CN115135309A - 透皮递送系统 - Google Patents
透皮递送系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115135309A CN115135309A CN202080079123.2A CN202080079123A CN115135309A CN 115135309 A CN115135309 A CN 115135309A CN 202080079123 A CN202080079123 A CN 202080079123A CN 115135309 A CN115135309 A CN 115135309A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于将分子或活性成分透皮递送到角质层下的皮肤层中的组合物和方法。在优选的实施方案中,所述组合物包含提供高透皮递送效率的递送系统。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求于2019年11月15日提交的序列号为62/974,081的临时申请的优先权权益。
技术领域
本申请涉及纳米颗粒和相关方法,例如制备和使用纳米颗粒试剂的方法。
背景技术
作为人体最大的器官,皮肤是最重要的保护我们免受环境物质影响的屏障。几十年来,护肤行业已经探索了各种营养素和其他活性成分,旨在改善整体皮肤健康状况和外观。然而,这样的活性成分,尤其是亲水性大分子,几乎不能渗透角质层,即皮肤的第一层。关键障碍是亲水性分子与填充角化细胞之间的间隙的脂质基质之间的不相容性。长期以来,将分子和活性成分有效且安全地递送到角质层下的皮肤层中被认为是皮肤病学以及美容实践领域中最具挑战性的问题之一。本申请提供了一种解决方案,以满足对透皮递送各种尺寸和亲水性的分子的长期需求。
发明内容
本申请涉及用于将分子或活性成分透皮递送到角质层下的皮肤层中的组合物和方法。该组合物包含新设计的合成水凝胶颗粒,其具有能够有效递送亲水性分子穿过角质层的亲脂性表面。该水凝胶颗粒载体被证明对人表皮具有低细胞毒性。在一些方面中,该组合物包含直径为10-500纳米的水凝胶颗粒,所述水凝胶颗粒由作为芯的一定体积的水溶液中的亲水性聚合物网络和作为壳的延伸出所述体积的水溶液的亲脂性侧链组成。
本申请为护肤产品中活性物质的有效且经济的递送和药物的透皮施用铺平了广阔的道路。
本申请的一些方面涉及直径为10至200纳米的颗粒,其包含芯和亲脂性侧链,其中所述芯包含一定体积的水溶液和在所述体积的水溶液中的亲水性聚合物,并且其中所述亲脂性侧链延伸出所述体积的水溶液。
本申请的一些方面涉及制备直径为10至200纳米的颗粒的方法,包括:将一定体积的油中的至少一种油溶性转移剂或共聚单体与一定体积的水中的至少一种水溶性交联剂混合;以及用自由基引发剂引发聚合。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中所述体积的油还包含0-20体积%的亲水-亲油平衡值不超过9的非离子表面活性剂和0-5体积%的亲水-亲油平衡值不超过16的非离子助表面活性剂。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中所述体积的油包含具有至少8个碳的α-烯烃、硫醇、二硫化物或卤化物。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中所述体积的水包含20-80体积%的水溶性交联剂。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中自由基引发剂是热自由基引发剂,并且聚合反应在高于30℃的温度下进行至少3小时。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中自由基引发剂是氧化还原自由基引发剂或光自由基引发剂,并且聚合反应在不高于30℃的温度下进行至少3小时。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中自由基引发剂具有低于1体积%的浓度。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中亲水性聚合物包含通过聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯节点(node)交联的聚(乙二醇)。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中亲脂性侧链包含十八烷基或十六烷基侧链,并且通过硫醚与亲水性聚合物连接。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中亲水性聚合物包含聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-乙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚((甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯)、聚(聚(乙二醇)(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)或多糖。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中亲脂性侧链包含含有6-18个碳的脂族基团。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中含有6-18个碳的脂族基团是1-己基、1-庚基、1-辛基、1-壬基、1-癸基、1-十一烷基、1-十二烷基、1-十三烷基、1-十四烷基、1-十五烷基、1-十七烷基、2-乙基己基、2-己基癸基、7-十三烷基、9-十八碳烯-1-基、8-十七碳烯-1-基、9,12-十八碳二烯-1-基或8,11-十七碳二烯-1-基中的一种或多种。
