CN115235134A - Supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for fusion reactor - Google Patents

Supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for fusion reactor Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115235134A
CN115235134A CN202211154652.1A CN202211154652A CN115235134A CN 115235134 A CN115235134 A CN 115235134A CN 202211154652 A CN202211154652 A CN 202211154652A CN 115235134 A CN115235134 A CN 115235134A
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pressure
carbon dioxide
main loop
tank
supercritical carbon
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CN115235134B (en
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雷明准
李纯元
刘松林
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Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of CAS
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Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of CAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B41/00—Pumping installations or systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04B41/02—Pumping installations or systems specially adapted for elastic fluids having reservoirs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
    • G21B1/057—Tokamaks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G21B1/13—First wall; Blanket; Divertor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of nuclear energy, and discloses a supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for a fusion reactor, which comprises a main loop device, a pressure control device and a carbon dioxide purification device, wherein the main loop device is connected with the pressure control device; the main loop device comprises a main loop, and a circulating compressor, a pressure stabilizing tank and a heat exchange mechanism which are arranged on the main loop, wherein the circulating compressor, the pressure stabilizing tank and the heat exchange mechanism are sequentially communicated; the pressure control device comprises a pressure sensor arranged in the pressure stabilizing tank and a main loop regulating valve arranged between the main loop and the pressure stabilizing tank, and is used for regulating the air pressure in the main loop; the input and the major loop intercommunication of carbon dioxide purifier, carbon dioxide purifier's first output and surge tank intercommunication, carbon dioxide purifier are arranged in getting rid of the gaseous state impurity in the return circuit. The invention can lead out the heat generated in the fusion reactor, and is suitable for a plurality of systems with different temperature ranges and different cooling working medium types in the fusion reactor.

Description

Supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for fusion reactor
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of nuclear energy, in particular to a supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for a fusion reactor.
Background
At present, magnetic confinement nuclear fusion energy is considered as the most possible way to solve the energy crisis of human beings in the future. The tokamak nuclear fusion device (such as ITER and the like) is one of the most productive means for researching the magnetic confinement nuclear fusion energy. Cladding and diverters, as the core components of the direct junction plasma in a tokamak nuclear fusion device, need to withstand the flow of particles and heat from the central plasma, resulting in significant thermal loads in these internal components. The safe export of the heat generated in the fusion reactor is the key for maintaining the operation of the fusion device and is also the necessary condition for realizing the high-efficiency power generation of the fusion reactor. The existing design scheme of the internal part uses various coolants, such as potential coolants of a cladding scheme, namely water, helium, lithium-lead liquid metal and the like, and the working temperature ranges of different parts are greatly different, so that heat is difficult to be led out, and the operation of fusion reactor pulse has great influence on two loops.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for a fusion reactor, which can lead out heat generated in the fusion reactor and is suitable for systems with a plurality of temperature ranges with large difference and different types of used cooling working media in the fusion reactor.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for a fusion reactor, which comprises a main loop device, a pressure control device and a carbon dioxide purifying device;
the main loop device comprises a main loop, and a circulating compressor, a pressure stabilizing tank and a heat exchange mechanism which are arranged on the main loop, wherein the circulating compressor, the pressure stabilizing tank and the heat exchange mechanism are sequentially communicated;
the pressure control device comprises a pressure sensor arranged in the pressure stabilizing tank and a main loop regulating valve arranged between the main loop and the pressure stabilizing tank, and is used for regulating the air pressure in the main loop;
the input end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the main loop, the first output end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank, and the carbon dioxide purification device is used for removing gaseous impurities in the loop.
Preferably, the pressure control device further comprises a high-pressure tank and an exhaust gas tank; the high-pressure tank is provided with an input interface and is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank through a high-pressure regulating valve; the first end of the waste gas tank is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank through a low-pressure regulating valve, and the second end of the waste gas tank is communicated with the second output end of the carbon dioxide purification device.
Preferably, a main loop safety valve is arranged between the surge tank and the waste gas tank, and a high-pressure tank safety valve is arranged between the high-pressure tank and the waste gas tank.
