CN115305222A - Bacillus strain and application thereof - Google Patents

Bacillus strain and application thereof Download PDF

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CN115305222A
CN115305222A CN202210964233.8A CN202210964233A CN115305222A CN 115305222 A CN115305222 A CN 115305222A CN 202210964233 A CN202210964233 A CN 202210964233A CN 115305222 A CN115305222 A CN 115305222A
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王梓廷
张润芝
许雄彪
刘钺
李昕洋
杨成龙
罗义宝
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganism separation culture, and particularly relates to a Bacillus strain, wherein the Bacillus strain is named as Bacillus velezensis GNZY01, and is preserved in Guangdong province microorganism strain preservation center with the preservation number as follows: GDMCC No:62694. the invention also discloses application of the bacillus strain in biological control of sugarcane root rot. The bacillus strain can antagonize sugarcane root rot, and realizes effective prevention and control of the sugarcane root rot.

Description

Bacillus strain and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganism separation culture, and particularly relates to a bacillus strain and application thereof.
Background
Sugarcane is an important sugar crop in south China, and the sugar yield of the sugarcane accounts for about 90% of the national sugar content. However, sugarcane is a gramineae perennial root crop, and planting in the same land in successive years can cause accumulation of some pathogenic bacteria in plant bodies or soil year by year, so that the disease is serious, the seed nature is degraded, and the serious threat to the sugarcane yield and the sugar yield is formed. The sugarcane root rot is a serious soil-borne disease in sugarcane production, and can cause brown or rotten root systems of diseased plants, weak growth and poor vitality to reduce the number of the diseased plants in a large area. The main pathogens that can cause the development of root rot in sugarcane are Pythium andreanum (Pythium arrhenoma), pachymetra chaunohiza, lindera aggrecana (Xylariasp.), sesamomyces phoma stem blight (macrophonium phaseolina), fusarium moniliforme.and Pythium grameniasap, fusarium shared, xylaria barbarum.
So far, the sugarcane root rot has few means in practical production application. In many cases, chemical agents are used, and although the prevention effect is good, the problems of food safety, ecological environment and the like are brought, and a series of serious problems of soil microecological imbalance, salinization, acidification and the like are caused. But the physical prevention and treatment has slow effect and high cost, and is not suitable for large-scale planting. Therefore, the existing prevention and control means are increasingly difficult to meet the requirement of healthy development of the sugarcane industry, and the search for a mode for effectively controlling the occurrence of the sugarcane root rot becomes very important.
Biological control is safe to human and livestock, environment-friendly and not easy to cause drug resistance, and in recent years, a plurality of reports about the control of plant root rot by antagonistic bacteria have been provided, for example, the disease control test of isolated roots of Liao sea waves and the like shows that a large amount of antagonistic bacteria exist in the healthy root system of the coptis chinensis and can effectively control the root rot of the coptis chinensis; according to the Schwangsi and the like, the nutrient content in the rhizosphere soil and the activity of soil enzymes are measured to show that the 6 bactericide composition can effectively prevent and treat the root rot of the chilli; the fact that Trichoderma asperellum FJ035 (Trichoderma asperellum) separated from rhizosphere soil of cucumber can effectively prevent and control cucumber root rot is discovered by Zhang-diffuse et al. However, few studies have been made on screening of antagonistic bacteria against sugarcane root rot and biological control thereof.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems and provides a bacillus strain which can antagonize sugarcane root rot and realize effective prevention and control of the sugarcane root rot.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a Bacillus strain named Bacillus velezensis GNZY01, which is deposited with the Guangdong province collection of microorganisms with the deposit number: GDMCCNo:62694.
preferably, the bacillus strain of the present invention is derived from sugarcane rhizosphere soil suffering from root rot.
The invention also provides application of the Bacillus strain in biological control of sugarcane root rot, and application tests prove that the Bacillus belief (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 can antagonize the sugarcane root rot and realize effective control of the sugarcane root rot.
