CN115139548A - Composite material preparation method based on hand lay-up forming process - Google Patents
Composite material preparation method based on hand lay-up forming process Download PDFInfo
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- CN115139548A CN115139548A CN202210748179.3A CN202210748179A CN115139548A CN 115139548 A CN115139548 A CN 115139548A CN 202210748179 A CN202210748179 A CN 202210748179A CN 115139548 A CN115139548 A CN 115139548A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/34—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/545—Perforating, cutting or machining during or after moulding
Abstract
The invention discloses a composite material preparation method based on a hand lay-up forming process, which comprises the following steps: preparing a mould, spraying gel coat, manually pasting and forming, curing and demoulding, post-treating, inspecting products, packaging and warehousing. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the air in the fiber is completely replaced by the resin by rolling, so that the first layer of reinforcing material is ensured to be completely soaked in the resin and tightly attached; the resin is coated by adopting a point brush method, so that the fibers are not disordered, and the fibers are not displaced to cause uneven distribution and uneven thickness.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention relates to the technical field of composite material preparation, in particular to a composite material preparation method based on a hand lay-up forming process.
[ background of the invention ]
Composite FRP is also known as GRP or GFRP, the scientific name of fiberglass reinforced plastic. It is a composite material made up by using glass fibre and its product as reinforcing material and using synthetic resin as base material through a certain forming process. The concept of composite material means that one material can not meet the use requirement, and two or more materials are required to be compounded together to form another material which can meet the requirement of people, namely the composite material.
The preparation method of the existing composite material is mainly divided into the following three types:
hand lay-up moulding-manual work alternately lays glass fiber fabric and resin on a mould, and then cures and moulds.
Compression Molding (SMC) -the molding material is placed in a metal mold, and then the mold is closed, heated and pressurized to be cured and molded.
Injection molding (RTM resin transfer molding) -laying glass fiber reinforcement into a closed mold cavity, injecting resin glue into the mold cavity with pressure, saturating the glass fiber reinforcement, and then curing.
However, in some complex or non-standard molds for preparing composite materials, a hand lay-up forming process is generally adopted to be more suitable, but the existing hand lay-up forming process is easy to disorder fibers and shift the fibers so as to cause uneven distribution and uneven thickness when preparing the composite materials; in addition, the bonding strength between adjacent layers is not high, and the layers are easy to peel off, so that the product quality is influenced.
[ summary of the invention ]
The invention discloses a composite material preparation method based on a hand lay-up forming process, which can effectively solve the technical problems involved in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a composite material based on a hand lay-up forming process comprises the following steps: preparing a mould, spraying gel coat, manually pasting and forming, curing and demoulding, post-treating, inspecting products and packaging and warehousing, wherein the manually pasting and forming step specifically comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, uniformly brushing a layer of prepared resin on a gel coat layer or a mold forming surface by a hand pasting tool, then laying a layer of cut reinforcing material, then, tightly pressing the reinforcing material by a roller to be tightly attached, removing air bubbles to fully impregnate the reinforcing material, avoiding laying two or more layers of reinforcing material at the same time, and repeating the operation until the required thickness is reached.
As a preferable improvement of the invention, before the hand lay-up forming step, a material preparation step is further included, and the material preparation step comprises a felt cutting step and a resin blending step.
As a preferable modification of the present invention, the mold preparation step includes a waxing step and a releasing agent application step.
As a preferred improvement of the invention, the method also comprises the step of cleaning the mould after the step of curing and demoulding, and specifically comprises the steps of cleaning the surface of the mould, cleaning the solidified gel coat and resin at the mould demoulding wax crystallization and flanging positions, and cleaning the surface of the mould by dipping clean cotton yarns in dichloroethane after cleaning.
As a preferred modification of the present invention, in the step of spraying the gel coat, the gel coat is prepared by adding pigment and thixotropic agent into unsaturated polyester resin and dispersing.
As a preferred improvement of the present invention, in the hand lay-up forming step, the reinforcing material is a face mat or a chopped mat.
