CN115325630A - Control method of refrigerating system - Google Patents

Control method of refrigerating system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115325630A
CN115325630A CN202210882345.9A CN202210882345A CN115325630A CN 115325630 A CN115325630 A CN 115325630A CN 202210882345 A CN202210882345 A CN 202210882345A CN 115325630 A CN115325630 A CN 115325630A
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pressure
compressor
max
mpag
low
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杨兵
杨亚华
任洋
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Nanjing TICA Climate Solutions Co Ltd
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Nanjing TICA Climate Solutions Co Ltd
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/001Compression cycle type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F24F11/63Electronic processing
    • F24F11/64Electronic processing using pre-stored data
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • F24F11/80Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
    • F24F11/86Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling compressors within refrigeration or heat pump circuits
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/88Electrical aspects, e.g. circuits
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2140/00Control inputs relating to system states
    • F24F2140/10Pressure
    • F24F2140/12Heat-exchange fluid pressure
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuzzy Systems (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a control method of a refrigeration system, and belongs to the technical field of air conditioner control. The control method of the refrigerating system comprises the steps of firstly dividing a low-pressure Ls operated by the refrigerating system into a low-temperature area, a medium-temperature area and a high-temperature area, then respectively detecting the conditions of dynamic high-pressure limits Hs (MAX) corresponding to the areas, detecting the high-pressure and the low-pressure operated by the refrigerating system in real time, determining the dynamic high-pressure limit Hs (MAX) corresponding to the current low-pressure operated pressure, comparing the real-time detection value of the high-pressure with the high-pressure limit, and dynamically limiting the high-pressure operation range of a compressor. The invention controls the high pressure range according to the low pressure, and can output the compressor and protect the compressor to the maximum; compared with the prior art of fixing a certain protection high-pressure value, the high-pressure protection device can efficiently improve the operation output of the compressor and increase the reliability of the compressor, and has the advantages of simple design and strong practical controllability. The air conditioner can be widely applied to various air conditioners for fresh air, circulating air direct expansion, pipeline machines, multi-split air conditioners and the like.

Description

Control method of refrigerating system
Technical Field
The invention relates to a control method of a refrigeration system, and belongs to the technical field of air conditioner control.
Background
The temperature operation range of the brand new fan set during design is wide, and the stable and reliable operation of the fan set needs to be ensured from low temperature of minus 25 ℃ to high temperature of 50 ℃. The compressor is used as a power source for designing the air conditioning system, and the core of the control protection of all the units also surrounds the compressor and the operation range of the compressor. Over the operating range of the compressor, overload protection action can occur in a short time to influence the use experience of a client, and system components are worn or even damaged and finally cannot be maintained and used for a long time.
For conventional general protection, unified high-pressure protection, low-pressure protection and the like are set according to the operation range of the compressor, and partial overrun conditions may exist; if the compressor is set to be too low, the compressor can be limited in a safe range, but the capacity output of the compressor is limited at the same time, and higher capacity cannot be exerted; the problem that the protection cannot be met easily occurs due to too high setting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a control method of a refrigeration system capable of dynamically controlling a high-pressure range according to low-pressure so as to improve the operation output of a compressor and increase the reliability of the compressor.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method of controlling a refrigeration system, comprising the steps of: (1) Limiting the interval of low pressure Ls of the operation of the refrigerating system, wherein the interval is divided into a low-temperature area, a medium-temperature area and a high-temperature area from low to high in sequence; (2) Respectively setting conditions of dynamic high-pressure limit values Hs (MAX) corresponding to a low-temperature region, a medium-temperature region and a high-temperature region; (3) The high-pressure and the low-pressure of the operation of the refrigerating system are detected in real time, the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX) corresponding to the current operation low-pressure is determined according to the step (2), the current operation high-pressure Hs is compared with the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX), and the compressor is controlled, specifically: (1) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -B MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled; (2) when Hs (Max) -B MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max), the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased; (3) when Hs is more than Hs (Max), the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is forcibly reduced; (4) when Hs (Max) -C MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -A MPaG of the current operation high pressure, the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased; (5) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -C MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled;
the above A, B and C symbols only represent numerical ranges, and are specifically as follows: a is 0.05-0.3MPaG, B is 0.1-0.4 MPaG, C is 0.15-0.5 MPaG, and A is more than B and less than C.
In the step (1), the interval of the low-pressure Ls is limited as follows: 0.15-1.6 MPaG.