Preferably, the bacillus strain of the invention comprises the following specific steps in biological control of sugarcane root rot:
(1) Preparing sterile fermentation liquor: preparing 5 bacillus cakes, inoculating the bacillus cakes to an NB culture medium, culturing for 24 hours at 37 ℃ under the condition of 180r/min, centrifuging for 20 minutes at the rotating speed of 8000r/min, and filtering supernatant through a filter to obtain sterile fermentation liquor;
(2) Preparation of conidia suspension: inoculating 3 sugarcane root rot pathogenic bacteria cakes with the thickness of 5mm into 100mL of PDB culture medium, and performing shaking culture for 5d at the temperature of 28 ℃ and the speed of 130r/min to obtain a conidium suspension;
(3) And (3) respectively and uniformly mixing the sterile fermentation filtrate with the conidium suspension and the PDA culture medium, culturing for 3d at 28 ℃, and observing the bacteriostatic effect.
In the step (3) of the present invention, when the sterile fermentation filtrate is mixed with the conidium suspension: uniformly mixing according to the volume ratio of 1; when the sterile fermentation filtrate is mixed with the PDA culture medium: uniformly mixing according to the volume ratio of 1.
The PDA culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 15g of agar powder and 1000mL of distilled water; the PDB culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose and 1000mL of distilled water.
As another preferable scheme, the application of the bacillus strain comprises the following specific steps:
(1) Bacillus suspension: selecting a bacillus colony, inoculating the bacillus colony in 100ml NB medium, placing the medium in a constant temperature shaking table, and performing shaking culture at 28 ℃ and 180r/min for 24 hours to obtain a bacillus suspension;
(2) Adding vermiculite into sterile soil according to a weight ratio of 11.
Preferably, the pathogenic bacterium of the sugarcane root rot disease is Fusarium commune (Fusarium commune). The Bacillus velezensis GNZY01 has obvious control effect on the sugarcane root rot caused by the shared Fusarium (Fusarium commune).
Preferably, in step (1) of the present invention, the NB medium raw materials are: 10g of peptone, 3g of beef powder, naCl5g and 1000mL of distilled water.
Preferably, the OD of the bacillus suspension of the invention 600 0.5, the bacillus suspension at the concentration has the best control effect on the sugarcane root rot.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 obtained by screening has good bacteriostatic activity on shared fusarium.
2. The Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 can antagonize sugarcane root rot, and can effectively prevent and treat the sugarcane root rot.
Bacterial preservation description: the Bacillus velezensis strain GNZY01 is preserved in Guangdong province microorganism culture Collection (GDMCC) at 8-11 days 2022, and the preservation address is as follows: guangzhou city, xielizhou Lu 100, institute of microbiology, guangdong province academy of sciences, with a accession number GDMCCNo:62694.
drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of Bacillus belgii GNZY01 on Fusarium shared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a morphological feature diagram of Bacillus belgii GNZY01 in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a phylogenetic tree of Bacillus beijerinckii GNZY01 according to example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of the Bacillus belgii GNZY01 fermentation broth on the inhibition of hyphal growth of Fusarium sharehanii in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of a Bacillus belgii GNZY01 fermentation broth on inhibiting spore germination of Fusarium shared in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of Bacillus belgii GNZY01 on the aerial parts of sugar cane in example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of Bacillus belgii GNZY01 on the growth of the root system of the underground part of the sugar cane growth in example 3 of the present invention.
Reference numbers in fig. 4 and 5: CK-1 is 10% by volume, CK-1 is 20% by volume, and CK-3 is 30% by volume.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
In the following examples:
potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA) composition: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 15g of agar powder and 1000mL of distilled water;
potato Dextrose aqueous medium (PDB) composition: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose and 1000mL of distilled water;
beef extract peptone medium (Nutrient Agar, NA) composition: 10g of peptone, 3g of beef powder, 15g of NaCl5g of agar and 1000mL of distilled water;
beef extract peptone Broth (Nutrient Broth, NB) composition: 10g of peptone, 3g of beef powder, naCl5g and 1000mL of distilled water.