本申请的一些方面涉及包含上述颗粒的组合物,其还包含药学上可接受的赋形剂。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中能够在15小时内渗透人表皮同时携带透明质酸的百分比为至少1%。
本申请的一些方面涉及制备颗粒的方法,包括:将含有1-20体积%的水溶性交联剂、0.5-20体积%的共聚单体、0-20体积%的表面活性剂、0-5%的助表面活性剂、油和水的混合物混合;预搅拌混合物;引发聚合;使混合物破乳;和纯化所述混合物。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中共聚单体是α-烯烃。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述方法,其中所述表面活性剂是Brij 93,并且所述助表面活性剂是Brij S10。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中直径为20-50纳米,亲水性聚合物包含聚(聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯),并且亲脂性侧链包含乙酰基巯基侧链。
本申请的一些方面涉及上述颗粒,其中直径为至多160纳米。
附图说明
图1是在油溶性链转移剂或共聚单体存在下通过反相细乳液聚合制备的具有亲脂性表面的水凝胶颗粒及其渗透穿过角质层的概念性说明。
图2显示了实施例2中的反相细乳液的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图3显示了实施例2中的反相细乳液聚合后水凝胶颗粒的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图4显示了实施例2中的分离的水凝胶颗粒在以10mg/mL的浓度再分散在矿物油中后的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图5显示了与油-水混合物(对照样品)相比,水凝胶颗粒随时间穿过EpiDerm皮肤模型的累积渗透。
图6显示了通过MTT测定法测量的每个样品的渗透实验后表皮细胞的相对活力。
图7显示了实施例1中的反相细乳液的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图8显示了实施例1中的反相细乳液聚合后水凝胶颗粒的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图9显示了实施例1中的分离的水凝胶颗粒在以10mg/mL的浓度再分散在矿物油中后的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图10显示了实施例3中的反相细乳液的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图11显示了实施例3中的反相细乳液聚合后水凝胶颗粒的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图12显示了实施例3中的分离的水凝胶颗粒在以10mg/mL的浓度再分散在矿物油中后的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
图13显示了实施例1中的分离的水凝胶颗粒在脱水和以10mg/mL的浓度在矿物油中再分散后的强度加权的流体动力学尺寸分布。
详述
I.定义
为了便于理解本申请,下面定义了许多术语和短语:
术语“自由基引发剂”是指可以产生自由基物质并在外部刺激(包括升高的温度和电磁辐射)下或通过氧化还原反应引发基于乙烯基的单体的自由基聚合的化合物或化合物的混合物,并且可以选自重氮化合物、过氧化物、过硫酸盐、N-烷氧基胺、酰苯衍生物、过氧化物/过硫酸盐和还原剂(如胺或低价金属盐)的组合、二硫酯和金属络合物的组合、或醇和高价金属盐的组合、或烷基卤化物和金属盐和络合物的组合。自由基引发剂的实例包括但不限于2,2'-偶氮双(异丁腈)、2,2'-偶氮双(2-氰基戊酸)、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化月桂酰、过硫酸钾、过硫酸铵、2,2,6,6-四甲基-1-(1-苯基乙氧基)哌啶、二苯甲酮、2,2-二甲氧基-1,2-二苯基乙-1-酮、过氧化苯甲酰与N-二甲基苯胺、过硫酸铵与硫酸铁(II)、苯甲醇与硫酸铈(IV)、4-氰基-4-(苯基硫代羰基硫基)戊酸与三[2-苯基吡啶-C2,N]铱(III)和2-溴-2-甲基丙酸2-羟乙酯与[N,N,N',N”,N”-五甲基二亚乙基三胺]溴化铜(I)。
