CN115134204A - Modulation circuit, modulation calibration method, and modulation system - Google Patents
Modulation circuit, modulation calibration method, and modulation system Download PDFInfo
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- CN115134204A CN115134204A CN202210802048.9A CN202210802048A CN115134204A CN 115134204 A CN115134204 A CN 115134204A CN 202210802048 A CN202210802048 A CN 202210802048A CN 115134204 A CN115134204 A CN 115134204A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
- H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
- H04L27/2657—Carrier synchronisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0024—Carrier regulation at the receiver end
- H04L2027/0026—Correction of carrier offset
- H04L2027/003—Correction of carrier offset at baseband only
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Abstract
The application provides a modulation circuit, a modulation calibration method and a modulation system. The modulation circuit includes: the first end of the first capacitor unit is used for inputting a baseband modulation signal; the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the second end of the first capacitor unit; the first end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the second end of the first resistance unit, the modulation device is a device of which the change of voltage enables the change of reactance value, and the second end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the grounding end; and the second resistance unit comprises a device with adjustable resistance value, which is positioned between the grounding end and the first end of the modulation device, and the modulation device and the connecting branch of the second resistance unit are also used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier generator. The invention solves the technical problem that in the VOC modulation circuit in the related art, the voltage applied to the modulation diode is only determined by the output voltage of the DAC.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of communications, and in particular, to a modulation circuit, a modulation calibration method, and a modulation system.
Background
In the related art, modulation and demodulation are key links for realizing wireless communication of information. In wireless communication, information to be transmitted is modulated on a high-frequency carrier, and the high-frequency carrier is transmitted through space so as to realize information transmission. The nature of the modulation is to change the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier to effect loading of the information. The high-frequency carrier is provided by a phase-locked loop, the phase-locked loop is widely applied to the field of wireless communication, and the key part of the phase-locked loop is a carrier generator which mainly serves as a local oscillator signal generator.
Modulation in communication can be classified into amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation according to the change of a carrier. Different debugging implementation modes of the circuit structure comprise single-point modulation, two-point modulation and direct modulation. The frequency modulation direct modulation is an important modulation mode in private network communication. The frequency modulation direct modulation is realized by directly loading a modulation signal to a carrier generator (VCO) through a modulation link from an output of a Digital Analog Converter (DAC).
In calibration, it is necessary to calibrate its frequency offset to a fixed value, typically 6kHz to 5 kHz. Due to the characteristic influence of the phase-locked loop, the modulation value corresponding to the modulation realized by the inherent modulation link is usually a series of decreasing values, that is, during calibration, the modulation value may be too large or too small, while too large a modulation value may cause that the required frequency offset cannot be realized, and too small a modulation value may cause that the transmission signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates.
No solution has been found to the above problems.
The above information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the technology described herein and, therefore, certain information may be included in the background that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The present application mainly aims to provide a modulation circuit, a modulation calibration method, and a modulation system, so as to solve the problem in the prior art that the consistency of modulation values is very poor when a link is debugged.
According to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a modulation circuit including: the first end of the first capacitor unit is used for inputting a baseband modulation signal; the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the second end of the first capacitor unit; the first end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the second end of the first resistance unit, the modulation device is a device of which the change of voltage enables the change of reactance value, and the second end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the grounding end; the first end of the second resistor unit is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, the second end of the second resistor unit is connected with the grounding end, the second resistor unit is further connected with the power supply voltage end, the second resistor unit comprises a device with adjustable resistance value, the device is located between the grounding end and the first end of the modulation device, and the modulation device and a connecting branch of the second resistor unit are further used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier generator.
Optionally, the second resistance unit comprises: and the resistor subunit is connected to a connection branch between the power supply voltage end and the grounding end and comprises at least one resistor, and under the condition that the second resistor unit is composed of the resistor subunit, the at least one resistor of the resistor subunit is a device with adjustable resistance value, and one end of the at least one resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device.
Optionally, the resistive subunit comprises: the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the power supply voltage end, and the second end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the grounding end; the second resistance unit further includes: and the first end of the second resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the second end of the first resistor and the grounding end, the second end of the second resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, and the second resistor is a device with adjustable resistance.
Optionally, the resistive subunit comprises: the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the power supply voltage end, the second end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the grounding end, and the second end of the first resistor is also electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device; and the third resistor is connected to a connecting branch between the ground terminal and the second end of the first resistor, and the third resistor is a resistor with an adjustable resistance value under the condition that the second resistor unit is only composed of the resistor subunit.