Preferably, the pressure control device further comprises a control module for:
receiving a monitoring pressure value obtained by the pressure sensor:
when the monitored pressure value is larger than a preset upper pressure limit range, controlling the low-pressure regulating valve to be opened so as to enable part of supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the waste gas tank;
and when the monitored pressure value is smaller than a preset pressure lower limit range, controlling the high-pressure regulating valve to be opened so as to enable part of the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the pressure stabilizing tank.
Preferably, the pressure control device further comprises a control module for:
when the main loop is judged to be over-pressurized, controlling a safety valve of the main loop to be opened so as to discharge the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the main loop into the waste gas tank;
and when the overpressure of the high-pressure tank is judged, controlling a safety valve of the high-pressure tank to be opened so as to discharge the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the high-pressure tank into the waste gas tank.
Preferably, carbon dioxide purifier is including purifying branch road filter, regenerator, relief pressure valve, adsorber, cooler, vapour and liquid separator and booster pump, purify the one end of branch road filter with the major loop intercommunication, purify the other end of branch road filter with the hot side input of regenerator communicates, the hot side output of regenerator in proper order with the relief pressure valve the adsorber the cooler vapour and liquid separator intercommunication, vapour and liquid separator's gas phase output with the second end intercommunication of waste gas tank, vapour and liquid separator's liquid phase output with the one end intercommunication of booster pump, the other end of booster pump with the cold side input intercommunication of regenerator, the cold side output of regenerator with surge tank intercommunication.
Preferably, the pressure control device further comprises a control module and a purity detector disposed in the main loop, the control module being configured to:
receiving the purity of the working medium obtained by the purity detector;
and when the purity of the working medium is lower than a preset minimum threshold or any impurity component is higher than a preset maximum threshold, controlling the carbon dioxide purification device to start.
Preferably, one end of the main loop regulating valve close to the main loop is arranged at an inlet of the circulating compressor through a bypass, and a main loop filter is arranged at the inlet of the circulating compressor.
Preferably, the heat exchange mechanism comprises a divertor heat exchanger, a vacuum chamber heat exchanger, a cladding heat exchanger and a lower stage heat exchanger.
Preferably, the clad heat exchanger comprises a supercritical carbon dioxide clad heat exchanger or other clad heat exchanger.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide circulating system for a fusion reactor, which comprises a main loop device, a pressure control device and a carbon dioxide purifying device, wherein the main loop device is connected with the pressure control device; the main loop device comprises a main loop, and a circulating compressor, a pressure stabilizing tank and a heat exchange mechanism which are arranged on the main loop, wherein the circulating compressor, the pressure stabilizing tank and the heat exchange mechanism are sequentially communicated; the pressure control device comprises a pressure sensor arranged in the pressure stabilizing tank and a main loop regulating valve arranged between the main loop and the pressure stabilizing tank, and is used for regulating the air pressure in the main loop; the input end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the main loop, the first output end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the surge tank, and the carbon dioxide purification device is used for removing gaseous impurities in the loop.
Compared with the prior art, the invention adopts a main loop device, and the heat generated by the fusion reactor is led out by reasonably connecting all parts generating heat. The main loop device can achieve the purpose of guiding out the heat energy generated by multiple working substances and multiple heat sources in the fusion reactor, and the pressure control device and the carbon dioxide purification device are used for assisting the safe and stable operation of the main loop device. The heat conducted from the main loop is transferred to a secondary loop by a heat exchanger to generate power, and the secondary loop can generate power by adopting a supercritical carbon dioxide (abbreviated as sCO 2) Brayton cycle or a steam Rankine cycle. The purpose of guiding out the heat generated in the fusion reactor can be realized through the circulation of the working medium in the main loop, and the heat conduction device is particularly suitable for a multi-heat-source system with a plurality of different temperature ranges and different used cooling working media in the fusion reactor. Meanwhile, heat can be stored in fused salt or other heat storage media through the intermediate heat exchange loop, the influence of the pulse operation of the fusion reactor on the two loops can be overcome, and continuous and stable power output is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a supercritical carbon dioxide circulation system for a fusion reactor provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Wherein the reference numbers are as follows: 1. a recycle compressor; 2. a surge tank; 3. a divertor heat exchanger; 4. a vacuum chamber heat exchanger; 5. a clad heat exchanger; 6. a lower heat exchanger; 7. a primary loop filter; 8. a high-pressure tank; 9. an off-gas tank; 10. a main circuit regulating valve; 11. a low pressure regulating valve; 12. a primary circuit safety valve; 13. a high-pressure tank relief valve; 14. a high pressure regulating valve; 15. a purification bypass filter; 16. a heat regenerator; 17. a pressure reducing valve; 18. an adsorber; 19. a cooler; 20. a gas-liquid separator; 21. a booster pump.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a supercritical carbon dioxide circulation system for a fusion reactor provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes a main loop device, a pressure control device and a carbon dioxide purification device; the main loop device comprises a main loop, and a circulating compressor 1, a pressure stabilizing tank 2 and a heat exchange mechanism which are arranged on the main loop, wherein the circulating compressor 1, the pressure stabilizing tank 2 and the heat exchange mechanism are communicated in sequence; the pressure control device comprises a pressure sensor arranged in the surge tank 2 and a main loop adjusting valve 10 arranged between the main loop and the surge tank 2, and the pressure control device is used for adjusting the air pressure in the main loop; the input end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the main loop, the first output end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the surge tank 2, and the carbon dioxide purification device is used for removing gaseous impurities in the loop.