Fusarium shared (Fusarium commune) was isolated and stored in key laboratory of sugarcane biology at college of agriculture of Guangxi university.
Example 1: acquisition and identification of Bacillus belgii GNZY01
(1) Rhizosphere soil sample collection: in areas such as the southern village of the great hills and towns in the southern sand area of Guangzhou city, four typical fields are divided according to the severity of the sugarcane with root rot, five sugarcane plants are randomly selected for collecting rhizosphere soil samples in each field by adopting a five-point sampling method, and the fields are taken back to a laboratory and stored in a refrigerator at the temperature of-20 ℃;
(2) Preparing a soil bacterium suspension: placing 10g of a sample of the preserved rhizosphere soil into a 250ml triangular flask, adding 90ml of sterile water and a small amount of glass beads, carrying out shake culture at 28 ℃ and 200r/min for 20min, and placing at room temperature in a stable environment for 20min to obtain a soil bacterium suspension;
(3) B, separating and purifying Bacillus belgii GNZY 01: separating Bacillus belgii by plate dilution gradient method, sucking 1mL soil bacteria suspension, adding into test tube containing 9mL sterile water, diluting the test tube to obtain 10 -1 、10 -2 、10 -3 And 10 -4 4 soil bacterial suspensions with concentration gradients, sucking 20 mul of bacterial suspensions in each gradient, uniformly coating the bacterial suspensions on an NA flat plate, repeating for five times, culturing for 3d at 28 ℃, observing the formation of bacterial colonies, and selecting single bacterial colonies with different culture characters such as morphology, color and the like for purification and storage;
(4) Primary screening of strains: carrying out primary screening on the Bacillus belgii by adopting a plate confronting method, selecting activated and cultured shared Fusarium colonies for 3d, making a bacterial cake by using a sterile puncher with the diameter of 5mm, placing the bacterial cake in the center of a PDA (personal digital assistant) plate, inoculating 3 points which are symmetrical in a triangular manner and 20mm away from the shared Fusarium into the single bacterial colony picked out in the step (3), culturing at the constant temperature of 28 ℃ for 3d, observing the formation of a bacteriostatic circle, and selecting 7 strains with the bacteriostatic circle for secondary screening;
(5) Re-screening strains: adopting the same method as the primary screening in the step (4) to make shared fusarium cakes and placing the shared fusarium cakes in the center of a PDA (personal digital assistant) plate, inoculating 7 strains obtained by the primary screening in the step (4) at the same point position, repeating for five times, taking the PDA plate without inoculating bacteriostatic strains as a reference, measuring the colony diameter (mm) of the shared fusarium after culturing for 3 days at the constant temperature of 28 ℃, and calculating the bacteriostatic rate as follows:
Figure BDA0003794124480000051
. (results are shown in Table 1)
Through re-screening, an antagonistic strain GNZY01 with the highest bacteriostasis rate is obtained, and the antagonistic effect on the shared fusarium is shown in figure 1.
TABLE 1 inhibitory Effect of the strains of 7 on Fusarium shared
Strain numbering Inhibition rate/%) Diameter/mm of bacteriostatic circle
GNZY01 72.83a 18.87±0.87b
GNZY02 59.98b 18.96±0.86b
GNZY03 18.49g 12.07±0.29d
GNZY04 24.04f 15.58±0.49c
GNZY05 54.75c 18.66±0.82b
GNZY06 31.39e 24.98±2.16a
GNZY07 46.83d 19.56±0.68b
CK -- 41.85. + -. 0.18 (colony diameter)
Note: different lower case letters after the same column of data indicate significant differences at a P <0.05 level (Duncan's new double pole difference method). The same is applied below.