Low-temperature zone low-pressure Ls range: 0.15-0.45MPaG, the range of the low-pressure Ls in the middle temperature region: 0.45-1.2MPaG, low pressure Ls range in high temperature region: 1.2-1.6 MPaG.
In the step (3), the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the low temperature region is conditioned as follows: hs (MAX) =7 × ls +1.0 MPaG.
In the step (3), the conditions of the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the medium temperature zone are as follows: hs (MAX =4.15 MPaG.
In the step (3), the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the high temperature region is conditioned as follows: hs (MAX) = -3.5 Ls +8.35 MPaG.
In the step (3), in the steps (1), (2) and (3), the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in an ascending interval; in the steps (4) and (5), the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in a descending interval.
In step (3), A is 0.05MPaG, B is 0.1 MPaG, and C is 0.2 MPaG.
The compressor output capacity is allowed to decrease when the compressor capacity is limited.
Compressor down-conversion control is performed, specifically, the compressor is forced to reduce by 8rps every 120 s.
The beneficial effects of the invention are: the high-pressure operation range of the compressor is dynamically limited by controlling the high-pressure range according to the low-pressure, detecting the numerical values of the low-pressure and the high-pressure in real time, dynamically calculating the high-pressure limit value according to the real-time detection value of the low-pressure, comparing the real-time detection value of the high-pressure with the high-pressure limit value, and outputting the compressor and protecting the compressor to the maximum extent; compared with the prior art that a certain protection high-pressure numerical value is fixed, the operation output of the compressor can be efficiently improved, the reliability of the compressor can be improved, and the device has the advantages of simple design and strong practical controllability. The control method of the refrigerating system can be widely applied to various air-conditioning fresh air, circulating air direct-expansion products, pipeline machine products, multi-split air-conditioning units and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an operating pressure interval in a control method of a refrigeration system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of control conditions in a control method of a refrigeration system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and the specific embodiments.
The control method of the refrigeration system of one embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) The low-pressure Ls interval of the operation of the refrigeration system is defined, and in the embodiment, the low-pressure Ls interval is defined as: 0.15-1.6 MPaG, the interval is divided into a low-temperature area, a medium-temperature area and a high-temperature area from low to high in sequence, and the low-pressure Ls of the low-temperature area is within the range: 0.15-0.45MPaG, the range of the low-pressure Ls in the middle temperature region: 0.45-1.2MPaG, low pressure Ls range in high temperature region: 1.2-1.6 MPaG.
(2) Respectively setting conditions of dynamic high-pressure limit values Hs (MAX) corresponding to the low-temperature area, the medium-temperature area and the high-temperature area, wherein the conditions of the dynamic high-pressure limit values Hs (MAX) of the low-temperature area are as follows: hs (MAX) =7 × ls +1.0 MPaG; the conditions of the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the medium temperature zone are as follows: hs (MAX) =4.15 MPaG; the conditions of the dynamic high pressure limit Hs (MAX) of the high temperature zone are: hs (MAX) = -3.5 Ls +8.35 MPaG.
(3) The high-pressure and the low-pressure of the operation of the refrigerating system are detected in real time, the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX) corresponding to the current operation low-pressure is determined according to the step (2), the current operation high-pressure Hs is compared with the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX), and the compressor is controlled, specifically:
(1) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -B MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled, and the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in an ascending interval;
(2) when Hs (Max) -B MPaG is not less than Hs (Max), the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased, and the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in an ascending interval;
(3) when Hs is more than Hs (Max), the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, the compressor is in a protection state, the output capacity of the compressor is forcibly reduced, specifically, the compressor can be forcibly reduced by 8rps every 120s, and the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigeration system is in an ascending interval;
(4) when Hs (Max) -C MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -A MPaG of the current operation high pressure Hs, the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased, the compressor can be forced to reduce 8rps every 120s, and the operation high pressure Hs of the refrigeration system is in a reduction interval;
(5) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -C MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled, namely the compressor is normally loaded or unloaded to operate, and the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigeration system is in a descending interval;
the above A, B and C symbols only represent numerical ranges, and are specifically as follows: a is 0.05-0.3MPaG, B is 0.1-0.4 MPaG, C is 0.15-0.5 MPaG, and A < B < C, in this example, A is 0.05MPaG, B is 0.1 MPaG, and C is 0.2 MPaG.
The control method of the refrigeration system dynamically controls the high-pressure range according to the low-pressure, and can be widely applied to various air-conditioning fresh air, circulating air direct-expansion products, pipeline products, multi-split air-conditioning units and the like.