Specifically, the heat exchange mechanism comprises a divertor heat exchanger 3, a vacuum chamber heat exchanger 4, a cladding heat exchanger 5 and a lower stage heat exchanger 6. Wherein the clad heat exchanger 5 comprises a supercritical carbon dioxide clad heat exchanger or other clad heat exchangers. Other cladding heat exchangers include water-cooled cladding heat exchangers, helium-cooled cladding heat exchangers, liquid metal cladding heat exchangers, or molten salt cladding heat exchangers, among others. The divertor heat exchanger 3, the vacuum chamber heat exchanger 4 and the lower-stage heat exchanger 6 all adopt printed circuit board type heat exchangers.
Illustratively, the clad heat exchanger 5 can adopt a scheme of cooling by using sCO2 completely, and also can adopt a scheme of using sCO2 and liquid metal lithium lead dual coolant. Of course, in other embodiments, the cladding coolant may be water, helium, liquid metal, or molten salt. At this time, the supercritical carbon dioxide clad heat exchanger between the interfaces e and f needs to be replaced by another clad heat exchanger, and the sCO2 coolant in the main loop is isolated from the coolant in the clad through the heat exchanger. If the temperature at the interface e cannot reach the requirement of the temperature of the cladding inlet, the high-temperature sCO2 working medium at the cladding outlet needs to be subjected to regenerative heat exchange with sCO2 at the inlet through a bypass so as to reach the requirement of the temperature of the cladding inlet.
In the present embodiment, one end of the main loop regulating valve 10 close to the main loop is arranged at the inlet of the circulation compressor 1 through a bypass, and the inlet of the circulation compressor 1 is provided with a main loop filter 7. The circulating compressor 1, the pressure stabilizing tank 2 and the heat exchange mechanism are communicated in sequence.
When the system is used, the sCO2 working medium in the main loop enters the pressure stabilizing tank 2 after being pressurized by the circulating compressor 1, and pressure fluctuation is ensured within an allowable range after volume buffering and active control of the pressure stabilizing tank 2. Then, the sCO2 working medium is divided into two branches on the main pipeline, and the divertor and the vacuum chamber are cooled through the divertor heat exchanger 3 and the vacuum chamber heat exchanger 4 respectively. Because the heat load of the divertor is larger than that of the vacuum chamber, the required coolant flow is also larger, and the sizes of the pipelines of the two branches need to be reasonably designed according to the required cooling flow. The sCO2 on the two branches will increase in temperature after cooling the divertor and the vacuum chamber, respectively, and merge into one cooled cladding. Most of the heat generated in the fusion reactor is located in the cladding region, and sCO2 conducts the heat out and the temperature of the sCO2 is greatly increased. According to the basic law of thermodynamics, under the condition that the temperatures of the cold sources are the same, the temperature of the hot source is increased, and the thermal efficiency of the system can be improved. The sCO2 working medium after heat exchange with the cladding reaches the highest temperature value in the main loop, and the temperature value is related to the specifically adopted cladding scheme. Typical cladding designs are such that the temperature that the sCO2 medium can reach in the main loop is: the temperature of the water-cooled cladding is about 315 ℃, the temperature of the helium-cooled cladding is about 490 ℃, and the temperature of the supercritical carbon dioxide cladding is about 640 ℃.