The strain GNZY01 is identified through morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical experiments and 16SrDNA sequence analysis, and the result is as follows:
(1) Morphological characteristics: refer to the handbook of identification of common bacteria systems and the handbook of identification of Bergey bacteria: the strain GNZY01 is inoculated on a PDA culture medium and cultured at 28 ℃ for 24 hours, and then the growth condition is good. Gram staining is positive, the somatic cells are short rod-shaped, the colony morphology is regular round, the edge is neat, and the colony is pale yellow, dull and opaque, as shown in figure 2.
(2) Physiological and biochemical characteristics: refer to Bergeming Manual for bacteria identification and common bacteria System identification Manual: the strain GNZY01 can utilize 10 carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, fructose, xylose, mannose, inositol, sorbitol and mannitol) to be tested and can grow in 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% NaCl solution. At H 2 Positive in the S production test, positive in the starch hydrolysis test, positive in the V-P assay test, positive in the hydrolyzed cellulose test, positive in the indole test, positive in the nitrate test, negative in the methyl red stain test, positive in the catalase test, negative in the milk decomposition test, negative in the citrate test, positive in the motility test, as shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 physiological and biochemical Properties of Bacillus Strain GNZY01
Figure BDA0003794124480000061
Note: "+" and "-" indicate positive and negative, respectively.
(3) 16SrDNA gene amplification and sequence analysis:
bacterial 16SrDNA universal primers were used with Primer27F:5 'AGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' and Primer1492R 5 '-TACGGYTACCTTGCATTT-3' DNA of the strain GNZY01 was PCR amplified. The total volume of the PCR reaction system is 25. Mu.L: 1 μ L of DNA template, 1 μ L of each of primers 27F/1492R, 2 XTAQQ PCR Master mix12.5 μ L, ddH 2 O9.5. Mu.L. And (3) PCR reaction conditions: pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 4min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 30s, annealing at 50 ℃ for 35s, extension at 72 ℃ for 45s,35 cycles; extension at 72 ℃ for 10min. The PCR product was detected by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and sent to Biotechnology engineering (Shanghai) Inc. for sequencing, after the sequencing was completed and BLAST comparison was performed at NCBI, MEGA was usedThe software X performs sequence analysis to construct a phylogenetic tree (see FIG. 3).
The sequencing result shows that the sequence length of the strain GNZY01 is 1407bp, and the sequencing result carries out BLAST homology comparison in NCBI. BLAST comparison is carried out on the strain GNZY01 on NCBI by using a 16SrDNA sequence, the similarity of the strain GNZY01 and Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis MT 649755.1) is the highest and reaches 82%, more than 90% of the similarity is obtained by downloading strain sequences of 15 different species of Bacillus, and Serratia marcescens (Serratia marcescens) is selected as an ectonic strain to develop an evolutionary tree through a MEGAX construction system. The strain GNZY01 was found to be in the same branch as Bacillus velezensis SRCM 101368.
In conclusion, the strain GNZY01 was identified as Bacillus belericus (Bacillus velezensis), which was named Bacillus belericus GNZY01.
(4) Deposit of Bacillus GNZY01
Based on the above identification results, bacillus beilaisi GNZY01 was deposited at the Guangdong province culture Collection (GDMCC) at 11/8/2022, and the deposition address: the preservation number of the microbial research institute of the academy of sciences of Guangzhou city, xielizhou Midlu No. 100, guangdong province, is GDMCCNo:62694.
