CN115143894A - Method for measuring deformation of viscous soil body in geotechnical centrifugal model test - Google Patents
Method for measuring deformation of viscous soil body in geotechnical centrifugal model test Download PDFInfo
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- CN115143894A CN115143894A CN202210680895.2A CN202210680895A CN115143894A CN 115143894 A CN115143894 A CN 115143894A CN 202210680895 A CN202210680895 A CN 202210680895A CN 115143894 A CN115143894 A CN 115143894A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for measuring deformation of a viscous soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test, which comprises the following steps: step 10), preparing a cohesive soil foundation model; step 20) drawing a deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model by using an oily pigment, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image before deformation; step 30) carrying out a centrifugal test on the cohesive soil foundation model with the deformation mark, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image in the deformation process; and step 40) analyzing by utilizing a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technology to obtain a deformation vector diagram of the cohesive soil body according to the soil body image before deformation and the soil body image in the deformation process. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test can quickly set the deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil body to obtain a more accurate deformation result.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil mechanics tests, and particularly relates to a method for measuring deformation of a viscous soil body in a soil engineering centrifugal model test.
Background
In order to observe the deformation of a viscous soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test, deformation marks need to be arranged on the surface of the soil body, and on the basis, coordinates of mark points before and after the test can be read, so that the deformation distribution of the soil body can be obtained. The conventional method of disposing the deformation mark is: arranging noodles, inserting silver needle, drawing with marking pen [1] And the like. Arranging the noodless and needing first drawing the slot on the soil body surface and then putting into the recess with noodless, the benefit does not have intensity after the noodless fully soaks, can warp along with the soil body, and corresponding shortcoming lies in being not suitable for the unsaturated cohesive soil that the moisture content is not high. The disadvantage of inserting silver needles is that the ground quality is changed by inserting anchors in the ground. The marker pen core is hard, and marks can be left on the surface of soft clay such as silt. The method for drawing the grid needs to consume long time, the number of the arranged marking points is small, deformation of the soil body needs to be analyzed by manually reading the coordinates of the marking points before and after the test, and the accuracy and the efficiency are very low.
For cohesive soil in a centrifugal model test, the deformation mark has enough identification degree, can deform along with the soil body and does not influence the property of the soil body. In addition to the aforementioned deformed mesh arrangement method of arranging noodles, inserting silver needles, drawing with marker pens, and the like, the document [3] adopts a method of embedding dyed soil particles, but this method makes the molding process excessively complicated. At present, no method for quickly and accurately arranging deformation marks on the surface of cohesive soil in a centrifugal model test exists.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects, the invention provides the method for measuring the deformation of the viscous soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test, which can quickly set the deformation mark on the surface of the viscous soil body to obtain a more accurate deformation result.
In order to solve the technical problem, the embodiment of the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the embodiment of the invention provides a method for measuring deformation of a viscous soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test, which comprises the following steps:
step 10), preparing a cohesive soil foundation model;
step 20) drawing a deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model by using an oily pigment, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image before deformation;
step 30) carrying out a centrifugal test on the cohesive soil foundation model with the deformation mark, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image in the deformation process;
and step 40) analyzing by utilizing a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technology to obtain a deformation vector diagram of the cohesive soil body according to the soil body image before deformation and the soil body image in the deformation process.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the step 10) includes: adding a cohesive soil body into a model box, and preparing the cohesive soil body into a cohesive soil foundation model according to the characteristics of the on-site soil body; one side wall of the model box is made of transparent materials, the side wall is detachably connected to the model box, and the side wall and the cameras are oppositely arranged.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the step 20) includes: firstly, the side wall is detached from the model box, then the side face of the cohesive soil foundation model opposite to the side wall is used as a drawing surface, an oily pigment is used for drawing a deformation mark on the drawing surface, then the side wall is installed on the model box, and finally a camera is used for shooting to obtain a soil body image before deformation.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the size of each of the deformation marks satisfies formula (1):
P＝2*D*L s l (f L) formula (1)
Wherein P represents the minimum width of the deformation mark, D represents the distance from the camera to the drawing surface, and L s Denotes the camera sensor length, f denotes the camera focal length, and L denotes the image length captured by the camera.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the sum of the areas of all the deformation marks occupies 40 to 60% of the drawing surface area.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the shape of the deformation mark is an irregular pattern.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, the drawing of the deformation mark on the surface of the clay soil foundation model by using the oil-based pigment is: and (3) dotting an oily pigment on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model, wherein each deformation mark is in a dot shape.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, in the step 20), an oil pigment is used, and the deformation mark is drawn by using a soft brush pen.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the present invention, in the step 20), the color of the oily pigment is selected according to the color of the cohesive soil body in the cohesive soil foundation model, and the color of the cohesive soil body and the color of the oily pigment belong to different color systems.