Optionally, the second resistance unit further includes: and the first end of the fourth resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the first resistor and the third resistor, the second end of the fourth resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, and the fourth resistor is a device with adjustable resistance.
Optionally, the resistive subunit comprises: the end of the fifth resistor, which is connected with the power supply voltage end, is also connected with the first end of the modulation device;
the second resistance unit further includes: and the first end of the sixth resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the fifth resistor and the power supply voltage end, the second end of the sixth resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, and the sixth resistor is a device with adjustable resistance.
According to an aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a calibration method of modulation, the calibration method being applied to the modulation circuit, including: and a calibration step, namely adjusting the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at the target calibration frequency until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with the adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation.
Optionally, after the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and repeatedly executing the calibration step until the calibration of a plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed, and obtaining a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
Optionally, before the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and determining a target output voltage of the baseband modulation signal, wherein the baseband modulation signal is a voltage signal output by the digital-to-analog converter, and the target output voltage is an output voltage which enables the digital-to-analog converter to be in an optimal working state.
Optionally, after repeatedly performing the calibration step, the method further comprises: determining a relational expression between a target calibration value and a target calibration frequency according to the plurality of groups of target data; and determining target calibration values corresponding to other target calibration frequencies according to the relational expression.
According to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a modulation system including: the voltage output end of the digital-to-analog converter is electrically connected with the voltage input end of the modulation circuit, and the carrier wave generator is connected with the modulation output end of the modulation circuit.
Optionally, the modulation system further comprises one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including a calibration method for performing a modulation of any of the above.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a modulation circuit is provided, where the modulation circuit includes a first capacitor unit, a first resistor unit, a modulation device, and a second resistor unit, where a first end of the first capacitor unit is used to input a baseband modulation signal; the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the second end of the first capacitor unit; the first end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the second end of the first resistance unit, the modulation device is a device of which the voltage changes to change the reactance value, and the second end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the grounding end; the first end of the second resistor unit is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, the second end of the second resistor unit is connected with the grounding end, the second resistor unit is also connected with the power supply voltage end, the second resistor unit comprises a device with adjustable resistance value positioned between the grounding end and the first end of the modulation device, the modulation device and the connecting branch of the second resistor unit are also used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier generator, in the modulation circuit, the voltage applied on the modulation device is changed by adjusting the resistance value of the resistance value adjustable device in the second resistance unit without changing the voltage applied on the modulation device by a baseband adjusting signal, so that when the frequency offset of the carrier wave generator is modulated by a modulation link in the related art, since the baseband modulation signal is not fixed, the technical problem that the consistency of the modulation values corresponding to a plurality of calibration frequencies is poor is easily caused.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, are included to provide a further understanding of the application, and the description of the exemplary embodiments and illustrations of the application are intended to explain the application and are not intended to limit the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a modulation circuit according to the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit according to an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit according to another alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit according to yet another alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit in accordance with yet another alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit according to an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit in accordance with an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit in accordance with an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit according to an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit in accordance with an alternative embodiment provided herein;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a corresponding modulation circuit in accordance with an alternative embodiment provided herein;
fig. 12 is a flowchart of a calibration method for modulation according to an embodiment of the present application.
Wherein the figures include the following reference numerals:
a first capacitance unit: c1; a first resistance unit: r1; a modulation device: d; a second resistance unit: r2; a first resistance: r 1; a second resistance: r 2; a third resistance: r 3; a fourth resistance: r 4; a fifth resistance: r 5; a sixth resistance: r 6; a first capacitance: c 1; a second capacitance: c 2; a third capacitance: c3.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In order to make the technical solutions better understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only partial embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It should be understood that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that embodiments of the application described herein may be used. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, film, region, or substrate is referred to as being "on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Also, in the specification and claims, when an element is described as being "connected" to another element, the element may be "directly connected" to the other element or "connected" to the other element through a third element.
For convenience of description, some terms or expressions referred to in the embodiments of the present application are explained below:
DAC: digital to Analog Converter, Digital to Analog Converter;
ADC: analog to Digital Converter, Analog to Digital Converter.
According to an embodiment of the present application, there is provided a modulation circuit.
