CN115246637A - Method for preparing hard carbon negative electrode material based on wet oxidation of soft carbon precursor and application of hard carbon negative electrode material - Google Patents
Method for preparing hard carbon negative electrode material based on wet oxidation of soft carbon precursor and application of hard carbon negative electrode material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a hard carbon negative electrode material based on wet oxidation of a soft carbon precursor and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: 1) Carrying out liquid phase oxidation reaction on the soft carbon precursor particles and a solution containing an oxidant, and after the reaction is finished, separating, washing and drying to obtain an oxidized soft carbon precursor; 2) Pyrolyzing the oxidized soft carbon precursor obtained in the step 1) in an inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon cathode material. The method prepares the soft carbon-based hard carbon material through wet oxidation-pyrolysis, the oxidation is sufficient, the oxidation efficiency is high, the preparation process is simple, the raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain, and the prepared hard carbon material has the advantages of large reversible capacity, high first charge-discharge coulombic efficiency, good cycle performance and the like in a sodium ion battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hard carbon materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a hard carbon negative electrode material based on wet oxidation of a soft carbon precursor and application thereof.
Background
With the continuous progress of society, various electronic products emerge endlessly, and the demand for rechargeable batteries is increasing day by day. Meanwhile, in order to optimize an energy structure, promote comprehensive utilization of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy and the like, load shifting by clipping peaks, and comprehensive overall planning of energy imbalance in time and space, the construction of a smart grid is widely concerned. Compared with traditional secondary batteries such as lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, the lithium ion battery has the advantages of high working voltage, high energy density, long cycle life, environmental friendliness and the like, thereby attracting more and more attention of scientific researchers. However, the global lithium resource is not abundant, the abundance of lithium element in earth crust is only 0.006%, the resource and price problems become a concern for future large-scale application, and the development of a new energy storage battery system with excellent comprehensive performance is urgently needed. Compared with lithium resources, the sodium reserves are very rich, the content in the earth crust is about 2.64%, the sodium reserves and the earth crust are the same main group elements, the chemical properties are similar, and currently, sodium ion electrons can be used for a supplement system of a lithium ion battery, and have very wide application prospects in the fields of communication base stations, smart grid construction and the like.
At present, the commonly used negative electrode materials in the lithium ion battery are carbon-based materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite and the like, and the lithium ion battery has excellent cycle performance and considerable energy density. However, sodium ions with relatively large radius are difficult to be inserted into the graphite interlayer spacing, so that the development of novel sodium ion battery negative electrode materials has become a focus of research. The hard carbon is pyrolytic carbon of high molecular polymer, is difficult to graphitize, and has a mutually staggered layered structure, so that sodium ions can be embedded and separated from various angles, and the charging and discharging speed is greatly improved; compared with graphite materials, the low-temperature performance of the material is also obviously improved, and the hard carbon material generally has higher reversible specific capacity. Researchers have prepared hard carbon materials with higher interlayer spacing by subjecting carbon-based materials such as cellulose, sucrose, etc. to high-temperature pyrolysis, which exhibit excellent electrochemical properties.
Different from a hard carbon material, the soft carbon material prepared by taking asphalt, heavy aromatic hydrocarbon and carbon fiber as precursors has low crystallinity, small crystal grain size and larger crystal face spacing, and when the soft carbon material is directly used as a negative electrode material of a sodium ion battery, the capacity and the first effect are very low, the electrochemical performance is poor, and the large-scale energy storage sodium ion battery can not be satisfiedThe requirements of the application. Based on the facts that the graphitization degree is too large and the graphite-like interlayer spacing is too small, the main improvement strategy is to increase the amorphous component of the material through pre-oxidation treatment, reduce the graphitization degree of the pyrolytic carbon material, synthesize the mixed-layer hard carbon material with the amorphous structure and the graphite-like structure, properly improve the interlayer spacing of the carbon-based material, and further improve the sodium storage performance. For example, hu et al preoxidize pitch for a period of time in air and pyrolyze to produce a more disordered carbon-based material with significantly improved electrochemical performance. The sodium storage capacity is 94.0mAh g -1 Increased to 300.6mAh g -1 The initial coulombic efficiency also rose from 64.2% to 88.6%. However, the air pre-oxidation process is unstable, most of the air pre-oxidation process is oxidized on the surface layer, the requirement on the particle size of the material is met, and the oxidation is difficult to enter the material. Therefore, the method has positive significance for searching other more efficient pre-oxidation modes to prepare the high-performance soft carbon-based sodium storage hard carbon material.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing a hard carbon negative electrode material based on wet oxidation of a soft carbon precursor and application thereof. The method prepares the soft carbon-based hard carbon material through wet oxidation-pyrolysis, has the advantages of full oxidation, high oxidation efficiency, simple preparation method, easily obtained raw materials and low cost, and the obtained hard carbon material used as a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion battery has the advantages of high reversible capacity, good cycle performance, high safety performance and the like.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the preparation method of the hard carbon negative electrode material based on the wet oxidation soft carbon precursor comprises the following steps:
1) Carrying out liquid phase oxidation reaction on the soft carbon precursor particles and a solution containing an oxidant, and after the reaction is finished, separating, washing and drying to obtain an oxidized soft carbon precursor;
2) Pyrolyzing the oxidized soft carbon precursor obtained in the step 1) in an inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon cathode material.