术语“水溶性交联剂”是指具有至少两个丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺或烯丙基单元的遥爪低聚物或聚合物。实例包括但不限于聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯;聚(乙烯酰亚胺)二丙烯酰胺和聚(乙二醇)二烯丙基醚。
术语“油”是指一种或多种非极性物质的任意组合,其是粘度大于水的液体,并且与水不混溶而与其他油混溶。实例包括但不限于矿物油、液体石蜡、聚(α-烯烃)、具有至少8个碳的烷烃、具有至少8个碳的烯烃、脂肪酸酯和其它烃的纯物质或混合物。
术语“表面活性剂”和“助表面活性剂”是指在油-水界面处自发组装以降低界面能的物质。实例包括但不限于Brij 93、Brij 58、Brij S10、Brij S20、Brij S100、Brij O20、Brij C10、Brij L4、司盘20、司盘40、司盘60、司盘65、司盘80、司盘85、吐温20、吐温21、吐温40、吐温60、吐温65、吐温80和吐温85。
术语“亲水-亲油平衡值”是指表面活性剂亲水或亲脂程度的量度,如Griffin在19491(1Griffin,William C(1949),“Classification of Surface-Active Agents by‘HLB’”,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists,1(5):311-262)和19542(2Griffin,William C(1954),“Calculation of HLB Values of Non-IonicSurfactants”,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists,5(4):249-56)中所定义。
术语“转移剂”是指与自由基聚合链末端反应的物质,其导致该物质的片段掺入链末端和另一自由基片段以引发新的聚合物链。实例包括但不限于1-十八烷硫醇、1-十六烷硫醇、1,1'-十六烷基二硫化物、1,10-二碘癸烷和1,8-二碘辛烷。
术语“共聚单体”是指与自由基聚合链末端反应的物质,其导致该物质完全掺入链末端,所述链末端可以继续聚合。实例包括但不限于作为油溶性共聚单体的α-烯烃(如1-十八碳烯、1-十六碳烯或1-十二碳烯)和乙烯基醚(如十八烷基乙烯基醚、十六烷基乙烯基醚、十二烷基乙烯基醚和己基乙烯基醚),以及丙烯酸钠、4-苯乙烯磺酸钠、甲基丙烯酸钠、丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠。
术语“均质机”是指通过机械破碎使材料的共混物均质化的装置。机械破碎的实例包括但不限于超声和旋转剪切应力。
术语“细乳液聚合”是指单体乳液的聚合,其中所有聚合都发生在预先存在的单体颗粒内,所述单体颗粒的直径范围为约50纳米至1微米,如由International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)
3所定义的。(3Slomkowski,Stanislaw;Alemán,JoséV.;Gilbert,Robert G.;Hess,Michael;Horie,Kazuyuki;Jones,Richard G.;Kubisa,Przemyslaw;Meisel,Ingrid;Mormann,Werner;Penczek,Stanislaw;Stepto,Robert F.T.(2011).“Terminology ofpolymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems(IUPACRecommendations 2011)”.Pure and Applied Chemistry.83(12):2229–2259)。
术语“直径”是指颗粒的最长弦。
术语“破乳剂”是指能够使乳液不稳定的物质或混合物。实例包括但不限于丙酮、乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇和氯化钠。
术语“累积渗透”是指根据每个时间点和所有先前时间点通过罗丹明B示踪剂定量的水凝胶纳米颗粒的浓度之和计算的随时间渗透穿过皮肤模型的负载的水凝胶颗粒的百分比。
II.发明
本申请涉及用于将分子或活性成分透皮递送到角质层下的皮肤层中的组合物和方法。组合物可以是直径为10-500纳米的水凝胶颗粒,其由作为芯的一定体积的水溶液中的亲水性聚合物网络和作为壳的延伸出所述体积的水溶液的亲脂性侧链组成。
在一些方面中,亲水性聚合物网络由通过聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯节点化学交联的聚(乙二醇)(分子量500~2000)组成。
在一些方面中,亲脂性十八烷基或十六烷基侧链经由硫醚连接到亲水性聚合物网络的交联点。