And then, the high-temperature sCO2 working medium enters a lower-stage heat exchanger 6, and the lower-stage heat exchanger 6 is used for transferring heat to the two loops or the middle heat exchange loop. The two loops can adopt a steam Rankine cycle or a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle to realize the purpose of power generation, and can also exchange heat with an intermediate heat exchange loop adopting molten salt to transfer heat to a heat storage medium in the intermediate heat exchange loop, and then realize power generation by heat exchange between the heat storage medium and the two loops. The intermediate heat exchange loop has the advantages that the influence of the fluctuation of the power of the heat source on the power generation of the two loops can be overcome, and the stable power output is realized. The temperature of the sCO2 working medium is reduced after passing through the lower-level heat exchanger 6, and the sCO2 working medium returns to the inlet of the circulating compressor 1 after the solid impurities possibly existing are removed through the main loop filter 7, so that the circulation of the sCO2 working medium in the main loop is realized.
Further, in order to achieve circulation in the main circuit and to conduct heat away with as little working medium as possible consumed by the recycle compressor 1, it is necessary to maintain the sCO2 working medium at the inlet of the recycle compressor 1 in a supercritical state at a pressure slightly above the critical pressure. Preferably, the parameters of the recycle compressor 1 are: the inlet pressure of the circulating compressor 1 is 7.7MPa, and the temperature is 50 ℃. The outlet pressure of the recycle compressor 1 is determined according to the overall pressure drop of the main loop, for example, the overall pressure drop of the loop is 0.6MPa, and the outlet pressure of the recycle compressor 1 needs to reach 8.3MPa.
In the present embodiment, the pressure control device further includes a high-pressure tank 8 and an exhaust gas tank 9; an input interface is arranged on the high-pressure tank 8, and the high-pressure tank 8 is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank 2 through a high-pressure regulating valve 14; a first end of the waste gas tank 9 is communicated with the surge tank 2 through a low pressure regulating valve 11, and a second end of the waste gas tank 9 is communicated with a second output end of the carbon dioxide purification device.
The pressure control device further comprises a control module for:
receiving a monitoring pressure value obtained by the pressure sensor:
when the monitored pressure value is larger than a preset upper pressure limit range, controlling the low-pressure regulating valve 11 to be opened so as to enable part of supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the waste gas tank 9;
and when the monitored pressure value is smaller than a preset pressure lower limit range, controlling the high-pressure regulating valve 14 to be opened so as to enable part of the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the pressure stabilizing tank 2.
Further, a main loop safety valve 12 is arranged between the surge tank 2 and the waste gas tank 9, a high-pressure tank safety valve 13 is arranged between the high-pressure tank 8 and the waste gas tank 9, and the control module is further configured to:
when the overpressure in the main loop is determined, controlling the safety valve 12 of the main loop to be opened so as to discharge the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the main loop into the waste gas tank 9;
and when the overpressure of the high-pressure tank 8 is determined, controlling the high-pressure tank safety valve 13 to be opened so as to discharge the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the high-pressure tank 8 into the waste gas tank 9.
In one embodiment, the pressure control device includes a pressure sensor, a high pressure tank 8, a waste gas tank 9, a main circuit regulator valve 10, a low pressure regulator valve 11, a main circuit relief valve 12, a high pressure tank relief valve 13, and a high pressure regulator valve 14. The pressure stabilizing tank 2 is a shared device of the main loop device and the pressure control device, and sCO2 working medium in the main loop enters the pressure stabilizing tank 2 and then is buffered by a larger volume, so that the amplitude of pressure fluctuation can be reduced. A pressure sensor is arranged in the pressure stabilizing tank 2, and the pressure change in the pressure stabilizing tank 2 can be monitored. When the monitored pressure value is larger than the preset upper pressure limit range, the low-pressure regulating valve 11 is opened, and a part of working medium enters the waste gas tank 9 through the low-pressure pipeline, so that the pressure of the main loop is reduced; when the monitored pressure value is smaller than the preset lower pressure limit range, the high-pressure regulating valve 14 between the high-pressure tank 8 and the surge tank 2 is opened, thereby increasing the pressure in the surge tank 2.