When the high-pressure and low-pressure detection device is operated, a refrigerating system unit needs to be provided with a high-pressure sensor and a low-pressure sensor which are respectively used for detecting the high-pressure and the low-pressure of the operation of a refrigerating system in real time, so that the reliability and the stable performance of the unit operation are ensured. The invention is illustrated below with reference to specific control examples:
when the unit normally operates, the unit is divided into a low-temperature area, a medium-temperature area and a high-temperature area (the low-temperature area is 0.15-0.45MPaG, the medium-temperature area is 0.45-1.2MPaG and the high-temperature area is 1.2-1.6 MPaG) according to a compressor range diagram according to detected low-pressure, and each partition is used for limiting a dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (Max) according to the following formula.
Dynamic high pressure limit of low temperature zone: hs (Max) =7 × ls +1.0 MPaG
Dynamic high-pressure limit of medium temperature zone: hs (Max) =4.15 MPaG
Dynamic high pressure limit of high temperature zone: hs (Max) = -3.5 Ls +8.35 MPaG
A pressure operation interval curve of a certain compressor drawn according to the low-pressure and dynamic high-pressure limit value formula is shown in fig. 1, wherein the abscissa shown in fig. 1 is evaporation pressure (low-pressure), the ordinate is condensation pressure (high-pressure), and the allowable operation range of the compressor needs to be ensured in the curve. The high pressure limit is dynamically limited and dynamically controlled according to the range of the curves in fig. 1.
1. When the compressor is operated in the low temperature region, the dynamic control process is as follows:
(1) When the current operation low-pressure of the unit is 0.2MPaG, hs (Max) =2.4MPaG is calculated according to a dynamic high-pressure limit value formula of the low-temperature region.
(2) According to the dynamic control method, the system operates under the high pressure which meets the following conditions:
ascending interval: (1) and if the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG, namely Hs is less than 2.3MPaG, normally loading or unloading the compressor for control.
(2) And if Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) MPaG of the current operation high pressure Hs, i.e. 2.3MPaG is less than or equal to Hs and less than or equal to 2.4MPaG, controlling the capacity limit of the compressor, and not allowing the output of the compressor to increase and allowing the output to decrease.
(3) If the current running high pressure Hs is more than Hs (Max), namely Hs is more than 2.4MPaG, the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, namely the compressor is forced to reduce 8rps every 120 s.
A descending interval: and if Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -0.05MPaG of the current operation high pressure Hs, namely 2.2 MPaG is less than or equal to Hs and less than or equal to 2.35 MPaG, controlling the capacity limit of the compressor, and not allowing the output of the compressor to increase and allowing the output to decrease.
And if the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG, namely Hs is less than 2.2 MPaG, normally loading or unloading the compressor for control.
2. When the compressor is operated in the middle temperature zone, the dynamic control process is as follows:
when the low pressure of the unit is 0.8MPaG, the dynamic limit value Hs (Max) =4.15 MPaG in the middle temperature zone, and according to the dynamic control method, the high pressure of the system operation needs to meet the following conditions:
ascending interval: and if the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG, namely Hs is less than 4.05MPaG, normally loading or unloading the compressor for control.
If Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG (4.05 MPaG) is less than or equal to Hs (Max) MPaG at the current operation high pressure, namely, hs is less than or equal to 4.15 MPaG at 4.05MPaG, the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the output of the compressor is not allowed to be increased, and the output of the compressor is allowed to be reduced.
(3) If the current running high pressure Hs is more than Hs (Max), namely Hs is more than 4.15 MPaG, the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, namely the compressor is forced to be reduced by 8rps every 120 s.
A descending interval: and if Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -0.05MPaG of the current operation high pressure Hs, namely 3.95 MPaG is less than or equal to Hs and less than or equal to 4.1 MPaG, controlling the capacity limit of the compressor, and not allowing the output of the compressor to increase and allowing the output to decrease.
If the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG, namely Hs is less than 3.95 MPaG, the compressor is normally loaded or unloaded.
3. When the compressor is operated in the high temperature region, the dynamic control process is as follows:
when the low-pressure of the unit in operation is 1.4MPaG, hs (Max) = -3.5 Ls +8.35 MPaG is calculated according to a dynamic high-pressure limit formula Hs (Max) = -3.5 MPaG of the high-temperature area, and according to a dynamic control method, the high-pressure of the system in operation meets the following conditions:
ascending interval: and if the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG, namely Hs is less than 3.35MPaG, normally loading or unloading the compressor for control.