在一些方面中,亲水性聚合物网络由水溶性聚合物骨架组成,包含聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-乙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚((甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯)、聚(聚(乙二醇)(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)、多糖等。
在一些方面中,交联点由共价多官能结构或多官能非共价结构组成,所述共价多官能结构包括倍半硅氧烷、季戊四醇酯、叔胺、甘油醚、金属络合物等,所述多官能非共价结构包括聚电解质凝聚层、氢键、π-π堆叠等。
在一些方面中,由含有6-18个碳的直链或支链、饱和或不饱和脂族基团构成的亲脂性侧链通过硫醚、酰胺、酯或碳-碳键连接到亲水性聚合物网络的交联点,所述脂族基团包括1-己基、1-庚基、1-辛基、1-壬基、1-癸基、1-十一烷基、1-十二烷基、1-十三烷基、1-十四烷基、1-十五烷基、1-十七烷基、2-乙基己基、2-己基癸基、7-十三烷基、9-十八碳烯-1-基、8-十七碳烯-1-基、9,12-十八碳二烯-1-基、8,11-十七碳二烯-1-基等。
A.水凝胶颗粒的一般制备
在一些方面中,在由自由基引发剂引发的反相细乳液聚合中制备水凝胶颗粒,所述反相细乳液聚合包含至少一种非离子表面活性剂、溶解在油中的至少一种油溶性转移剂或共聚单体和至少一种水溶性交联剂,含有或不含溶解在水中的至少一种水溶性共聚单体。通过至少一种破乳剂分离所得水凝胶颗粒。通过溶剂洗涤除去残留的油和(一种或多种)表面活性剂。
在一些方面中,在油中溶解0-20%的亲水-亲油平衡值(HLB)不超过9的非离子表面活性剂和0-5%的HLB不超过16的非离子助表面活性剂。油可以包括矿物油、液体石蜡、聚(α-烯烃)、具有至少8个碳的烷烃、具有至少8个碳的烯烃或其它烃的纯物质或混合物。表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的实例包括但不限于Brij 93、Brij 58、Brij S10、Brij S20、BrijS100、Brij O20、Brij C10、Brij L4、司盘20、司盘40、司盘60、司盘65、司盘80、司盘85、吐温20、吐温21、吐温40、吐温60、吐温65、吐温80和吐温85。
在一些方面中,将至少一种油溶性转移剂或共聚单体与上述混合物混合至0.5-20%的终浓度。转移剂或共聚单体可以包含具有至少8个碳的α-烯烃、硫醇、二硫化物或卤化物中的至少一种。转移剂或共聚单体的实例包括但不限于1-十八碳烯、1-十六碳烯、1-十二碳烯、1-十八烷硫醇、1-十六烷硫醇、1,1'-十六烷基二硫化物、1,10-二碘癸烷和1,8-二碘辛烷。
在一些方面中,将具有或不具有水溶性共聚单体的至少一种水溶性交联剂以20-80%的浓度溶解在水中,从而制备水溶液。将水溶液与上述油溶液混合。在一些方面中,水溶液包含5-15%的浓度。将混合物充分均质化。
在一些方面中,将混合物用均质机混合。
在一些方面中,在混合物脱气之前或之后,将一种热引发剂、氧化还原引发剂或光自由基引发剂以<1%的浓度引入混合物中。
在一些方面中,如果使用热引发剂,则反应在升高的温度下进行至少3小时,或者如果使用氧化还原或光引发剂,则反应在室温下进行至少3小时,以得到具有亲脂性表面的水凝胶颗粒。
在一些方面中,通过用破乳剂破乳来分离合成的水凝胶颗粒。
在一些方面中,用非极性溶剂洗去水凝胶颗粒上的油和表面活性剂残余物,所述非极性溶剂例如但不限于己烷、戊烷、庚烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、二氯甲烷、氯仿、四氯化碳、乙酸乙酯和二乙醚。
在一些方面中,使溶剂残余物在环境条件下蒸发。
在一些方面中,将含有重量比为60:320:35:30:10:1:60的聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯750、矿物油、乙酰硫醇、Brij 93、Brij S10、过硫酸铵、水的混合物在装有十字形磁力搅拌棒的反应烧瓶中混合。用剪切力均质机预搅拌该混合物以在0℃下形成反相微乳液。然后用氮流吹扫该微乳液以除去氧。通过将反应混合物加热至50℃引发聚合。将混合物在50℃下搅拌20小时。通过加入过量丙酮将所得混合物破乳并通过用己烷洗涤纯化。由此产生的直径为20-50纳米的水凝胶颗粒由水溶液溶胀的交联的聚(聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯)网络和十六烷基巯基侧链组成。
B.实施例
提供以下实施例是为了证明和进一步说明本申请的某些方面,并且不应被解释为限制其范围。
如本文所述,在合成和测试的每个阶段,通过动态光散射表征样品,以监测水凝胶颗粒的尺寸变化及其在油中的分散性。使用Malvern Zetasizer Nano S粒度分析仪分析反相细乳液或水凝胶颗粒的流体动力学尺寸。