Under the normal operation condition, the equipment in the main loop can be ensured to operate within the set pressure range through the regulation. Under the accident condition, when the overpressure in the main loop is judged to occur, the safety valve 12 of the main loop acts, and the sCO2 working medium in the main loop is discharged to the waste gas tank 9; when it is determined that the high-pressure tank 8 has an overpressure, the high-pressure tank safety valve 13 operates to reduce the pressure in the high-pressure tank 8.
In addition, a part of the working medium at the outlet of the recycle compressor 1 can enter the inlet of the recycle compressor 1 through a bypass by adjusting the main loop adjusting valve 10, and the flow and the pressure of the main loop can be adjusted within a certain range. The working pressure in the main loop is higher than the environmental pressure, the working medium quantity in the main loop can be slowly reduced along with the leakage of the sCO2 working medium, and the working medium needs to be supplemented after long-term operation. The input interface g can be connected with an external sCO2 gas source, and the sCO2 is supplemented to the high-pressure tank 8 and then to the main loop.
In this embodiment, the carbon dioxide purification apparatus includes a purification branch filter 15, a heat regenerator 16, a pressure reducing valve 17, an adsorber 18, a cooler 19, a gas-liquid separator 20 and a booster pump 21, one end of the purification branch filter 15 communicates with the main loop, the other end of the purification branch filter 15 communicates with a hot side input end of the heat regenerator 16, a hot side output end of the heat regenerator 16 sequentially communicates with the pressure reducing valve 17, the adsorber 18, the cooler 19 and the gas-liquid separator 20, a gas phase output end of the gas-liquid separator 20 communicates with a second end of the waste gas tank 9, a liquid phase output end of the gas-liquid separator 20 communicates with one end of the booster pump 21, the other end of the booster pump 21 communicates with a cold side input end of the heat regenerator 16, and a cold side output end of the heat regenerator 16 communicates with the surge tank 2.
Further, the pressure control device further comprises a control module and a purity detector arranged in the main loop, and the control module is further used for:
receiving the purity of the working medium obtained by the purity detector;
and when the purity of the working medium is lower than a preset minimum threshold or any impurity component is higher than a preset maximum threshold, controlling the carbon dioxide purification device to start.
It should be noted that the impure water contained in the sCO2 working medium led out from the branch before the recycle compressor 1 is condensed into liquid after the process of temperature and pressure reduction, and most of the impure water is removed by the absorption of the adsorbent. Further cooling the working fluid flowing out of the adsorber 18, since the pressure is already below the critical pressure, the scco 2 can be condensed into a liquid state, while other main impurity components, such as hydrogen (possibly containing radioactive tritium), nitrogen, etc., are still in a gaseous state, most of the impurities in the liquid state scco 2 are removed after passing through the gas-liquid separator 20, and the liquid state scco 2 returns to the main loop after being pressurized by the booster pump 21 and heated by the heat regenerator 16, while the impurity gas is temporarily stored in the waste gas tank 9 for subsequent treatment.
In particular, the carbon dioxide purification device can be operated in a continuous mode of operation, or in a discontinuous mode of operation, which is intended to remove gaseous impurities from the circuit. A purity detector for detecting the purity of the sCO2 working medium is arranged in the main loop, and when the purity of the working medium is lower than a preset minimum threshold or any impurity component (such as tritium) is higher than a preset maximum threshold, the carbon dioxide purification device is started.
After the carbon dioxide purification device is started, a small part of working medium is shunted from a position in front of an inlet of the circulating compressor 1 and enters a purification branch, solid impurities are removed through a purification branch filter 15, and then the working medium passes through a hot side input end and a hot side output end of the heat regenerator 16 and is subjected to heat exchange with a cold side working medium of the heat regenerator 16 to reduce the temperature. Then the working medium is in a low-temperature and low-pressure state through a pressure reducing valve 17, the water vapor is gradually condensed into a liquid state at the moment, the sCO2 working medium and other gaseous impurities (such as H2, N2 and the like) are kept in a gaseous state, and impurity components in the working medium are removed through an absorber 18. The working medium is then further cooled by a cooler 19, so that the sCO2 becomes liquid and the other impurities remain gaseous. After passing through the gas-liquid separator 20, the gas phase portion is discharged into the waste gas tank 9 through the connection h and the connection i. Finally, the liquid phase part is pressurized by the booster pump 21, passes through a cold side input end and a cold side output end of the heat regenerator 16, and is heated by heat exchange with a hot side of the heat regenerator 16, and the purified sCO2 working medium returns to the surge tank 2.