As a further improvement of the embodiment of the invention, the cohesive soil body is white, red or yellow, and black or blue oily pigment is selected; the viscous soil body is gray or black, and red or white oily pigment is selected.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects: according to the method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test, the oily pigment is adopted to directly draw the deformation mark on the surface of the soil body, the oily pigment is insoluble in water and attached to the surface of the cohesive soil body, the property of the cohesive soil body is not changed, the deformation of the soil body is directly reflected, and the measured deformation result of the soil body is more accurate. Meanwhile, the method is directly drawn on the surface of the cohesive soil body, is simple and convenient, and can quickly finish the step of setting the deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil body.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for measuring deformation of a cohesive soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is an analytical schematic of PIV techniques in a method according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a photograph of the soil mass before the test in the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a photograph of the soil mass after the test in the embodiment;
fig. 5 is a diagram of a soil deformation vector field obtained in the specific example.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is explained in detail below.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method for measuring deformation of a viscous soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test, which comprises the following steps of:
step 10) preparing a cohesive soil foundation model.
And 20) drawing a deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model by using an oily pigment, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image before deformation.
And step 30) carrying out centrifugal test on the cohesive soil foundation model with the deformation mark, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image in the deformation process.
And step 40) analyzing by utilizing a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technology to obtain a deformation vector diagram of the cohesive soil body according to the soil body image before deformation and the soil body image in the deformation process.
Wherein, step 10) specifically includes: and (3) removing impurities from the cohesive soil mass collected on the engineering site, adding the cohesive soil mass into a model box, and preparing the cohesive soil mass into a cohesive soil foundation model according to the characteristics (parameters such as density, water content and gradation) of the soil mass on the site. In order to facilitate observation and recording of deformation conditions of the cohesive soil body, one side wall of the model box is made of transparent materials, the side wall is detachably connected to the model box, and the side wall and the camera are oppositely arranged.
The step 20) specifically comprises: firstly, the side wall is detached from the model box, then the side face of the cohesive soil foundation model opposite to the side wall is used as a drawing surface, an oily pigment is used for drawing a deformation mark on the drawing surface, then the side wall is installed on the model box, and finally a camera is used for shooting to obtain a soil body image before deformation. Preferably, a water-insoluble oily pigment is used to avoid obscuring the deformation marks during the test. And in consideration of not influencing the surface of the clay, drawing by using a soft brush pen.
Compared with a method for arranging the noodles, the noodles are easy to expand and deform when meeting water, and the oily pigment adopted by the method is insoluble in water, is attached to the surface of a cohesive soil body, only displaces along with the deformation of the soil body, and is higher in accuracy of a measuring result. Compared with a method for drawing the mark by adopting silver needles or dyed soil particles, the method has the advantages that the difference between the properties of the marker and the cohesive soil mass is large, and the cohesive soil mass deformation is indirectly and reversely deduced through the displacement of the silver needles or the dyed soil particles. The deformation mark is drawn by adopting the oily pigment, the property of the soil body is not changed, the deformation of the viscous soil body can be directly reflected through the displacement of the deformation mark, and the accuracy of the measuring result is improved.
Preferably, the color of the oily pigment is selected according to the color of the soil body in the cohesive soil foundation model, and the color of the soil body and the color of the oily pigment belong to different color systems. If the soil body is white, red or yellow, selecting black or blue oily pigment; if the soil body is gray or black, red or white oily pigment is selected. Therefore, the color of the deformation mark is clearly contrasted with that of the soil body, and the accurate deformation of the viscous soil body in the test process can be conveniently obtained through PIV technical analysis.
As a preferable example, the size of each deformation mark satisfies the formula (1):
P＝2*D*L s l formula (1)
Wherein P represents the minimum width of the deformation mark, D represents the distance from the camera to the drawing surface, and L s Denotes the camera sensor length, f denotes the camera focal length, and L denotes the image length. When actually drawing, the size error range of the deformation mark can be controlled within +/-10%. The size of the deformation mark is determined according to the formula (1) in the preferred embodiment, and the deformation mark is matched with the camera, so that a better image analysis effect can be obtained, and the accuracy of the deformation result is improved.
Preferably, the shape of the deformation mark is irregular, random, and dotted, and does not adopt a shape such as a circle, a square, or a triangle. The preferred embodiment adopts irregular graphs as deformation marks, firstly, drawing is fast and convenient, secondly, the PIV technical principle is based on capturing gray level change, and random and irregular gray levels are more favorable for image analysis. Based on gray scale change consideration, the sum of the areas of all the deformation marks accounts for 40-60% of the area of the drawing surface, so that the gray scale before and after the drawn image is more obvious in comparison, the image analysis effect is better, and the obtained deformation result is more accurate.
And 20), after the deformation mark is drawn on the drawing surface, shooting the drawing surface by using a camera to obtain an image of the soil body before deformation.
And step 30), after the cohesive soil foundation model is subjected to centrifugal test, shooting the drawing surface by using a camera to obtain a soil body image in the deformation process.
And step 40), analyzing the coordinates of pixel points of the photos before and after the test by using an image analysis technique (PIV), and further converting the coordinates into a soil displacement field to obtain a deformation vector diagram of the cohesive soil. PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) is an optical-based velocity measurement technique, mainly by adding tracer particles in a fluid, which follow the motion of the fluid, and the particles are illuminated twice when passing through a specific plane, and the illuminated particles are recorded by using a photographic technique, and the displacement of the particles in the time interval of the two illuminations can be obtained through the post-processing of the Image, so as to obtain the velocity field of the fluid.