如本文所述,使用罗丹明B(RhB)示踪水凝胶颗粒。在一个方面中,对于每克水凝胶颗粒,加入50μL的2.0%RhB(Alfa Aesar)的milliQ水溶液作为示踪剂。使用平板读数器(Promega GM3500)在520nm激发和580-640nm发射下通过荧光读数建立1000、500、200、100、50、20、10、5、2、1ng/mL(r2>0.998)的RhB浓度的线性校准曲线。使用相同的参数建立RhB和水凝胶颗粒之间的浓度关系。
如本文所述,EpiDerm(MatTek Corporation,Ashland,MA)皮肤模型EPI-212-X用于渗透研究。将EpiDerm组织置于新鲜培养基中,并在37℃,RH=5%培养箱中孵育过夜。然后将每个组织插片(insert)置于MatTek渗透装置(MPD)中,MatTek渗透装置(MPD)是直接接受EPI-212-X组织的可重复使用的渗透装置。在用5mL新鲜培养基EPI-100-LLMM-X-PRF(MatTek Corporation,Ashland,MA)将组织插片在MPDS中稳定一小时后,加入0.5mL含有10mg/mL水凝胶颗粒或10分散在矿物油中的RhB水溶液的每种测试材料,一式三份。在对照样品中加入1mg/mL RhB,而在HA对照中也加入1mg/mL水解的透明质酸。将组织在37℃,RH=5%培养箱中孵育。在不同的时间间隔完全采集受体流体样品,并评估渗透浓度。在每个时间点用新鲜介质(mead)替换受体溶液。使用上述方法测量渗透颗粒的浓度。
如本文所述,在表皮组织暴露于样品后24小时加入MTT溶液。在给药期结束前约1小时,使用MatTek MTT毒理学试剂盒(Part#MTT-100)制备MTT溶液。在每个给药期完成前15min,制备具有MTT溶液的24孔板。将300μL的MTT溶液加入24孔板的适当数量的孔中以容纳所有插片。在EpiDerm样品暴露于测试材料完成后,倾析EpiDerm组织顶部的任何液体残留物。单独取出每个插片并用PBS轻轻冲洗两次。在将EpiDerm样品置于含MTT的24孔板中之前,振摇掉过量的液体。将24孔板中的EpiDerm样品置于培养箱中3小时。然后,单独取出每个插片并用KimWipe轻轻吸干。最后,将插片置于24孔提取板中。将细胞培养物插片用每孔2.0mL提取剂溶液浸渍以完全覆盖EpiDerm样品。将提取板与其盖子放入自封袋中。使提取在室温下在黑暗中进行过夜而不振摇。然后,将每个插片内的液体倾析回到其相应的原始孔中。丢弃插片。将提取溶液充分混合并以200μL等分试样转移,一式三份。使用200μl提取剂作为空白,在570nm处测定提取的样品的光密度,并使用以下等式测定活力。
活力%=100×[OD(样品)/OD(阴性对照)]
实施例1
将3.7g的Brij 93(Sigma-Aldrich)、0.3g的Brij S10(Sigma-Aldrich)和4mL的1-十八碳烯(Alfa Aesar)通过在具有十字形磁力搅拌棒的100mL圆底烧瓶中搅拌而溶解在40mL矿物油中。将3克聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGDMA)750(Sigma-Aldrich)溶解在3mLmilliQ水中。在搅拌的同时将水溶液加入油溶液中。使用超声探头将混合物均质化10分钟。在搅拌的同时将0.1g过硫酸铵(Alfa Aesar)加入反应混合物中。将反应烧瓶密封并用氮气以通过矿物油鼓泡器测量的每秒1-3个气泡的速率鼓泡30分钟。鼓泡后,使用微量注射器将50μL N,N-二甲基苯胺(Alfa Aesar)注入烧瓶中。将反应在室温下搅拌3小时。通过暴露于空气来淬灭反应。加入15mL丙酮(Alfa Aesar)以使混合物破乳。通过以3000rpm离心3分钟沉淀水凝胶。通过在20mL己烷(Alfa Aesar)中再分散将混合物洗涤两次。在己烷彻底蒸发后,使水凝胶在敞开的空气中干燥并在4℃下储存。
实施例2
将3.7g的Brij 93、0.3g的Brij S10和4mL的1-十八碳烯通过在具有十字形磁力搅拌棒的100-mL圆底烧瓶中搅拌而溶解于40mL矿物油中。将3克聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGDMA)750溶解在3mL milliQ水中。在搅拌的同时将水溶液加入油溶液中。使用超声探头将混合物均质化10分钟。在搅拌的同时将0.1g过硫酸铵加入到反应混合物中。将反应烧瓶密封并用氮气以通过矿物油鼓泡器测量的每秒1-3个气泡的速率鼓泡30分钟。将反应在50℃下搅拌20小时。通过暴露于空气来淬灭反应。加入15mL丙酮以使混合物破乳。通过以3000rpm离心3分钟沉淀水凝胶。通过在20mL己烷中再分散将混合物洗涤两次。在己烷彻底蒸发后,使水凝胶在敞开的空气中干燥并在4℃下储存。
实施例3
将3.7g的Brij 93、0.3g的Brij S10和4mL的1-十八碳烯通过在具有十字形磁力搅拌棒的100-mL圆底烧瓶中搅拌而溶解于40mL矿物油中。将3克聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGDMA)750和3mg短暂水解的透明质酸(Alfa Aesar)溶解在3ml milliQ水中。在搅拌的同时将水溶液加入油溶液中。使用超声探头将混合物均质化10分钟。在搅拌的同时将0.1g过硫酸铵加入反应混合物中。将反应烧瓶密封并用氮气以通过矿物油鼓泡器测量的每秒1-3个气泡的速率鼓泡30分钟。将反应在50℃下搅拌20小时。通过暴露于空气来淬灭反应。加入15mL丙酮以使混合物破乳。通过以3000rpm离心3分钟沉淀水凝胶。通过在20mL己烷中再分散将混合物洗涤两次。在己烷彻底蒸发后,使水凝胶在敞开的空气中干燥并在4℃下储存。
