CN115241530A - Non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115241530A
CN115241530A CN202110438089.XA CN202110438089A CN115241530A CN 115241530 A CN115241530 A CN 115241530A CN 202110438089 A CN202110438089 A CN 202110438089A CN 115241530 A CN115241530 A CN 115241530A
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ion battery
lithium ion
combustible
phosphate
electrolyte
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王小飞
李骏
薛浩亮
张道明
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China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology
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China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof. The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte comprises lithium salt, fluoroether diluent and phosphate solvent, wherein the ratio of the mole number of the lithium salt to the total mole number of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate solvent is 1 (3-8). The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte provided by the invention can be non-combustible in air so as to improve the safety of the lithium ion battery, has outstanding flame retardance, and can reduce the viscosity of the electrolyte and form a stable inorganic SEI film derived from salt on the surface of an electrode material because the electrolyte is a locally high-concentration electrolyte, so that the lithium ion battery can keep better electrochemical performance.

Description

Non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, low self-discharge rate, long cycle life, low price, environmental protection and the like, and is widely applied to mobile electronic equipment and new energy electric vehicles at present. However, when the lithium ion battery is subjected to overcharge, high temperature, and external factors such as collision, a thermal runaway phenomenon may occur, which may cause severe heat release, combustion, and even explosion of the battery, thereby bringing a great safety threat to users. The electrolyte is used as an important component of the lithium ion battery and has important influence on various performances such as electrochemical performance, safety and the like, but the conventionally used electrolyte contains a large amount of carbonate organic solvents with low flash points and inflammability.
In order to solve the safety problem of the lithium ion battery in the using process, the current research strategy is mainly to add a flame retardant into the electrolyte to achieve the effect of non-combustible or flame-retardant of the electrolyte, for example, U.S. Pat. nos. US6589697 and US6924061 report that phosphate esters such as trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), trifluoroethyl phosphate (TFFP) and the like are used as electrolyte additives to reduce the flammability of the electrolyte. Chinese patent CN101079504A, CN101079505a reports a lithium ion battery flame retardant electrolyte using one or more phosphoric acid (sulfoxide) esters (such as dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate and derivatives thereof) as pure solvents or additives, and the phosphoric acid (sulfoxide) ester based electrolyte has the characteristics of low price, non-combustibility, low toxicity and the like. However, the currently reported flame-retardant electrolyte does not completely meet the requirements of practical use, and these flame-retardant additives generally have the defects of high viscosity, low conductivity, poor compatibility with electrode materials, and the like, and when used in large quantities, the electrochemical performance is deteriorated. Therefore, it is important to find an electrolyte which can make the lithium ion battery have high safety and electrochemical performance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof. The electrolyte can be non-combustible in the air to improve the safety of the lithium ion battery, has outstanding flame retardance, and can reduce the viscosity of the electrolyte and form a stable inorganic SEI film derived from salt on the surface of an electrode material because the electrolyte is a local high-concentration electrolyte, so that the lithium ion battery can keep better electrochemical performance.
The invention provides a non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte, which comprises lithium salt, fluoroether diluent and phosphate ester solvent, wherein the ratio of the mole number of the lithium salt to the total mole number of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate ester solvent is 1 (3-8).
In the above technical solution, the ratio of the number of moles of the lithium salt to the total number of moles of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate solvent is preferably 1 (4-6).
In the technical scheme, the viscosity of the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte is 1.0-10.0 mPa.
In the technical scheme, the molar ratio of the fluoroether diluent to the phosphate ester solvent is 1:2-4:1, and preferably (1-2): 1.
In the above technical solution, the fluoroether diluent is at least one selected from the compounds represented by the following formula I:
R 1 —O—R 2 the compound of the formula I is shown in the specification,
wherein R is 1 And R 2 Each independently selected from fluoro C 1-20 Alkyl, fluoro C 3-20 Cycloalkyl, fluoro C 6-26 Aryl and fluoro C 6-26 A heteroaryl group.
In the above technical scheme, R in the fluoroether diluent formula I 1 And R 2 Preferably 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether.
In the above technical scheme, the lithium salt is LiFSI, liTFSI, liPF 6 、LiBF 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiClO 4 、LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 At least one of (1).
In the above technical solution, the phosphate solvent is at least one of trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl ethylphosphonate, diethyl phenylphosphonate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methylphosphonate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethylphosphonate, and diethyl 2- (thienylmethyl) phosphonate; dimethyl methylphosphonate is preferred.
In the technical scheme, the preferable combination of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate solvent is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether and dimethyl methylphosphonate, the molar ratio is 1:2-4:1, and the preferable molar ratio is (1-2): 1, and the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate solvent can enable the lithium ion battery to have high safety and excellent electrochemical performance.
In the technical scheme, the electrolyte of the non-combustible lithium ion battery is non-combustible in air.
The second aspect of the invention provides a preparation method of the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte, which comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing a fluoroether diluent and a phosphate solvent in proportion in an argon environment with water oxygen lower than 0.1ppm, adding a lithium salt, stirring, and obtaining the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte after the lithium salt is completely dissolved.