Frequency deviation: is a characteristic phenomenon in a frequency modulation wave, and refers to the deviation of a fixed frequency modulation wave frequency to two sides. First, it is noted that fm waves are a form of electromagnetic waves, a tool for transmitting images, sounds and other useful signals. Sound can be transmitted using frequency modulated waves, such as fm broadcasts; images, such as television, etc., may also be transmitted. The fixed frequency modulation wave frequency can be shifted to both sides by modulating the frequency modulation wave with an acoustic signal (audio signal in the generic term), and can be shifted to both sides by using an image signal (video signal in the generic term). This produces a frequency offset in the frequency of the frequency modulated wave. The magnitude of the frequency offset value, as specified by the international radio regulatory commission: the maximum modulation frequency deviation value of the audio frequency to the frequency modulation wave is 200KHz, and the maximum modulation frequency deviation value of the video frequency to the frequency modulation wave is 6.5MHz. Commonly used units are KSPS (thousands of Samples per Second of kilo samplespher Second) and MSPS (Million Samples per Second of Million Samplesper Second).
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a modulation circuit provided according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in fig. 1, the modulation circuit includes the following parts: the circuit comprises a first capacitor unit C1, a first resistor unit R1, a modulation device D and a second resistor unit R2.
Specifically, the first end of the first capacitor unit C1, the first end of the first capacitor unit C1 is used for inputting a baseband modulation signal, where the baseband modulation signal is a signal used for adjusting the frequency offset of the filter generator;
a first resistor unit R1 having a first end electrically connected to the second end of the first capacitor unit C1;
a modulation device D, a first end of which is electrically connected to the second end of the first resistance unit R1, the modulation device D being a device in which a change in voltage causes a change in reactance value, the second end of the modulation device D being electrically connected to a ground terminal;
the first end of the second resistor unit R2 is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device D, the second end of the second resistor unit R2 is connected with the ground terminal, the second resistor unit R2 is also connected with the power supply voltage terminal, the second resistor unit R2 comprises a device with adjustable resistance value, the device is located between the ground terminal and the first end of the modulation device D, and the connecting branch of the modulation device D and the second resistor unit R2 is also used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier wave generator.
In the above, the modulation circuit of the carrier generator provided by the present application is composed of the first capacitor unit C1, the first resistor unit R1, the modulation device D, and the second resistor unit R2.
Specifically, second resistance unit R2 among the modulation circuit in this application includes the adjustable device of resistance, through adjusting the resistance of adjustable device, the bleeder circuit that first resistance unit R1 and second resistance unit R2 constitute can carry out controllable change to baseband adjustment signal's output amplitude, and then change the voltage of exerting on the modulation device, adapt to the different calibration frequency points of carrier generator's correspondence, need not to adjust baseband modulation signal's modulation value again, thereby avoid the too big or undersize problem of modulation value that the calibration frequency corresponds.
The modulation circuit provided by the application is used for calibrating the frequency deviation of the carrier generator, and through adjusting the resistance value of the second resistance unit R2 in the modulation circuit, the resistance of the second resistance unit R2 changes, so that the voltage applied to the modulation diode changes, namely the voltage on two sides of the modulation diode changes, and further the capacitance of the modulation diode changes, and the frequency of the input signal of the carrier generator is influenced by the change of the capacitance, so that the frequency deviation of the carrier generator is calibrated. The carrier generator is a carrier signal converter, and is used for converting other signals into digital signals transmitted by a carrier.
It should be noted that in an alternative embodiment provided by the present application, the DAC is connected to a modulation circuit, and the DAC generates a baseband modulation signal. The generator of the baseband modulation signal is not limited to the DAC, and may be a computer, a baseband signal rf, or other generator.
In an alternative embodiment, the second resistance unit R2 includes: and the resistor subunit is connected to a connection branch between the power supply voltage end and the ground end, and comprises at least one resistor, and under the condition that the second resistor unit R2 is formed by the resistor subunit, the at least one resistor of the resistor subunit is a device with adjustable resistance, and one end of the at least one resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device D.
In the above, the present application provides an alternative embodiment, in which the second resistor unit R2 includes a resistor, which is a device with adjustable resistance, as shown in fig. 2. In this embodiment, by adjusting the resistance value of the resistor, the divided voltage of the voltage divider circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 is adjustable, and thus the voltage applied to the modulation device is adjustable, which avoids that the voltage applied to the modulation device is adjusted only by a baseband modulation signal, and the direct modulation values corresponding to different frequency points can be fixed at a fixed value.