As a preferable improvement of the present invention, in the hand lay-up molding step, when the groove corner portions of the reinforcing material are not sufficiently impregnated with the resin, the resin is brushed using a point brush method.
In the hand pasting and forming step, butt-joint type layering is adopted during pasting, and lap joints of each layer need to be staggered until the thickness required by a product is pasted; if the strength requirement of the product is high, the adjacent layers are overlapped, the overlapping width is about 50mm, and meanwhile, the overlapping position of each layer is staggered as far as possible; if the shape of the product is complex, the reinforcing material is not paved evenly in some places, and air bubbles are not easy to remove, the position can be cut off by scissors, the product is flat, and the cut-off part of each layer needs to be staggered, so that the strength loss is avoided.
As a preferable improvement of the invention, the post-processing step specifically comprises a cutting and grinding step and a surface treatment step, and the surface treatment step specifically comprises repairing, water grinding and polishing.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the air in the fiber is completely replaced by the resin by rolling, so that the first layer of reinforcing material is ensured to be completely soaked in the resin and tightly attached;
2. the resin is coated by adopting a point brush method, so that the fibers are not disordered, and the fibers are not displaced to cause uneven distribution and uneven thickness.
[ description of the drawings ]
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive efforts, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a composite material preparation method based on a hand lay-up molding process.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that all directional indicators (such as up, down, left, right, front, and back \8230;) in the embodiments of the present invention are only used to explain the relative positional relationship between the components, the motion situation, etc. in a specific posture (as shown in the attached drawings), and if the specific posture is changed, the directional indicators are changed accordingly.
In addition, the descriptions related to "first", "second", etc. in the present invention are only for descriptive purposes and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means at least two, e.g., two, three, etc., unless specifically limited otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly, and for example, "secured" may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral part; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intervening media, or they may be connected internally or in any other suitable relationship, unless expressly stated otherwise. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
In addition, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other, but it must be based on the realization of those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, such a combination of technical solutions should not be considered to exist, and is not within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the present invention provides a method for preparing a composite material based on a hand lay-up molding process, the method comprising the following steps: preparing a mould, spraying gel coat, manually pasting and forming, curing and demoulding, post-treating, inspecting products, packaging and warehousing.
The preparation step of the mould comprises a waxing step and a releasing agent applying step, wherein before the mould is waxed, the surface of the mould needs to be cleaned by using clean cotton yarns. After the release agent is added, the flanging of the die is well stuck by using gummed paper, and the next procedure is carried out.
In the step of spraying the gel coat, the gel coat is formed by adding pigment and thixotropic agent into unsaturated polyester resin for dispersion, and spraying is carried out by using gel coat spraying equipment, specifically, the distance between a spray gun nozzle and a mould is kept at about 300-400mm, and a spray gun moves uniformly and keeps vertical to the mould as much as possible during spraying. The dosage of the gel coat is about 0.55 plus or minus 0.1 kilogram per square meter and the thickness is 0.4 to 0.6mm.
The manual pasting and forming step specifically comprises the steps of firstly, uniformly brushing a layer of prepared resin on the gel coat layer or the die forming surface by a manual pasting tool, then laying a layer of cut reinforcing material, then, tightly pressing the reinforcing material by a roller to be tightly attached, paying attention to the elimination of air bubbles to fully impregnate the reinforcing material, avoiding simultaneously laying two or more layers of reinforcing material, and repeating the operation until the thickness required by the design is reached.
The reinforcing material is a surfacing mat or a chopped strand mat. The resins used in the composite materials are mainly classified into thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins. In general, composite materials are mainly composed of thermosetting resins, which are classified into epoxy resins, phenol resins, unsaturated polyester resins, and epoxy-modified vinyl resins according to their structural components. Epoxy resins are used mainly in the fields of corrosion resistance and high strength, such as those generally used in the aerospace field. The phenolic resin is mainly used in the field of corrosion prevention. The most used resins at present are unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl resins, and the resins can be molded at normal temperature and are convenient to operate. Meanwhile, the performance-price ratio is high, so the method is widely applied.