According to the scheme, the soft carbon precursor in the step 1) is a carbon-based material or asphalt obtained by pretreating a polymer; wherein the asphalt is at least one of natural asphalt, petroleum asphalt, coal tar asphalt, ethylene tar asphalt, synthetic asphalt or heavy aromatic hydrocarbon; the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, epoxy resin, phenolic resin or aromatic hydrocarbon substance, and the pretreatment conditions are as follows: pyrolyzing for 0.5-24h at 100-500 ℃ under inert conditions. Preferably, the aromatic hydrocarbon material is at least 1 of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, methylnaphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenylpropafluorene, benzodibenzofuran, triphenylene, thiaphenanthrene, fluoranthene or 1,2-benzanthracene.
According to the scheme, the average grain diameter of the soft carbon precursor particles in the step 1) is 2-50 μm.
According to the scheme, the soft carbon precursor particles in the step 1) are obtained by crushing and refining the soft carbon precursor and then sieving.
According to the scheme, in the step 1), the oxidant is nitric acid, mixed acid, oxidant acid mixture, hydrogen peroxide and ozone under acidic condition; wherein the mixed acid is sulfuric acid and nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and the oxidant in the oxidant acid mixture is FeCl 3 、ZnCl 2 The acid is at least one of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
According to the scheme, in the step 1), the temperature of the oxidation reaction is 25-100 ℃ and the time is 1-48 h.
According to the scheme, in the step 2), the inert atmosphere is at least one of nitrogen, argon or helium.
According to the scheme, in the step 2), pyrolysis conditions are as follows: heating to 800-2400 ℃ at the heating rate of 0.5-10 ℃/min, and carrying out heat preservation reaction for 0.5-24h.
According to the scheme, the step 1) further comprises the step of carrying out shape treatment before the soft carbon precursor and the oxidant are subjected to oxidation reaction, wherein the shape treatment mode is electrostatic spinning, high-temperature melt spinning, an emulsion intermediate phase method, a medium-temperature vacuum treatment intermediate phase method or high-temperature spray pyrolysis granulation.
The hard carbon negative electrode material based on the wet oxidation soft carbon precursor prepared by the method is applied to a negative electrode active material of a sodium ion secondary battery.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a method for synthesizing a soft carbon-based hard carbon material by wet oxidation-pyrolysis.A soft carbon precursor is subjected to wet oxidation firstly, the wet oxidation method can more fully adjust the pre-oxidation depth and save the pre-oxidation time, and meanwhile, some oxygen and other heteroatoms can be introduced, and in the high-temperature pyrolysis process, the heteroatoms can escape, so that the surface functional groups are reduced, the microcrystalline structure is increased, and the fine microcrystalline structure is longer; meanwhile, the escape passage of the gas can provide a better passage for the migration of ions, and the rate capability and the cycle performance of the material are improved.
2. The method takes the soft carbon precursor as the raw material to prepare the hard carbon, the raw material is cheap and easy to obtain, the cost is low, and the obtained hard carbon material has the advantages of large reversible capacity, high coulombic efficiency during first charging and discharging, good cycle performance and the like in the sodium ion battery.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of the hard carbon prepared in example 1.
FIG. 2 is an electron microscope scan of the morphology of the hard carbon prepared in example 1.
Fig. 3 is a first-turn charge-discharge curve of a sodium-ion half-cell prepared by using the hard carbon prepared in example 1 as a negative electrode material.
Fig. 4 is a cycle chart of a sodium ion half cell prepared by using the hard carbon prepared in example 1 as a negative electrode material.
Fig. 5 is an XRD pattern of the hard carbon prepared in example 2.
FIG. 6 is an electron microscope scan of the morphology of the hard carbon prepared in example 2.
Fig. 7 is a first-turn charge-discharge curve of a sodium-ion half-cell prepared by using the hard carbon prepared in example 2 as a negative electrode material.
Fig. 8 is a cycle curve of a sodium ion half cell prepared using the hard carbon prepared in example 2 as a negative electrode material.
Fig. 9 is an XRD pattern of the hard carbon prepared in example 3.