The principle of the PIV technique is shown in FIG. 2, in which a query region is determined and gridded in a previous graph at time t1, and cross-correlation analysis is performed [2] And searching the related area in the later graph at the time t2 for the point with the best cross correlation with the specific point of the query area in the previous graph to determine the coordinates of the point at the time t1 and the time t2, and further analyzing the displacement field with the sub-pixel precision. The PIV technology is applied to geotechnical centrifugal model tests, and the tracer particles are deformation marks on the surface of the soil body.
A specific example is provided below.
Step 1, collecting a cohesive soil body from an engineering field, conveying the cohesive soil body to a laboratory, and removing impurities for later use according to parameters such as density, water content, gradation and the like of the engineering field.
And 2, preparing a cohesive soil foundation model, namely silty clay and silt clay sequentially from bottom to top, wherein the geometric scale of the model is 1/70. And then drawing deformation marks on the surface of the soil body. In this example, the distance D =500mm from the camera to the model soil surface, and the camera sensor length L s =36mm, camera focal length f =4.8mm, image length L =1048 (Pixel); minimum width of mark P =2 × d × l s And/(f × L) =2 × 500 × 36/(4.8 × 1048) =7.2mm, and the size of the mark is about 6.5 to 8mm when actually drawn. A photograph of the soil before the test was taken with a camera, as shown in FIG. 3.
And 3, developing a centrifugal model test, wherein the centrifugal acceleration is 70g, recording the soil photos in the test process and after the test by using a camera, and taking the soil photos after the test as shown in the figure 4.
And 4, analyzing the model soil body photos before and after the test by using a PIV technology to obtain a soil body deformation vector diagram shown in figure 5.
The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are intended to further illustrate the principles of the invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is also intended to be covered by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Reference:
[1] zhuo Li, shoumingdui, liu Huaizhong, xie Gongjiang correction of deformation images of marker points in geotechnical centrifugation simulation [ J ] Experimental science and technology 2017,15 (1): 7-11.
[2]Keane R D,Adrian R J.Theory of cross-correlation analysis of PIV images[J].Applied scientific Research,1992,Vol 49:191-215.
[3] Zhaga, mou Taiping, zhang Jianmin earth slope centrifugal model test deformation field measurement based on image analysis [ J ]. Report on geotechnical engineering 2007,29 (1): 94-97.
Claims (10)
1. A method for measuring the deformation of a viscous soil body in a geotechnical centrifugal model test is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 10), preparing a cohesive soil foundation model;
step 20) drawing a deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model by using an oily pigment, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image before deformation;
step 30) carrying out a centrifugal test on the cohesive soil foundation model with the deformation mark, and shooting by using a camera to obtain a soil body image in the deformation process;
and step 40) analyzing by utilizing a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technology to obtain a deformation vector diagram of the cohesive soil body according to the soil body image before deformation and the soil body image in the deformation process.
2. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein the step 10) comprises the following steps: adding a cohesive soil body into the model box, and preparing the cohesive soil body into a cohesive soil foundation model according to the characteristics of the on-site soil body; one side wall of the model box is made of transparent materials, the side wall is detachably connected to the model box, and the side wall and the cameras are oppositely arranged.
3. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 2, wherein the step 20) comprises the following steps: firstly, the side wall is detached from the model box, then the side face of the cohesive soil foundation model opposite to the side wall is used as a drawing surface, an oily pigment is used for drawing a deformation mark on the drawing surface, then the side wall is installed on the model box, and finally a camera is used for shooting to obtain a soil body image before deformation.
4. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 3, wherein the size of each deformation mark satisfies formula (1):
P＝2*D*L s l (f L) formula (1)
Wherein P represents the minimum width of the deformation mark, D represents the distance from the camera to the drawing surface, and L s Representing the camera sensor length, f the camera focal length, and L the image length captured by the camera.
5. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 3, wherein the sum of the areas of all the deformation marks accounts for 40-60% of the area of the drawing surface.
6. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein the deformation mark is in an irregular pattern.
7. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein the step of drawing the deformation mark on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model by using the oil-based pigment is as follows: and (3) dotting an oily pigment on the surface of the cohesive soil foundation model, wherein each deformation mark is in a dot shape.
8. The method for measuring the deformation of the viscous soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein in the step 20), an oil pigment is used, and a soft brush is used for drawing deformation marks.
9. The method for measuring the deformation of the cohesive soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 1, wherein in the step 20), the color of the oil pigment is selected according to the color of the cohesive soil body in the cohesive soil foundation model, and the color of the cohesive soil body and the color of the oil pigment belong to different color systems.
10. The method for measuring the deformation of the viscous soil body in the geotechnical centrifugal model test according to claim 9, wherein the viscous soil body is white, red or yellow, and a black or blue oil pigment is selected; the viscous soil body is gray or black, and red or white oily pigment is selected.
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