The third aspect of the invention provides the application of the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte in a lithium ion battery.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The noncombustible lithium ion battery electrolyte provided by the invention utilizes the matching of all components, particularly, the used fluoroether diluent and phosphate solvent are noncombustible, and the electrolyte can not be combusted in the air, so that the safety of the lithium ion battery is fundamentally improved.
(2) The fluoroether diluent used in the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte provided by the invention has the characteristics of low viscosity, high stability and lithium salt insolubility, and can reduce the viscosity of the electrolyte and improve the wettability of an electrode/diaphragm to the electrolyte; meanwhile, the electrolyte is locally high in concentration under low salt concentration, a stable inorganic SEI film derived from salt can be formed on the surface of the electrode material without additional film-forming additives, the SEI film has high lithium ion conductivity and high stability, and the side reaction of the electrolyte and the electrode material can be avoided.
(3) The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte can enable a lithium ion battery to have high safety and excellent electrochemical performance.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the present invention, but it should be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited by the embodiments, but is defined by the appended claims.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
When the specification concludes with claims with the heading "known to those skilled in the art", "prior art", or the like, to derive materials, substances, methods, procedures, devices, or components, etc., it is intended that the subject matter derived from the heading encompass those conventionally used in the art at the time of filing this application, but also include those that are not currently in use, but would become known in the art to be suitable for a similar purpose.
In the context of the present specification, anything or things which are not mentioned, except where explicitly stated, are directly applicable to those known in the art without any changes. Moreover, any embodiment described herein may be freely combined with one or more other embodiments described herein, and the technical solutions or concepts resulting therefrom are considered part of the original disclosure or original disclosure of the invention, and should not be considered as new matters not disclosed or contemplated herein, unless a person skilled in the art would consider such a combination to be clearly unreasonable.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Comparative examples 1 to 4
The lithium ion battery electrolyte is prepared according to the formula compositions of comparative examples 1-4 in the table 1, and specifically, in an argon glove box with water oxygen of less than 0.1ppm, the solvent is firstly uniformly mixed according to the proportion in the table 1, then, the lithium salt is slowly added according to the proportion in the table 1 and stirred, and after the lithium salt is completely dissolved, the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte of the comparative examples 1-4 is obtained.
Examples 1 to 6
The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte is prepared according to the formula compositions of examples 1-6 in the table 1, and specifically, in an argon glove box with the water oxygen content lower than 0.1ppm, the solvent is uniformly mixed according to the proportion in the table 1, then, the lithium salt is slowly added according to the proportion in the table 1 and stirred, and the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte of the examples 1-6 is obtained after the lithium salt is completely dissolved.
TABLE 1 electrolyte compositions for comparative examples 1-4 and examples 1-6
Figure BDA0003033978180000031
Figure BDA0003033978180000041
Testing of flame retardancy and electrochemical Properties
(1) Flame retardancy test
The flame retardant performance of the electrolytes of comparative examples 1 to 4 and examples 1 to 6 was tested by a combustion test, and the specific operation was as follows: soaking the glass fiber with fixed size in the electrolyte to be tested, after the glass fiber is fully wetted, clamping the glass fiber by using tweezers and igniting the glass fiber by using an ignition device. See table 2 for relevant comparative data.
(2) Viscosity measurement
The viscosities of the electrolytes of comparative examples 1 to 4 and examples 1 to 6 were measured at 25 ℃ using a viscometer, respectively. See table 2 for relevant comparative data.
(3) Electrochemical Performance test
The electrochemical performances of the electrolytes of comparative examples 1 to 4 and examples 1 to 6 were respectively tested by cycle and rate performance tests, and the specific operations were as follows: firstly, preparing a positive plate, mixing active material graphite, a conductive agent SuperP, a binder styrene-butadiene rubber and a thickener carboxymethylcellulose sodium according to a mass ratio of 90. Then, 2025 button cell batteries were assembled in an argon glove box with water oxygen below 0.1ppm, in the order of positive electrode case, positive electrode sheet, separator, lithium sheet, nickel foam, negative electrode case, and the electrolytes of comparative examples 1 to 4 and examples 1 to 6 were added during the assembly process, respectively. Finally, detecting the cycle and rate performance of the corresponding lithium ion battery through a constant current charging and discharging test, specifically, discharging to 0.01V at a constant current of 0.1C, and standing for 10min; charging to 2.5V with a constant current of 0.1C, standing for 10min, performing charge-discharge for 3 times in such a way for activation, and calculating first effect (%), namely first-circle charge capacity/first-circle discharge capacity x 100%; the activated battery is subjected to a cycle test, the specific steps such as the activation process only change the current density, record the charging capacity of each time, calculate the capacity retention rate of the battery for 100 circles, namely the charging capacity of the 100 th circle/the charging capacity of the first circle after activation 100%, calculate the capacity retention rate (%) of the battery 2C relative to 0.2C, namely the charging capacity of the 50 th circle under 2C/the charging capacity of the 50 th circle under 0.2C 100%. See table 2 for relevant comparative data.
TABLE 2 flame retardancy and electrochemical Properties of the electrolytes of comparative examples 1 to 4 and examples 1 to 6 were compared
Figure BDA0003033978180000051

