CN115141340A - Modifier and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Modifier and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN115141340A CN115141340A CN202210757784.7A CN202210757784A CN115141340A CN 115141340 A CN115141340 A CN 115141340A CN 202210757784 A CN202210757784 A CN 202210757784A CN 115141340 A CN115141340 A CN 115141340A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- modifier
- ceramic fiber
- fiber felt
- isocyanate
- polyether polyol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical group CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 11
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical group CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005906 polyester polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 6
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000352 supercritical drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004965 Silica aerogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
- C08G18/4812—Mixtures of polyetherdiols with polyetherpolyols having at least three hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
- C08G18/3203—Polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G18/3206—Polyhydroxy compounds aliphatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/61—Polysiloxanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/62—Polymers of compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08G18/6216—Polymers of alpha-beta ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids or of derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/564—Polyureas, polyurethanes or other polymers having ureide or urethane links; Precondensation products forming them
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/564—Polyureas, polyurethanes or other polymers having ureide or urethane links; Precondensation products forming them
- D06M15/568—Reaction products of isocyanates with polyethers
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of ceramic fiber felt use, and discloses a modifier and a preparation method and application thereof. (1) Dehydrating the polyhydroxy polymer, uniformly mixing the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer with isocyanate, and carrying out vacuum reaction for 3-5h at 70-100 ℃; (2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by using a solvent to obtain a modifier; the solvent is ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, butanone or acetone; the adding amount of the solvent is 30-100% of the total mass of the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer and the isocyanate. The application comprises the following steps: mixing the modifier and the acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 0.5-3, and then putting the ceramic fiber felt into the mixed solution for dipping; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt. The ceramic fiber felt modified by the modifier has stable toughness, the crosslinking degree of the ceramic fiber felt is greatly increased, and when the ceramic fiber felt is used for preparing the ceramic aerogel felt, the acrylic emulsion in the ceramic fiber felt cannot be separated out in the supercritical drying process, so that the toughness of the ceramic aerogel felt is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ceramic fiber felt use, and particularly relates to a modifier and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
When ceramic fibers are used as a reinforcing material of the aerogel felt, before the ceramic fibers are used, the ceramic fiber body is generally subjected to dipping treatment by adopting acrylic emulsion, so that the ceramic fiber body is shaped and has certain toughness, but when the ceramic fibers are directly treated by using the acrylic emulsion, the acrylic emulsion is separated out from the ceramic fiber body under supercritical conditions in the process of preparing the aerogel by adopting a supercritical drying process, so that the toughness of the ceramic fibers is obviously weakened, and the prepared aerogel felt has the problem of high brittleness and cannot meet the use requirement.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a modifier and a preparation method and application thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a modifier comprises the following steps:
(1) Dehydrating the polyhydroxy polymer, uniformly mixing the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer with isocyanate, and carrying out vacuum reaction for 3-5h at 70-100 ℃;
(2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by using a solvent to obtain a modifier; the solvent is ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, butanone or acetone; the adding amount of the solvent is 30-100% of the total mass of the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer and the isocyanate.
Preferably, the polyhydroxylated polymer is dehydrated in vacuum at 80-140 ℃ for 2-3h.
Preferably, the molar ratio of hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxyl polymer to isocyanate groups in the isocyanate is 1: 1.2-3.
Preferably, the polyhydroxy polymer is one or more of polyether polyol, hydroxyl silicone oil, polyester polyol, polytetrahydrofuran polyol, trimethylolpropane and trimethylolethane.
Preferably, the polyether polyol is one or a mixture of two of difunctional polyether polyol and trifunctional polyether polyol.
Preferably, the difunctional polyether polyol has a number average molecular weight of 400, 1000, 1500, 2000 or 3000; the trifunctional polyether polyol has a number average molecular weight of 500, 2000, 3000 or 5000.
Preferably, the isocyanate is IPDI, TDI, MDI or HDI.
A modifier prepared by the preparation method.
The application of the modifier in improving the toughness of the ceramic fiber felt comprises the following steps: mixing the modifier and the acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 0.5-3, and then putting the ceramic fiber felt into the mixed solution for dipping; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt.
Preferably, the dipping time is 5s-1h; the drying temperature is 120-180 deg.C, and the drying time is 20-60min.
Has the advantages that: the modifier is prepared by adopting isocyanate, the isocyanate group can perform cross-linking reaction with hydroxyl and amino in acrylic emulsion, meanwhile, the other end of the isocyanate group is connected with molecules with a certain cross-linking degree in the modifier, and the molecules are obtained by the reaction between the polyhydroxy polymer and the isocyanate, so that a molecular chain of the acrylic emulsion forms a three-dimensional net structure due to the grafting of macromolecules with the cross-linking degree, the ceramic fiber felt soaked with the mixed solution of the modifier and the acrylic emulsion has stable toughness performance, the cross-linking degree of the ceramic fiber felt is greatly increased, and when the modifier is used for preparing the ceramic aerogel felt, the acrylic emulsion in the ceramic fiber felt cannot be separated out in a supercritical drying process, so that the toughness performance of the ceramic aerogel felt is ensured.
Detailed Description
In order to make the invention clearer and clearer, the invention is further described in detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not limit the invention.
Example 1
A preparation method of a modifier comprises the following steps:
(1) Dehydrating the bifunctional polyether polyol DL-2000D and the trifunctional polyether polyol MN-3050D at 100 ℃ for 2 hours in vacuum, then uniformly mixing the dehydrated bifunctional polyether polyol DL-2000D and the trifunctional polyether polyol MN-3050D with IPDI, and reacting the mixture at 85 ℃ for 3 hours in vacuum; wherein the molar ratio of the total mole number of the bifunctional polyether polyol and the trifunctional polyether polyol to the IPDI is 1: 1.5; the molar ratio of the bifunctional polyether polyol to the trifunctional polyether polyol is 1: 1;
(2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by using ethyl acetate to obtain a modifier; the addition amount of the ethyl acetate is 50% of the total mass of the dehydrated bifunctional polyether polyol, trifunctional polyether polyol and IPDI.