In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the resistor subunit includes: a first resistor r1, wherein a first end of the first resistor r1 is electrically connected with the power supply voltage end, and a second end of the first resistor r1 is electrically connected with the ground end; the second resistance unit R2 further includes: the first end of the second resistor r2, the first end of the second resistor r2, the second end of the first resistor r1 and the connection branch between the ground ends are electrically connected, the second end of the second resistor r2 is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device D, and the second resistor r2 is a device with adjustable resistance.
In the above embodiment, the second resistor unit R2 includes a first resistor R1 and a second resistor R2, wherein the resistance of the second resistor R2 is adjustable, and the adjustable second resistor R2 enables the voltage division of the voltage division circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 to be adjustable, so as to change the voltage applied to the modulation device D. Thus, in the above-described embodiments provided by the present application, the voltage across the modulation device D is no longer uniquely determined by the baseband modulation signal alone.
In another alternative embodiment, specifically as shown in fig. 4, the resistor subunit includes: a first resistor r1, a first end of the first resistor r1 is electrically connected to the power supply voltage terminal, a second end of the first resistor r1 is electrically connected to the ground terminal, and a second end of the first resistor r1 is also electrically connected to the first end of the modulation device D; the third resistor R3 is connected to a branch between the ground and the second end of the second resistor R2, and when the second resistor unit R2 is formed by only resistor sub-units, the third resistor R3 is a resistor with adjustable resistance.
In the above embodiment, the second resistor unit R2 includes the first resistor R1 and the third resistor R3, the resistance of the third resistor R3 is adjustable, and the voltage of the voltage divider circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 is adjustable by adjusting the resistance of the third resistor R3, so as to change the voltage applied to the modulation device D. Therefore, the voltage on the modulation device D is no longer uniquely determined by the baseband modulation signal only.
In a specific application, in the embodiment of fig. 4, a fourth resistor may be added, that is, as shown in fig. 5, the second resistor unit R2 further includes: a fourth resistor r4, a first end of the fourth resistor r4 is electrically connected to the connection branch between the first resistor r1 and the third resistor r3, a second end of the fourth resistor r4 is electrically connected to the first end of the modulation device D, and the fourth resistor r4 is a device with adjustable resistance. In this embodiment, the second resistor unit R2 includes a fourth resistor R4 in addition to the first resistor R1 and the third resistor R3, wherein the resistances of the third resistor R3 and the fourth resistor R4 are adjustable, and the voltage division of the voltage division circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 can be adjusted by adjusting the resistances of the third resistor R3 and the fourth resistor R4, so as to change the voltage applied to the modulation device D. Therefore, the voltage on the modulation device D is no longer uniquely determined by the baseband modulation signal alone.
In yet another alternative embodiment, as shown in fig. 6, the resistor subunit includes: the fifth resistor r5, the end of the fifth resistor r5 connected to the power supply voltage end, is also connected to the first end of the modulation device D. In this embodiment, the resistor subunit includes a fifth resistor R5, the resistance of the fifth resistor R5 is adjustable, and the voltage division of the voltage dividing circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 can be adjusted by adjusting the resistance of the fifth resistor R5, so as to change the voltage applied to the modulation device D. Therefore, the voltage on the modulation device D is no longer uniquely determined by the baseband modulation signal alone.
In practical applications, in the embodiment shown in fig. 6, a fifth resistor may be further added, as shown in fig. 7, specifically, the second resistor unit R2 further includes: a sixth resistor r6, a first end of the sixth resistor r6 is electrically connected with the connection branch between the fifth resistor r5 and the power supply voltage end, a second end of the sixth resistor r6 is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device D, and the sixth resistor r6 is a device with adjustable resistance. In this embodiment, the second resistor unit R2 includes a sixth resistor R6 and a fifth resistor R5, wherein the resistance of the sixth resistor R6 is adjustable, and the voltage of the voltage divider circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 is adjustable by adjusting the resistance of the sixth resistor R6, so as to change the voltage applied to the modulation device D.
In the embodiments provided in the present application, the device with adjustable resistance may be a digital potentiometer, or may be another resistor with adjustable resistance, such as a sliding rheostat.
Meanwhile, in an alternative embodiment, the modulation device is a modulation inductor, a modulation diode, but is not limited to the modulation diode and the modulation inductor, and may be any other device in the prior art that can change a reactance value due to a voltage change. The carrier generator is a voltage-controlled oscillator, but is not limited to only a voltage-controlled oscillator, and may be other types of carrier generators having functions similar to those of the voltage-controlled oscillator.