在一些方面中,具有亲脂性表面的水凝胶颗粒的制备基于反相细乳液聚合(图1)。将低聚/聚合交联剂捕获在约100nm的水性液滴内,所述水性液滴通过在油介质中具有低HLB的表面活性剂来稳定(图2)。亲水性大分子活性成分(如透明质酸或水解胶原)可以在聚合之前负载,而小分子(如抗坏血酸或烟酰胺)可以在聚合之前或之后负载。在自由基聚合期间,交联剂建立由水性液滴的尺寸松散地限制的网络。增长的自由基在油-水界面处遇到油溶性共聚单体或转移剂。在α-烯烃的情况下,由于其不能均聚,自由基不能增长到油相中。相反,它在水凝胶网络的交联点处作为单独的单元掺入。这些亲脂性链覆盖水凝胶颗粒的表面,增强其在油性介质中的分散性和稳定性。
虽然大多数水凝胶颗粒保持水性液滴的初始尺寸,但它们中的一小部分由于聚合后细乳液的热去稳定作用而聚集(图3)。这些聚集体可以在分离期间除去。所得的水凝胶颗粒作为半固体或固体是稳定的,其可以以约100nm的尺寸再分散在油性介质中(图4)。
当亲水性分子直接沉积在皮肤上时,它们倾向于聚集成比角质细胞之间的间隙大得多的尺寸,基本上阻碍了这些活性成分的摄入。然而,当这些相同的分子负载在作为载体的具有亲脂性表面的水凝胶颗粒内时,亲脂性表面使水凝胶颗粒与角质细胞中的脂质相容,而亲水性活性材料通过水凝胶颗粒内的水保持溶剂化。如使用EpiDerm皮肤模型的渗透实验所证明的,最多达25%的水凝胶颗粒在15小时内携带RhB染料穿过表皮。同时,只有痕量的分散在矿物油中的RhB溶液可以穿过相同的皮肤模型(图5)。
此外,在暴露于水凝胶颗粒24小时后,皮肤模型中的表皮细胞保持与暴露于阴性对照的细胞相当的活力,表明这些水凝胶颗粒的无刺激性质(图6)。
III.表达式
表达式1
表达式1表示由通过聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯交联的聚(乙二醇)骨架组成的水凝胶颗粒载体的示例性结构,所述聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯具有通过硫醚键连接的亲脂性侧链。R=H或Me;n>5。虚线表示重复结构部分的无限延伸。
Claims (32)
1.一种直径为10至200纳米的颗粒,其包含芯和亲脂性侧链,其中所述芯包含一定体积的水溶液和所述体积的水溶液中的亲水性聚合物,并且其中所述亲脂性侧链延伸出所述体积的水溶液。
2.根据权利要求1所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述亲水性聚合物包含通过聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯节点交联的聚(乙二醇)。
3.根据权利要求1-2中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述亲脂性侧链包含十八烷基侧链或十六烷基侧链,并且通过硫醚与所述亲水性聚合物连接。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述亲水性聚合物包含聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-乙基丙烯酰胺)、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚((甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯)、聚(聚(乙二醇)(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)或多糖。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述亲脂性侧链包含含有6-18个碳的脂族基团。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于亲脂性侧链为1-己基、1-庚基、1-辛基、1-壬基、1-癸基、1-十一烷基、1-十二烷基、1-十三烷基、1-十四烷基、1-十五烷基、1-十七烷基、2-乙基己基、2-己基癸基、7-十三烷基、9-十八碳烯-1-基、8-十七碳烯-1-基、9,12-十八碳二烯-1-基或8,11-十七碳二烯-1-基基团中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于能够在15小时内渗透人表皮同时携带透明质酸的百分比为至少1%。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述亲水性聚合物包含聚(聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯),且所述亲脂性侧链包含乙酰基巯基侧链。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述直径至多为160nm。