If Hs (Max) -0.1 MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) which is less than or equal to the current operation high pressure Hs, namely 3.35MPaG is less than or equal to Hs and less than or equal to 3.45MPaG, the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the output of the compressor is not allowed to be increased, and the output of the compressor is allowed to be reduced.
If the current running high pressure Hs is more than Hs (Max), namely Hs is more than 3.45MPaG, the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, namely the compressor is forced to reduce 8rps every 120 s.
A descending interval: and if Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -0.05MPaG of the current operation high pressure Hs, namely 3.25 MPaG is less than or equal to Hs and less than or equal to 3.40 MPaG, controlling the capacity limit of the compressor, and not allowing the output of the compressor to increase and allowing the output to decrease.
If the current running high pressure Hs is less than Hs (Max) -0.2MPaG, namely Hs is less than 3.25 MPaG, the compressor is normally loaded or unloaded.
The invention can effectively solve the problem that the compressor is not controlled and protected by a unified numerical value any more when the unit operates the high-pressure protection, the operation range of the compressor is controlled in real time by the real-time low-pressure detection numerical value, the high-pressure operation range of the compressor is intelligently and dynamically limited, and the compressor is output and protected to the maximum extent; compared with the prior art that a certain protection high-pressure value is fixed, the operation output of the compressor can be efficiently improved, and the reliability of the compressor can be improved.
The basic principles and the main features of the present invention and the advantages of the present invention have been shown and described above, and it is apparent that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments but may be modified in many ways. All modifications which can be derived or suggested by the person skilled in the art from the present disclosure are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method of controlling a refrigeration system, comprising the steps of: (1) Limiting the interval of low pressure Ls of the operation of the refrigerating system, wherein the interval is divided into a low-temperature area, a medium-temperature area and a high-temperature area from low to high in sequence; (2) Respectively setting conditions of dynamic high-pressure limit values Hs (MAX) corresponding to a low-temperature region, a medium-temperature region and a high-temperature region; (3) The high-pressure and the low-pressure of the operation of the refrigerating system are detected in real time, the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX) corresponding to the current operation low-pressure is determined according to the step (2), the current operation high-pressure Hs is compared with the dynamic high-pressure limit value Hs (MAX), and the compressor is controlled, specifically: (1) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -B MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled; (2) when Hs (Max) -B MPaG is not less than Hs (Max), the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased; (3) when Hs is more than Hs (Max), the compressor is subjected to frequency reduction control, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is forcibly reduced; (4) when Hs (Max) -C MPaG is less than or equal to Hs (Max) -A MPaG of the current operation high pressure, the capacity of the compressor is limited and controlled, the compressor is in a protection state, and the output capacity of the compressor is not allowed to be increased; (5) when Hs is less than Hs (Max) -C MPaG, the compressor is normally controlled;
the above A, B and C symbols only represent numerical ranges, and are specifically as follows: a is 0.05-0.3MPaG, B is 0.1-0.4 MPaG, C is 0.15-0.5 MPaG, and A is less than B and less than C.
2. The control method of the refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (1), the interval of the low-pressure Ls is limited as follows: 0.15-1.6 MPaG.
3. The control method of a refrigeration system according to claim 2, characterized in that: range of low-pressure Ls in the low-temperature region: 0.15-0.45MPaG, low pressure Ls range of middle temperature zone: 0.45-1.2MPaG, low pressure Ls range in high temperature region: 1.2-1.6 MPaG.
4. The control method of the refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the low temperature region is conditioned as follows: hs (MAX) =7 + ls +1.0 MPaG.
5. The control method of the refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the conditions of the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the medium temperature zone are as follows: hs (MAX =4.15 MPaG.
6. The control method of the refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), the dynamic high pressure limit value Hs (MAX) of the high temperature region is conditioned as follows: hs (MAX) = -3.5 Ls +8.35 MPaG.
7. The control method of a refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), in the steps (1), (2) and (3), the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in an ascending interval; in the steps (4) and (5), the high-pressure Hs of the operation of the refrigerating system is in a descending interval.
8. The control method of a refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step (3), A is 0.05MPaG, B is 0.1 MPaG, and C is 0.2 MPaG.
9. The control method of the refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the compressor output capacity is allowed to decrease when the compressor capacity is limited.
10. The control method of a refrigeration system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the compressor is down-controlled, specifically by forcing the compressor to reduce 8rps every 120 s.
CN202210882345.9A 2022-07-26 2022-07-26 Control method of refrigerating system Pending CN115325630A (en)

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