Claims (10)

1. The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte comprises lithium salt, fluoroether diluent and phosphate solvent, wherein the ratio of the mole number of the lithium salt to the total mole number of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate solvent is 1 (3-8).
2. The electrolyte for the non-combustible lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the number of moles of the lithium salt to the total number of moles of the fluoroether diluent and the phosphate ester solvent is 1 (4-6).
3. The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte is 1.0 to 10.0 mPa-s.
4. The noncombustible lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the fluoroether diluent to the phosphate ester solvent is 1:2-4:1, preferably (1-2): 1.
5. The noncombustible lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the fluoroether-based diluent is at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula I:
R 1 —O—R 2 the compound of the formula I is shown in the specification,
wherein R is 1 And R 2 Each independently selected from fluoro C 1-20 Alkyl, fluoro C 3-20 Cycloalkyl, fluoro C 6-26 Aryl and fluoro C 6-26 A heteroaryl group.
6. The noncombustible lithium ion battery electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the fluoroether diluent is R in formula I 1 And R 2 Preferably 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether.
7. The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is LiFSI, liTFSI, liPF 6 、LiBF 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiClO 4 、LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 At least one of (a).
8. The non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte of any of claims 1-7 wherein the phosphate-based solvent is at least one of trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphonate, diethyl ethyl phosphonate, diethyl phenyl phosphonate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphonate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphonate, diethyl 2- (thienylmethyl) phosphonate; dimethyl methylphosphonate is preferred.
9. A method for preparing the electrolyte for the non-combustible lithium ion battery according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
uniformly mixing a fluoroether diluent and a phosphate solvent in proportion in an argon environment with water oxygen lower than 0.1ppm, adding a lithium salt, stirring, and obtaining the non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte after the lithium salt is completely dissolved.
10. Use of a non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte according to any of claims 1-8 in a lithium ion battery.
CN202110438089.XA 2021-04-22 2021-04-22 Non-combustible lithium ion battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof Pending CN115241530A (en)

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