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于表面活性剂和助表面活性剂为Brij 93、Brij 58、Brij S10、Brij S20、Brij S100、Brij O20、Brij C10、Brij L4、司盘20、司盘40、司盘60、司盘65、司盘80、司盘85、吐温20、吐温21、吐温40、吐温60、吐温65、吐温80和吐温85中的两种或更多种。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于所述直径为至多100纳米。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于能够在15小时内渗透人表皮同时携带透明质酸的百分比为至少3%。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的颗粒,其特征还在于直径为20-50纳米。
14.一种制备直径为10至200纳米的颗粒的方法,包括:
将一定体积的油中的至少一种油溶性转移剂或共聚单体和一定体积的水中的至少一种水溶性交联剂混合;和
用自由基引发剂引发聚合。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征还在于所述体积的油还包含0-20体积%的亲水-亲油平衡值不超过9的非离子表面活性剂和0-5体积%的亲水-亲油平衡值不超过16的非离子助表面活性剂。
16.根据权利要求14-15中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述体积的油包含具有至少8个碳的α-烯烃、硫醇、二硫化物或卤化物。
17.根据权利要求14-16中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述体积的水包含20-80体积%的水溶性交联剂。
18.根据权利要求14-17中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述自由基引发剂是热自由基引发剂,并且聚合反应在高于30℃的温度下进行至少3小时。
19.根据权利要求14-18中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述自由基引发剂是氧化还原自由基引发剂或光自由基引发剂,并且聚合反应在不高于30℃的温度下进行至少3小时。
20.一种包含根据权利要求1-13中任一项所述的颗粒的组合物,还包含药学上可接受的赋形剂。
21.一种制备颗粒的方法,包括:
将含有1-20体积%的水溶性交联剂、0.5-20体积%的共聚单体、0-20体积%的表面活性剂、0-5%的助表面活性剂、油和水的混合物混合;
预搅拌所述混合物;
引发聚合;
将所述混合物破乳;和
纯化所述混合物。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其特征还在于所述共聚单体是α-烯烃。
23.根据权利要求21-22中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述表面活性剂是Brij93,并且所述助表面活性剂是Brij S10。
24.根据权利要求21-23中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述混合物含有1%-20%聚(乙二醇)二甲基丙烯酸酯750。
25.根据权利要求21-24中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述混合物含有0%-20%Brij 93。
26.根据权利要求21-25中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述混合物含有0%-5%Brij S10。
27.根据权利要求21-26中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于所述混合物含有0%-15%共聚单体。
28.根据权利要求21-27中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于预搅拌所述混合物使用剪切力均质机进行,以在约0℃下形成反相微乳液。
29.根据权利要求21-28中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于通过将所述混合物加热至50℃引发聚合。
30.根据权利要求21-29中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于通过在约50℃下将所述混合物搅拌15-25小时进行聚合。
31.根据权利要求21-30中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于通过添加过量丙酮来使所述混合物破乳。
32.根据权利要求21-30中任一项所述的方法,其特征还在于通过用己烷洗涤纯化所述混合物。
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