The product with the thickness of less than 4 mm can be molded at one time, and when the thickness of the product is more than 4 mm, the product is cured and molded for many times, otherwise, the product is scorched and discolored due to poor curing and heat dissipation, and the performance of the product is influenced. The first layer of felt (veil) must be cured. The curing process requires heating at 30-60 deg.C for at least 1-2 hr. When the product is formed for the second time, burrs and bubbles formed after the first pasting and curing are removed, and the next layer can be continuously pasted.
When pasting, attention should be paid to the impregnation of the glass fibers with the resin, and the resin must be first applied to the entire surface of the fibers so that the resin is impregnated, and then the air inside the fibers is completely replaced by the resin by rolling. This is important to ensure that the first layer of reinforcement is fully impregnated with resin and is in close proximity, particularly for certain articles intended for use at higher temperatures. Air bubbles are generated due to thermal expansion during the curing process and the use of the article because of poor impregnation and poor fit. When the chopped strand mat is pasted, if some groove angle parts are not fully impregnated with resin, the resin is coated by a point brush method, otherwise, the fibers are disturbed, the fibers are displaced, the distribution is uneven, and the thickness is not uniform. The reinforcing material laid on the inner deep corner can be flattened and pressed by hand if it is difficult to make it fit tightly with a brush or a dipping roller. If some parts of the plane or the fiber cloth are not fully impregnated with the resin, a roller can be used for sticking the glue for rolling.
And in the lap joint treatment, the same ply fiber is continuous as much as possible, random cutting or splicing is avoided, but when the limitation of the product size, complexity and other reasons is difficult to achieve, butt-joint ply can be adopted in pasting, and lap joints of each layer need to be staggered until the required thickness of the product is pasted. If the strength requirement is higher, in order to ensure the strength of the product, the two pieces of cloth are overlapped, and the overlapping width is about 50mm. At the same time, the overlapping positions of each layer should be staggered as much as possible. If the shape of the product is complex, the reinforcing material is not flat when being laid in some places, and air bubbles are not easy to be removed, the place can be cut off by scissors and is flatly pasted, and the cut-off part of each layer should be staggered so as to avoid strength loss. The part with a certain angle can be filled with untwisted yarn and resin. If some parts of the product are bigger, the reinforcing ribs can be thickened or added at the parts to meet the use requirements.
Specifically, the pasting process: when the felt is pasted, resin is required to penetrate felt points, and the lapping of the two felts is controlled to be 50mm +/-10. Compacting by using a roller, and removing redundant resin and bubbles; curing treatment: the curing time of the mat should be controlled to be around 30 minutes. After solidification, removing burrs and bubbles, and polishing and flattening by using 36# abrasive cloth (polishing is not cleaned everywhere by acetone); pasting the framework: 2 layers of 04 cloth with general purpose resin. The pasted framework needs to be solid and cannot have a gap, and the space between the framework and the mould is filled and leveled by resin putty.
The curing and demolding step specifically comprises a gelling process, a hardening process, a curing process and a demolding process, wherein:
the gelling process refers to the formation of a soft gel by loss of fluidity of the fluid resin.
The hardening process means that the product has a hardness from gel to gel so that the product can be removed from the mould, and the curing degree of the product can reach 50-70%. Hardening, which is usually carried out in a drying chamber, requires heating at a temperature of 30 ℃ to 60 ℃ for at least 6 hours.
The curing process means that the product is naturally cured for 1 to 2 weeks in a natural environment with the temperature of more than 15 ℃ after being demoulded, so that the product has certain mechanical property, physical property and chemical property for use. In this case, the degree of curing may be 85% or more, and the curing is usually carried out at room temperature.
The demolding process means that the product can be demolded after naturally curing for more than 24 hours at normal temperature. When demoulding, wooden wedge is used, and the product is pried up by force uniformly around the wedge. If a metal crowbar is used, the portion in contact with the product must be wrapped with cotton yarn to avoid damaging the product.