example 2: test for inhibiting shared fusarium by Bacillus strain (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 fermentation liquor
(1) Preparing a bacillus fermentation liquid: beating 5 Bacillus cakes with sterile perforator (phi =5 mm), inoculating to NB culture medium, culturing at 37 deg.C and 180r/min for 24h, centrifuging at 8000r/min for 20min in high speed refrigerated centrifuge, and passing the supernatant through filter
Figure BDA0003794124480000073
Filtering to obtain bacillus fermentation liquor;
(2) Preparation of conidia suspension: inoculating 3 sugarcane root rot pathogenic bacteria cakes with the thickness of 5mm into 100mL of PDB culture medium, and performing shaking culture for 5d at the temperature of 28 ℃ and the speed of 130r/min to obtain a conidium suspension;
(3) Uniformly mixing bacillus fermentation liquor and conidium suspension containing a PDB culture medium according to the volume ratio of 1;
(4) Dropwise adding conidium suspension containing bacillus fermentation liquor onto a single-side concave glass, replacing conidium suspension containing the bacillus fermentation liquor with sterile water as a control, respectively culturing at a constant temperature of 28 ℃ for 3d and 24h, repeating for 3 times, counting the spore germination rate under a microscope, measuring the spore germination rate, and calculating the spore germination inhibition rate, wherein the calculation formula of the spore germination inhibition rate is as follows:
Figure BDA0003794124480000071
(ii) a (results are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 5)
(5) Taking out the prepared PDA culture medium after high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization, cooling to 50 ℃, mixing and shaking uniformly the bacillus fermentation liquor and the PDA culture medium according to the volume ratio of 1:
Figure BDA0003794124480000072
. (results are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 4)
TABLE 3 Effect of fermentation broths of different concentrations on the growth of shared Fusarium hyphae and spore germination
Figure BDA0003794124480000081
As can be seen from Table 3, the concentration of the fermentation broth of the Bacillus velezensis GNZY01 strain has a significant effect on the growth and growth inhibition rate of the mycelia, the germination rate of spores and the germination inhibition rate of the shared fusarium. The increase of the concentration of the fermentation liquor of the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 strain reduces the hyphal growth and spore germination rate of the shared fusarium, compared with the C (10%) treatment, the hyphal growth and spore germination rate of the C (20%) treatment is reduced by 13.62% and 10.13% on average, and the hyphal growth and spore germination rate of the C (30%) treatment is reduced by 33.00% and 39.26% on average; increasing the concentration of the fermentation broth of the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 strain increases the inhibition rate of hyphal growth and the inhibition rate of spore germination of the fusarium shared, compared with the C (10%), the inhibition rate of hyphal growth and the inhibition rate of spore germination of the C (20%) treatment increase by 52.83% and 2.78% on average, and the inhibition rate of hyphal growth and the inhibition rate of spore germination of the C (30%) treatment increase by 94.43% and 42.49% on average. In conclusion, the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 strain fermentation liquor has good inhibition effect on the spore germination rate of the shared fusarium. The result shows that the inhibition rate of the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 strain fermentation liquor on the hypha growth and spore germination of the shared fusarium is enhanced along with the increase of the concentration of the fermentation liquor.
Example 3: bacillus velezensis (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 biocontrol effect test
(1) Bacillus suspension: selecting a bacillus GNZY01 colony, inoculating the colony in 100ml NB culture medium, placing the colony in a constant temperature shaking table, and performing shaking culture at 28 ℃ and 180r/min for 24 hours to obtain bacillus suspension;
(2) Adding vermiculite into sterile soil according to a weight ratio of 11 600 = 0.5), black skin sugarcane tubers sterilized by 1% naclo solution were planted, fusarium oxysporum was inoculated after 7d of cultivation, 45d of inoculation (managed by a conventional management method in 45 d) of inoculation, sugarcane root systems were taken out and scanned, and the results were analyzed, the influence of Bacillus strain (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 on the overground part of sugarcane is shown in fig. 6, and the influence on the growth of the root systems of the underground part of sugarcane is shown in fig. 7.