In the modulation circuit provided by the present application, the direct modulation values of different products and different frequency points are fixed values, that is, the baseband modulation signal provides a modulation value, the modulation value is fixed, and because the modulation value is fixed, the modulation value of each frequency point is fixed, for example, the modulation value is fixed to 22000, that is, there is no case that the modulation value decreases progressively between the frequency points, which can ensure the consistency of the products, can also ensure the emission performance of the products, and can avoid adverse effects caused by device tolerances and process precision.
In an alternative embodiment provided by the present application, as shown in fig. 8, the modulation circuit provided by the present application further includes: a first terminal of the first capacitor c1 is connected to the power voltage terminal, and a second terminal of the first capacitor c1 is connected to the ground terminal, wherein the first capacitor c1 is used for isolating the dc current existing in the branch.
In an alternative embodiment provided by the present application, each of the modulation circuits provided by the present application may further include a second capacitor c2, a first end of the second capacitor c2 is connected to one end of the fifth resistor r5, which is connected to the power supply voltage, and a second end of the second capacitor c2 is connected to the ground terminal, as shown in fig. 9, fig. 9 shows that the second capacitor c2 is provided in the embodiment shown in fig. 6, wherein the second capacitor c2 is used for isolation.
In another alternative embodiment provided by the present application, as shown in fig. 10, the modulation circuit further includes: and the filter circuit is used for being connected between the modulation device D and a connecting branch of the second resistance unit R2 and the input end of the carrier wave generator. The filter circuit further includes: a first end of the first inductor L1, a first end of the first inductor L1 is connected to a branch connecting the modulation device D and the second resistance unit R2, a second end of the first inductor L1 is connected to a third capacitor, a first end of the third capacitor is electrically connected to a second end of the first inductor L1, and a second end of the third capacitor is used for being connected to an input end of the carrier generator. The modulation circuit is connected to the carrier generator via a branch formed by a first inductor L1 and a third capacitor. In the modulation circuit provided by the application, the resistance value adjustment precision of the resistance value adjustable device is not high, and in the embodiment, the condition that the frequency deviation change of the carrier wave generator is very large under the condition that the resistance value of the digital potentiometer is slightly adjusted is avoided by arranging the LC oscillating circuit.
In the foregoing, the modulation current provided by the present application mainly includes the first capacitor unit C1, the first resistor unit R1, the modulation device D, and the second resistor unit R2, when the modulation circuit performs modulation, the resistance of the second resistor unit R2 is adjustable, the voltage applied to the modulation device D is changed through the adjustable resistance, and thus when the output modulation value of the DAC is fixed, the output amplitude of the baseband adjustment signal can be controllably changed.
Further, the modulation circuit provided by the present application is used for calibrating the frequency offset of the carrier generator, and by adjusting the resistance value of the second resistance unit R2 in the modulation circuit, the resistance of the second resistance unit R2 changes, which causes the voltage applied to the modulation diode to change, that is, the voltage on both sides of the modulation diode changes, so as to change the capacitance of the modulation diode, and the change of the capacitance affects the frequency of the input signal of the carrier generator, so as to calibrate the frequency offset of the carrier generator.
It should be noted that, in the above-mentioned alternative embodiment provided by the present application, the voltage of the modulation diode is no longer determined only by the output of the DAC, and the voltage divider circuit formed by the first resistor unit R1 and the second resistor unit R2 controllably changes the amplitude of the output voltage of the DAC, in the above-mentioned specific embodiment, the voltage applied to the modulation diode is:
It should be noted that, in the above specific embodiment provided by the present application, the resistance value of the potentiometer is adjusted by a control signal received by the potentiometer, and the output amplitude U of the DAC is fixed to be a fixed value, when the required U is a fixed value 0 When the voltage is increased, the resistance value of the digital potentiometer is increased by using the control signal, so that the resistance value of the second resistance unit R2 is increased, and the voltage U applied to the two ends of the modulation diode is modulated 0 Will increase; when required U 0 When reducing, the value of the digital potentiometer is reduced by the control signal, and the voltage U at the two ends of the diode is modulated 0 Will be reduced. Therefore, the fixed and uniform output amplitude of the DAC is realized, the DAC can work in the optimal output state, the emission index performance is ensured, and the condition that the required DAC output amplitude exceeds the upper limit can be avoided.