The post-treatment step specifically comprises:
1. cutting and polishing
1.1, cutting the product according to a die line, polishing, chamfering and deburring all cutting edges, and making a cutting tool above 5 vehicles at a special position.
1.2, polishing and deburring the back of the product, particularly polishing and flattening the lap joint of two felts.
2. Surface treatment
2.1, the main defects of repairing the surface of the composite material product are as follows: pinhole, fiber bare, crack, blister, etc.
(1) Pinhole air hole
The state is as follows: the surface of the gel coat is provided with a plurality of tiny holes formed by air.
The reason is as follows: gels are too fast to be defoamed; curing agent is excessive; the gel coat is not well atomized; the gel coat layer is too thick; the viscosity is too high.
Repairing: removing the gel coat around the pinhole by a scraper, cleaning with acetone, air drying, filling with the same gel coat, and curing.
(2) Fiber bare
The state is as follows: the surface of the gel coat presents glass fiber grains.
The reason is as follows: curing the base plate before curing the gel coat; not completely solidified, namely, the mould begins to be separated; the gel coat layer is too thin; the laminate plate has too concentrated heat release; unsuitable reinforcing materials.
The treatment method comprises the following steps: grinding off the gel coat layer with a polishing machine to expose fiber, blowing static dust with high pressure wind, cleaning with acetone, air drying, adding short fiber (reinforcing agent and promoter), filling, and curing. Polishing, cleaning, filling with gel coat of the same grade, and polishing with polyester film.
(3) Cracks and fissures
The reason is as follows: excessive force is applied in the demoulding process; the surface of the die has cracks.
The treatment method comprises the following steps: grinding off the gel coat layer with a polishing machine to expose fiber, blowing dust with high pressure wind, cleaning with acetone, air drying, adding short fiber (strengthening agent and promoter), filling, and curing. Polishing, cleaning, filling with a gel coat of the same mark, and polishing and scraping with a polyester film.
(4) Bubbling device
The reason is as follows: the gel coat, structural resin or reinforcement do not adhere to the expected properties; the surface of the gel coat is dripped with curing agent, acetone, water and the like; the glass fiber of the structural layer is not soaked with air or water; the gel coat is too thin; the gel coat or structural layer is less cured.
The treatment method comprises the following steps: grinding off the gel coat layer with a polishing machine to expose fiber, blowing static dust with high pressure wind, cleaning with acetone, air drying, adding short fiber (strengthening agent and promoter), filling, and curing. Polishing, cleaning, filling with a gel coat of the same brand, and scraping with a polyester film.
2.2 Water Mill
And (3) performing water grinding by using 400-mesh- > 800-mesh- > 1500-mesh- > 2000-mesh water grinding abrasive paper in sequence, cleaning the ground surface with water, wiping the surface dry, and inspecting the surface with naked eyes after the water is dried to ensure that no pin holes, sand holes and sand paper marks are missed for polishing. Every time one model of abrasive paper is replaced, the abrasive paper mark of the previous procedure needs to be ensured to be ground off.
2.3 polishing
2.3.1, selecting a proper polishing agent;
2.3.2, 600-mesh sand marks can be removed by a low-speed polishing machine; the use of a polishing agent can remove finer sand marks and achieve higher gloss.
2.3.3, brushing a thin layer of polishing agent on the area to be polished by using cotton cloth or a small brush.
2.3.4, coating the polishing agent on the whole surface by using a 1800-2800 rotary polishing machine under medium pressure, wiping a polishing disc clean, and rapidly polishing the whole surface by using medium pressure until the polishing agent begins to lose efficacy; the polishing disk is wiped clean, the process is repeated two to three times, and the pressure is gradually reduced until only the self weight of the polisher is used. The entire process is then repeated until all sand marks are removed and the desired gloss level is achieved.
2.3.5 the use of high gloss polish or wax can enhance the gloss of the final product.