FIG. 10 is an electron microscope scan of the morphology of the hard carbon prepared in example 3.
Fig. 11 is a first turn of a charge and discharge curve of a sodium ion half cell prepared with the hard carbon prepared in example 3 as the negative electrode material.
Fig. 12 is a cycle plot of a sodium ion half cell prepared with the hard carbon prepared in example 3 as the negative electrode material.
Detailed Description
In order to further understand the contents and features of the present invention, the following examples are given, but these examples do not limit the overall contents of the idea of the present invention.
Example 1
The preparation method of the hard carbon negative electrode material based on the wet oxidation soft carbon precursor comprises the following steps:
1) Ball-milling petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 200 ℃ for 10h by using a planetary ball mill, then sieving (D50 is approximately equal to 10 um), and collecting for later use;
2) Dissolving the fine asphalt obtained in the step 1) in toluene to obtain an asphalt toluene solution with the mass fraction of 10%, and then performing high-temperature pyrolysis spray granulation to obtain a uniform spherical asphalt precursor;
3) Adding the spherical pitch precursor obtained in the step 2) into 65% concentrated nitric acid, and heating and reacting for 6h at 50 ℃;
4) Adding a large amount of deionized water into the reaction product obtained in the step 3) for dilution, then carrying out suction filtration, washing for 3-5 times to obtain neutral black powder, and putting the neutral black powder into a forced air oven for 24 hours. After drying, further crushing and sieving to obtain oxidized asphalt;
5) And (5) placing the oxidized asphalt powder obtained in the step 4) into a high-temperature tubular furnace, introducing argon as a protective gas, heating to 1300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for two hours. And cooling to room temperature, and collecting to obtain the oxidized asphalt pyrolytic hard carbon material, wherein the morphology structure of the oxidized asphalt pyrolytic hard carbon material is shown in figure 1, and the XRD crystal structure is shown in figure 2.
PAA is used as a binder, and SP is used as conductive carbon. Pyrolyzing hard carbon according to the oxidized asphalt: SP =8, 1, oven dried, sliced and assembled with 2016 type button cells in a glove box and tested for cycling performance under Neware software, the results are shown in fig. 1-4. The hard carbon material is in a small particle irregular structure, and an X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the hard carbon material has a broad peak at about 23 degrees and 43 degrees respectively and represents 002 peaks and 100 peaks of the hard carbon material respectively. When the material is used as a negative electrode material to prepare a sodium ion half-battery and is charged and discharged at a current density of 20mA/g, the first discharge specific capacity can reach about 420mAh/g, the charge specific capacity is as high as 330mAh/g, and the first cycle coulombic efficiency is 78.6%. When the lithium ion battery is subsequently circulated at the current density of 50mA/g, the charging gram capacity can be kept at 250mAh/g, and the circulation is stable.
Example 2
The preparation method of the hard carbon negative electrode material based on the wet oxidation soft carbon precursor comprises the following steps:
1) Weighing polynaphthalene with a certain mass, heating the polynaphthalene to 250 ℃ under an inert atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 2 hours to obtain a soft carbon precursor, ball-milling the soft carbon precursor for 10 hours by using a planetary ball mill, sieving the soft carbon precursor (D50 is approximately equal to 10 um), and collecting the soft carbon precursor for later use;
2) Adding the polynaphthalene soft carbon precursor obtained in the step 1) into a formic acid solution, heating to 50 ℃ under the condition of stirring, and continuously introducing ozone for reaction for 24 hours;
3) Adding a large amount of deionized water into the reaction product obtained in the step 2) for dilution, then carrying out suction filtration, washing for 3-5 times to obtain neutral black powder, and putting the neutral black powder into a forced air oven for 24 hours. After drying, further crushing and sieving to obtain a polynaphthalene oxide soft carbon precursor;
4) Putting the oxidized polynaphthalene soft carbon precursor in the step 3) into toluene to obtain a 10% polynaphthalene soft carbon precursor toluene solution, and then collecting relatively uniform micro clusters by adopting electrostatic spinning to obtain an oxidized polynaphthalene pyrolytic hard carbon precursor;
5) And (3) placing the oxidized polynaphthalene pyrolytic hard carbon precursor powder obtained in the step 4) into a high-temperature tube furnace, introducing argon gas as a protective gas, heating to 1400 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for two hours. And cooling to room temperature, and collecting to obtain the oxidized soft carbon pyrolytic hard carbon material, wherein the morphology structure of the oxidized soft carbon pyrolytic hard carbon material is shown in figure 6, and the XRD crystal structure is shown in figure 5.
