 4.1 to the step 4.4 to a station monitoring layer and an equipment layer through a combined control layer, and controlling each energy subsystem in real time according to the active control strategy in the step 2.
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