Further, since the pressure and temperature of the working fluid entering the purification branch vary with the progress of the process, the parameters and types of the equipment that can be adopted by the carbon dioxide purification device for the purpose of purifying the working fluid include: the pressure of the working medium entering the purification branch is 7.7MPa, the temperature is 50 ℃, the temperature is reduced to about 30 ℃ after the working medium is cooled by a heat regenerator 16, and the pressure is reduced to 6MPa after the working medium passes through a pressure reducing valve 17; the temperature of the working medium is reduced to be below 20 ℃ after being cooled by the cooler 19, the pressure reaches 8.5MPa after being pressurized by the booster pump 21, the working medium flowing out of the hot side of the heat regenerator 16 is about 8.5MPa, and the temperature is 45 ℃; the adsorbent used in the adsorber 18 may be activated carbon, alumina, silica gel, or other material, the gas-liquid separator 20 may be of a gravity settling type or a centrifugal force separation type, and the booster pump 21 may be a plunger pump.
In this embodiment, the scco 2 in the main loop device exchanges heat with the coolant in the cladding of the fusion reactor internal components, the divertor, and the vacuum chamber through the heat exchanger, so as to lead out the thermal energy in the fusion reactor, and is coupled with the secondary loop or the intermediate energy storage loop through the heat exchanger, so as to utilize the energy. The main loop device is connected with the pressure control device through the surge tank 2, so that the effects of stabilizing the pressure and maintaining working media in the loop when the main loop operates can be realized, overpressure release can be realized under the accident condition, and the safety of the loop is ensured. Meanwhile, the main loop shunts part of working medium to enter a carbon dioxide purification device through a branch, impurities generated in the operation process are removed, and the purified working medium is converged into the main loop system again. The purpose of guiding out the heat generated in the fusion reactor can be realized through the circulation of the working medium in the main loop, and the heat conduction device is particularly suitable for a multi-heat-source system with a plurality of different temperature ranges and different used cooling working media in the fusion reactor.
Furthermore, according to the working medium type and the operation parameter range of the internal parts of the fusion reactor, sCO2 is adopted as the working medium of the main loop, so that the fusion reactor has good compatibility and stability. The sCO2 is adopted as a cladding of the coolant, so that the outlet temperature of the working medium can be increased, and the power generation efficiency is improved. The invention leads out the heat generated by the cladding of the main parts in the fusion reactor, the divertor and the vacuum chamber through the supercritical carbon dioxide circulation of the main loop. The heat of the primary loop sCO2 working medium and the cooling working medium of the internal part is transferred through the heat exchanger and isolated from each other through the metal wall surface of the heat exchanger, so that the degree of radioactive penetration into the environment can be reduced to the maximum extent.
The present invention can reduce the power consumption of the recycle compressor 1 by utilizing the good characteristics of the supercritical carbon dioxide, particularly the characteristics near the critical point. Due to the compactness and flexibility of the supercritical carbon dioxide cycle, the occupied space of a loop can be reduced, and the equipment arrangement in the fusion reactor host is facilitated. Meanwhile, the loop size is reduced, so that the thermal inertia of the loop is reduced, the operation of the fusion reactor is facilitated, and particularly, the operation flexibility of a heat exchange system can be improved when the fusion reactor operates in a pulse mode.
In addition, the invention is suitable for internal parts cooled by different working media (such as water, helium, liquid metal, molten salt and the like), and can be suitable for a very wide working temperature range, thereby widening the interval of the selection of the internal part scheme and being beneficial to the design of a fusion reactor. Even if the different working media have good compatibility under the extreme working conditions of leakage and the like, violent reaction can not occur, and the overall safety is further improved.
In conclusion, the supercritical carbon dioxide circulation system for the fusion reactor can achieve the purpose of guiding out the heat energy generated by multiple working substances and multiple heat sources in the fusion reactor, is particularly suitable for the cladding adopting the supercritical carbon dioxide, and can also be suitable for schemes such as a liquid metal lithium lead cladding, a water cooling cladding, a helium cooling cladding, a liquid metal cladding, a molten salt cladding and the like. The main loop system can ensure the functions of pressure and flow regulation under normal working conditions and overpressure relief under accident working conditions through the matching of the pressure and volume control systems, and the carbon dioxide purification system ensures the purity of the working medium in the long-term operation process. Compared with the scheme of adopting water as the working medium of the main loop, the supercritical carbon dioxide as the working medium of the main loop has the advantages of compact and efficient system and good compatibility with various working media in internal parts of the fusion reactor.