It is further noted that before the hand lay-up forming step, a material preparation step is also included, and the material preparation step comprises felt cutting and resin blending.
And cleaning the mold after the step of curing and demolding, specifically cleaning the surface of the mold, cleaning the solidified gel coat and resin at the crystallization and flanging positions of the demolding wax on the mold, and cleaning the surface of the mold by dipping clean cotton yarns in dichloroethane after cleaning.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the air in the fiber is completely replaced by the resin by rolling, so that the first layer of reinforcing material is ensured to be completely soaked in the resin and tightly attached;
2. the resin is coated by adopting a point brush method, so that the fibers are not disordered, and the fibers are not displaced to cause uneven distribution and uneven thickness.
While embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown herein, and to the particular embodiments shown, but it is to be understood that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit and scope of the invention are desired to be protected by the teachings herein.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of a composite material based on a hand lay-up forming process is characterized by comprising the following steps: preparing a mould, spraying gel coat, manually pasting and forming, solidifying and demoulding, post-treating, inspecting products, packaging and warehousing, wherein the manually pasting and forming step specifically comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, uniformly brushing a layer of prepared resin on a gel coat layer or a mold forming surface by a hand pasting tool, then laying a layer of cut reinforcing material, then, tightly pressing the reinforcing material by a roller to be tightly attached, removing air bubbles to fully impregnate the reinforcing material, avoiding laying two or more layers of reinforcing material at the same time, and repeating the operation until the required thickness is reached.
2. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: before the hand lay-up forming step, a material preparation step is further included, and the material preparation step comprises a felt cutting step and a resin blending step.
3. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, characterized in that: the preparation step of the mould comprises a waxing step and a releasing agent applying step.
4. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and cleaning the mold after the step of curing and demolding, specifically cleaning the surface of the mold, cleaning the solidified gel coat and resin at the crystallization and flanging positions of the demolding wax on the mold, and cleaning the surface of the mold by dipping clean cotton yarns in dichloroethane after cleaning.
5. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step of spraying gel coat, the gel coat is formed by adding pigment and thixotropic agent into unsaturated polyester resin and dispersing.
6. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the hand lay-up forming step, the reinforcement material is a face mat or a chopped mat.
7. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the hand lay-up molding step, when the resin is not sufficiently impregnated in the groove corner portions of the reinforcing material, the resin is brushed using a point brush method.
8. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step of hand pasting and forming, butt-joint type layering is adopted during pasting, and lap joints of each layer need to be staggered until the thickness required by a product is pasted; if the strength requirement of the product is high, the adjacent layers are overlapped, the overlapping width is about 50mm, and meanwhile, the overlapping position of each layer is staggered as much as possible; if the shape of the product is complex, the reinforcing material is not laid on certain places, and air bubbles are not easy to remove, the part can be cut off by scissors and is flat, and the cut-off part of each layer is staggered, so that the strength loss is avoided.
9. The method for preparing the composite material based on the hand lay-up forming process according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the post-processing step specifically comprises a cutting and grinding step and a surface processing step, and the surface processing step specifically comprises repairing, water grinding and polishing.
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| CN102837346A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-26 | 滁州市永通交通设备有限公司 | Production technology for glass reinforced plastic hand washer and face washing cabinet |
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2022
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| CN103296437A (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-11 | 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 | Manufacturing method for metamaterial board, metamaterial antenna housing and manufacturing method for metamaterial antenna housing |
| CN102837346A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-26 | 滁州市永通交通设备有限公司 | Production technology for glass reinforced plastic hand washer and face washing cabinet |
| CN108773089A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-09 | 南安市创培电子科技有限公司 | A kind of manufacture craft of glass fiber reinforced plastics product |
| WO2021111661A1 (en) * | 2019-12-02 | 2021-06-10 | 株式会社北陸カラーフオーム | Method for manufacturing fiber-reinforced resin structure |
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| [西德]电镀技术杂志出版社: "《不锈钢复合板的制备、性能及应用》", 北京航空航天大学出版社, pages: 118 * |
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