The reference group (CK) in fig. 6 and 7 is specifically: adding vermiculite into sterile soil according to a weight ratio of 11. (i.e., without addition of a Bacillus suspension)
As can be seen from the results of FIG. 6, the Bacillus velezensis GNZY01 has a significant effect on the overground growth of diseased sugarcane. After 45 days, the growth vigor of the treated group is obviously better than that of the control group, wherein the influence on the plant height and the leaf area of the sugarcane is most obvious.
As can be seen from the results in FIG. 7, the Bacillus velezensis GNZY01 has obvious effect on the root growth of the underground part of the diseased sugarcane. From the total root length, the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 has a remarkable effect of inhibiting shared fusarium from promoting the sugarcane root length, and the sugarcane root length (778.16 dm) of the Bacillus (Bacillus velezensis) GNZY01 after treatment is remarkably longer than that of a diseased plant (36.75 dm) of a control group. From the view point of the total root surface area, the total root surface area is increased by 306.61dm after the biocontrol bacteria treatment 2 (ii) a The total root volume of the treated group was increased by 7.28dm compared with the control group in terms of the total root volume 3 . The Bacillus velezensis GNZY01 is comprehensively considered to be capable of increasing the length of roots and the surface area and volume of plants after being used for treating diseased plants, enhancing the resistance and disease resistance of the plants and promoting the growth and development of the plants.
The above description is for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and all changes and modifications that can be made within the spirit of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A bacillus strain, characterized in that: the Bacillus strain is named as Bacillus velezensis GNZY01, and is preserved in Guangdong province microorganism strain preservation center with the preservation number: GDMCC No:62694.
2. the Bacillus strain of claim 1, wherein: the bacillus strain is derived from sugarcane rhizosphere soil with root rot.
3. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 1, wherein: the application of the bacillus strain in biological control of sugarcane root rot is provided.
4. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 3, wherein: the bacillus strain comprises the following specific steps of biologically preventing and treating sugarcane root rot:
(1) Preparing sterile fermentation liquor: preparing 5 bacillus cakes, inoculating the bacillus cakes to an NB culture medium, culturing for 24 hours at 37 ℃ under the condition of 180r/min, centrifuging for 20 minutes at the rotating speed of 8000r/min, and filtering supernatant through a filter to obtain sterile fermentation liquor;
(2) Preparation of conidia suspension: inoculating 3 sugarcane root rot pathogenic bacteria cakes with the thickness of 5mm into 100mL of PDB culture medium, and performing shake culture for 5 days at the temperature of 28 ℃ and the speed of 130r/min to obtain a conidium suspension;
(3) And (3) respectively and uniformly mixing the sterile fermentation filtrate with the conidium suspension and the PDA culture medium, culturing for 3d at 28 ℃, and observing the bacteriostatic effect.
5. The use of the Bacillus strain of claim 3, comprising the steps of:
(1) B, bacillus suspension: selecting bacillus colonies, inoculating the bacillus colonies in 100ml NB medium, placing the NB medium in a constant temperature shaking table, and performing shaking culture at 28 ℃ and 180r/min for 24 hours to obtain bacillus bacterial suspension;
(2) Adding vermiculite into sterile soil according to a weight ratio of 11.
6. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 4 or 5, wherein: the sugarcane root rot pathogen is Fusarium commune (Fusarium commune).
7. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 4 or 5, wherein: the NB culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 10g of peptone, 3g of beef powder, 5g of NaCl and 1000mL of distilled water.
8. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 4, wherein: the PDB culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose and 1000mL of distilled water; the PDA culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 200g of potatoes, 20g of glucose, 15g of agar powder and 1000mL of distilled water.
9. The use of a Bacillus strain according to claim 4, wherein: in the step (3), when the sterile fermentation filtrate is mixed with the conidium suspension: uniformly mixing according to the volume ratio of 1; when the sterile fermentation filtrate is mixed with the PDA culture medium: uniformly mixing according to the volume ratio of 1.
10. Use of a bacillus strain according to claim 5, wherein: OD of the bacillus suspension 600 Is 0.5.
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