PAA is used as a binder, and SP is used as conductive carbon. Pyrolyzing hard carbon according to the oxidized asphalt: SP =8, 1, cut into slices after drying and assembled with 2016 type button cells in a glove box, and subjected to a cycling performance test under software of Neware, the results of which are shown in fig. 7-8. The material is used as a negative electrode material to prepare a sodium ion half-cell, when the material is charged and discharged at a current density of 20mA/g, the charging specific capacity is up to 240mAh/g, and when the material is subsequently circulated at a current density of 50mA/g, the charging gram capacity can be kept at 210mAh/g, so that the circulation is stable.
Example 3
The preparation method of the hard carbon negative electrode material based on the wet oxidation soft carbon precursor comprises the following steps:
1) Ball-milling petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 250 ℃ for 10h by using a planetary ball mill, then sieving (D50 is approximately equal to 10 um), and collecting for later use;
2) Adding the pitch of 1) to 5% FeCl 3 -20％HNO 3 Heating the mixed solution to 50 ℃ under the condition of stirring and continuing for 24 hours;
3) Adding a large amount of deionized water into the reaction product obtained in the step 2) for dilution, then carrying out suction filtration, washing for 3-5 times to obtain neutral black powder, and putting the neutral black powder into a forced air oven for 24 hours. After drying, further crushing and sieving to obtain oxidized asphalt powder;
4) And (4) placing the oxidized asphalt powder obtained in the step 3) into a high-temperature tubular furnace, introducing argon as a protective gas, heating to 1200 ℃ at a heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for two hours. And cooling to room temperature, and collecting the oxidized soft carbon pyrolytic hard carbon material, wherein the morphology structure of the oxidized soft carbon pyrolytic hard carbon material is shown in figure 10, and the XRD crystal structure is shown in figure 9.
PAA is used as a binder, SP is used as conductive carbon, and the hard carbon is pyrolyzed according to oxidized asphalt: SP =8, 1, cut into slices after drying and assembled with 2016 type button cells in a glove box, and subjected to a cycling performance test under software of Neware, the results of which are shown in fig. 11-12. The material is used as a negative electrode material to prepare a sodium ion half-cell, when the material is charged and discharged at a current density of 20mA/g, the charging specific capacity is up to 250mAh/g, and when the material is subsequently circulated at a current density of 50mA/g, the charging gram capacity can be kept at 225mAh/g, and the capacity is almost not attenuated after 100 circles of circulation.
The present invention is not limited to the above preferred embodiments, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a hard carbon negative electrode material based on a wet oxidation soft carbon precursor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Carrying out liquid phase oxidation reaction on the soft carbon precursor particles and a solution containing an oxidant, and after the reaction is finished, separating, washing and drying to obtain an oxidized soft carbon precursor;
2) Pyrolyzing the oxidized soft carbon precursor obtained in the step 1) in an inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon cathode material.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the soft carbon precursor in step 1) is a carbon-based material or pitch obtained by pretreating a polymer; wherein the asphalt is at least one of natural asphalt, petroleum asphalt, coal tar asphalt, ethylene tar asphalt, synthetic asphalt or heavy aromatic hydrocarbon; the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, epoxy resin, phenolic resin or aromatic hydrocarbon substance, and the pretreatment conditions are as follows: pyrolyzing for 0.5-24h at 100-500 ℃ under inert conditions.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon substance is at least 1 of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, methylnaphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenylfluorene, benzodibenzodibenzofuran, triphenylene, thiaphenanthrene, fluoranthene, or 1,2-benzanthracene.
4. The production method according to claim 1, wherein the average particle diameter of the soft carbon precursor particles in step 1) is 2 to 50 μm.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxidizing agent is nitre in step 1)Acid, mixed acid, oxidant acid mixture, hydrogen peroxide and ozone under acidic condition; wherein the mixed acid is sulfuric acid and nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and the oxidant in the oxidant acid mixture is FeCl 3 、ZnCl 2 The acid is at least one of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oxidation reaction is carried out at a temperature of 25 to 100 ℃ for 1 to 48 hours in the step 1).
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the pyrolysis conditions are: heating to 800-2400 ℃ at the heating rate of 0.5-10 ℃/min, and carrying out heat preservation reaction for 0.5-24h.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the inert gas atmosphere is at least one of nitrogen, argon or helium.
9. The preparation method according to claim 1), further comprising performing morphology treatment before the oxidation reaction of the soft carbon precursor and the oxidant, wherein the morphology treatment is electrostatic spinning, high-temperature melt spinning, an emulsion mesophase method, a mesophase method of medium-temperature vacuum treatment, or high-temperature spray pyrolysis granulation.
10. Use of the hard carbon anode material based on a wet oxidation soft carbon precursor prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 9 in an anode active material of a sodium ion secondary battery.
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| CN116675215A (en) * | 2023-06-21 | 2023-09-01 | 湖南大学 | Preparation method and application of soft carbon/hard carbon composite material |
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