The application of the modifier in improving the toughness and stability of the ceramic fiber felt is as follows: mixing the modifier and the acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 1, and then completely immersing the whole ceramic fiber felt into the mixed solution for 20min; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt for 60min at 120 ℃.
Example 2
A preparation method of a modifier comprises the following steps:
(1) Dehydrating hydroxyl silicone oil at 90 ℃ for 2h in vacuum, then uniformly mixing the hydroxyl silicone oil with TDI, and carrying out vacuum reaction at 80 ℃ for 3h; the molar ratio of hydroxyl in the hydroxyl silicone oil to isocyanate groups in TDI is 1: 1.2;
(2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by using butyl acetate to obtain a modifier; the addition amount of the butyl acetate is 40 percent of the total mass of the dehydrated hydroxyl silicone oil and TDI.
The application of the modifier in improving the toughness and stability of the ceramic fiber felt is as follows: mixing the modifier with acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 0.5, and then completely immersing the whole ceramic fibrofelt into the mixed solution for soaking for 10min; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt for 40min at 150 ℃.
Example 3
A preparation method of a modifier comprises the following steps:
(1) Carrying out vacuum dehydration on trimethylolpropane for 1h at 120 ℃, then uniformly mixing the trimethylolpropane with HDI, and carrying out vacuum reaction for 4h at 70 ℃; the molar ratio of hydroxyl in trimethylolpropane to isocyanate group in HDI is 1: 3;
(2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by butanone to obtain a modifier; the addition amount of the butanone is 80% of the total mass of the dehydrated trimethylolpropane and HDI.
The application of the modifier in improving the toughness and stability of the ceramic fiber felt is as follows: mixing the modifier and the acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 1, and then completely immersing the whole ceramic fiber felt into the mixed solution for immersion for 1h; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt for 30min at 180 ℃.
The ceramic fiber mats prepared in examples 1 to 3 and the ceramic fiber mats not modified by the modifier of the invention were used as the reinforcing base materials of silica aerogel mats, and under the same preparation conditions but different reinforcing base materials, ceramic aerogel mats-1, ceramic aerogel mats-2, ceramic aerogel mats-3, and ceramic aerogel mats-0 were prepared by "sol-gel" and drying under supercritical conditions; wherein the reinforcing substrate of ceramic aerogel blanket-1 is the ceramic fiber blanket prepared in example 1, and so on, the reinforcing substrate of ceramic aerogel blanket-0 is the ceramic fiber blanket which is not modified by the modifier of the invention.
The four prepared ceramic aerogel felts are respectively tested for contact angle, mechanical property and thermal conductivity, and the test method refers to the conventional test method in the field. The data are shown in Table 1.
As can be seen from table 1: the contact angle of the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber felt is larger than that of the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber which is not modified by the invention, which shows that the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber felt disclosed by the invention under the supercritical drying process condition has better hydrophobic property; the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber felt provided by the invention has improved tensile strength, bending strength and compressive strength, and the increase of the bending strength shows that the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber felt provided by the invention has better toughness performance, and the aerogel felt material prepared by using the ceramic fiber felt provided by the invention has lower heat conductivity coefficient, which shows that the mechanical property of the aerogel felt material is further improved on the premise of ensuring the heat conductivity.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the modifier is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Dehydrating the polyhydroxy polymer, uniformly mixing the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer with isocyanate, and carrying out vacuum reaction for 3-5h at 70-100 ℃;
(2) Diluting the product obtained in the step (1) by using a solvent to obtain a modifier; the solvent is ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, butanone or acetone; the adding amount of the solvent is 30-100% of the total mass of the dehydrated polyhydroxy polymer and the isocyanate.
2. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 1, wherein: the polyhydroxy polymer is dehydrated for 2 to 3 hours in vacuum at a temperature of between 80 and 140 ℃.
3. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 1, wherein: the molar ratio of hydroxyl in the polyhydroxy polymer to isocyanate group in the isocyanate is 1: 1.2-3.
4. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 1, wherein: the polyhydroxy polymer is one or more of polyether polyol, hydroxyl silicone oil, polyester polyol, polytetrahydrofuran polyol, trimethylolpropane and trimethylolethane.
5. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 4, wherein: the polyether polyol is one or a mixture of two of bifunctional polyether polyol and trifunctional polyether polyol.
6. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 5, wherein: the difunctional polyether polyol has a number average molecular weight of 400, 1000, 1500, 2000, or 3000; the trifunctional polyether polyol has a number average molecular weight of 500, 2000, 3000 or 5000.
7. The process for preparing the modifier according to claim 1, wherein: the isocyanate is IPDI, TDI, MDI or HDI.
8. A modifier prepared by the preparation process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6.
9. Use of the modifier of claim 8 to improve the toughness of a ceramic fiber mat, wherein: mixing the modifier and the acrylic emulsion according to the mass ratio of 1: 0.5-3, and then putting the ceramic fiber felt into the mixed solution for dipping; and after the impregnation is finished, drying the impregnated ceramic fiber felt.
10. The use of a modifier according to claim 9 to improve the toughness of a ceramic fiber mat, wherein: the dipping time is 5s-1h; the drying temperature is 120-180 deg.C, and the drying time is 20-60min.
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