The above-mentioned embodiments are provided to further explain the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. A supercritical carbon dioxide circulation system for a fusion reactor is characterized by comprising a main loop device, a pressure control device and a carbon dioxide purification device;
the main loop device comprises a main loop, and a circulating compressor, a pressure stabilizing tank and a heat exchange mechanism which are arranged on the main loop, wherein the circulating compressor, the pressure stabilizing tank and the heat exchange mechanism are sequentially communicated;
the pressure control device comprises a pressure sensor arranged in the pressure stabilizing tank and a main loop regulating valve arranged between the main loop and the pressure stabilizing tank, and is used for regulating the air pressure in the main loop;
the input end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the main loop, the first output end of the carbon dioxide purification device is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank, and the carbon dioxide purification device is used for removing gaseous impurities in the loop.
2. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as recited in claim 1, wherein the pressure control device further comprises a high pressure tank and an exhaust tank; the high-pressure tank is provided with an input interface and is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank through a high-pressure regulating valve; and the first end of the waste gas tank is communicated with the pressure stabilizing tank through a low-pressure regulating valve, and the second end of the waste gas tank is communicated with the second output end of the carbon dioxide purification device.
3. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as described in claim 2 wherein a main loop safety valve is provided between said surge tank and said exhaust tank and a high pressure tank safety valve is provided between said high pressure tank and said exhaust tank.
4. The supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor of claim 2 wherein the pressure control device further comprises a control module for:
receiving a monitoring pressure value obtained by the pressure sensor:
when the monitored pressure value is larger than a preset upper pressure limit range, controlling the low-pressure regulating valve to be opened so as to enable part of the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the waste gas tank;
and when the monitored pressure value is smaller than a preset lower pressure limit range, controlling the high-pressure regulating valve to be opened so as to enable part of the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium to enter the pressure stabilizing tank.
5. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as recited in claim 3, wherein the pressure control device further comprises a control module for:
when overpressure is judged to occur in the main loop, controlling a safety valve of the main loop to be opened so that the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the main loop is discharged into the waste gas tank;
and when the overpressure of the high-pressure tank is judged, controlling a safety valve of the high-pressure tank to be opened so as to discharge the supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the high-pressure tank into the waste gas tank.
6. The supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as recited in claim 2, wherein the carbon dioxide purification device comprises a purification branch filter, a heat regenerator, a pressure reducing valve, an adsorber, a cooler, a gas-liquid separator and a booster pump, one end of the purification branch filter is communicated with the main loop, the other end of the purification branch filter is communicated with a hot side input end of the heat regenerator, a hot side output end of the heat regenerator is sequentially communicated with the pressure reducing valve, the adsorber, the cooler and the gas-liquid separator, a gas phase output end of the gas-liquid separator is communicated with a second end of the waste gas tank, a liquid phase output end of the gas-liquid separator is communicated with one end of the booster pump, the other end of the booster pump is communicated with a cold side input end of the heat regenerator, and a cold side output end of the heat regenerator is communicated with the surge tank.
7. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as recited in claim 2, wherein the pressure control device further comprises a purity detector in the main loop and a control module for:
receiving the purity of the working medium obtained by the purity detector;
and when the purity of the working medium is lower than a preset minimum threshold or any impurity component is higher than a preset maximum threshold, controlling the carbon dioxide purification device to start.
8. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as recited in claim 1, wherein the end of the main loop regulating valve near the main loop is bypassed to the inlet of the cycle compressor, which is provided with a main loop filter.
9. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as described in claim 1 wherein the heat exchange mechanism comprises a divertor heat exchanger, a vacuum chamber heat exchanger, a blanket heat exchanger, and a subordinate heat exchanger.
10. A supercritical carbon dioxide cycle system for a fusion reactor as described in claim 9 wherein the blanket heat exchanger comprises a supercritical carbon dioxide blanket heat exchanger or other blanket heat exchanger.
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