The embodiment of the invention provides a modulation circuit, which comprises a first capacitor unit, a first resistor unit, a modulation device and a second resistor unit, wherein the first end of the first capacitor unit is used for inputting a baseband modulation signal; the first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the second end of the first capacitor unit; the first end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the second end of the first resistance unit, the modulation device is a device of which the change of voltage enables the change of reactance value, and the second end of the modulation device is electrically connected with the grounding end; the first end of the second resistance unit is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, the second end of the second resistance unit is connected with the grounding end, the second resistance unit is also connected with the power voltage end, the second resistance unit comprises a device with adjustable resistance value between the grounding end and the first end of the modulation device, the modulation device and the connecting branch of the second resistance unit are also used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier wave generator, in the modulation circuit, the voltage applied on the modulation device is changed by adjusting the resistance value of the resistance value adjustable device in the second resistance unit without changing the voltage applied on the modulation device by a baseband adjusting signal, so that when the frequency offset of the carrier wave generator is modulated by a modulation link in the related art, since the baseband modulation signal is not fixed, the technical problem that the consistency of the modulation values corresponding to a plurality of calibration frequencies is poor is easily caused.
In a more specific embodiment of the present application, as shown in fig. 11, the modulation circuit includes a first capacitor unit C1, a first resistor unit R1, a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a third resistor R3, a first capacitor C1, a second capacitor C2, a third capacitor C3, a modulation diode D, and a first inductor L1, where R2 is a digital potentiometer, and the voltage of a voltage divider circuit formed by R1, R2, and R3 is changed by adjusting the resistance of R2, so that the voltage applied to the modulation diode is changed, that is, the voltage on two sides of the modulation diode is changed, and the capacitance of the modulation diode is changed, and the change of the capacitance affects the frequency of an input signal of the carrier generator, so as to calibrate the frequency offset of the carrier generator.
According to an embodiment of the application, a method of calibration of modulation is provided. Fig. 12 is a flowchart of a calibration method for modulation according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in fig. 12, the calibration method is applied to the modulation circuit, and includes:
s1201, a calibration step, namely, under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at a target calibration frequency, adjusting the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with the adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation. Calibration frequency corresponds to a calibration point
Therefore, the problem that the modulation value is too large or too small is solved by adjusting the voltage applied to the modulation device by adjusting the baseband modulation signal output by the DAC to adapt to different calibration frequency points without adjusting the modulation value of the baseband modulation signal.
It should be noted that, when the frequency offset of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency offset, the voltage corresponding to the digital potentiometer is determined as the target calibration value corresponding to the target frequency offset. Therefore, in this method, the calibration frequency and the calibration value are in a one-to-one correspondence relationship.
Meanwhile, it should be noted that the device with adjustable resistance may be a digital potentiometer, or may be another resistor with adjustable resistance, such as a sliding rheostat.
Further, the calibration value corresponding to each calibration frequency is recorded, and in an alternative embodiment, a mapping relationship is formed between the calibration frequency and the calibration value corresponding to the calibration frequency, so as to calibrate the frequency offset of the carrier generator subsequently.
It should be noted that, in the prior art, there is no design of the device with adjustable resistance in the modulation circuit, but a fixed value of resistance is used to perform fixed voltage division and apply the voltage division to the modulationThe voltage amplitude of the diode is completely determined by the output amplitude U of the DAC, and during the calibration process, the required voltage U on the diode is modulated 0 When the amplitude is larger, the output amplitude U of the DAC needs to be correspondingly increased, possibly exceeds the maximum amplitude upper limit provided by the DAC, the requirement of modulation frequency offset cannot be met, and the required U is required 0 When the output amplitude of the DAC is smaller than the threshold value, the output amplitude U of the DAC is correspondingly reduced, so that the DAC cannot continuously work in a normal working state. In the calibration method provided by the application, due to the introduction of the digital potentiometer design, even if the output amplitude U of the DAC is fixed at the time, the amplitude U of the voltage applied to the modulation diode can be changed 0 。
In an alternative embodiment, after the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and repeatedly executing the calibration step until the calibration of the plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed to obtain a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
In order to keep the digital-to-analog converter always in a good working state, in an embodiment of the present application, before the calibrating step, the method further includes: and determining a target output voltage of the baseband modulation signal, wherein the baseband modulation signal is a voltage signal output by the digital-to-analog converter, and the target output voltage is an output voltage which enables the digital-to-analog converter to be in an optimal working state.
In a specific embodiment in the related art, multiple calibration frequency points are selected to perform 5kHz frequency offset calibration of 6kHz, the calibration result is a series of decreasing direct modulation values, and both the increase of the frequency band and the widening of the bandwidth may cause the frequency offset of part of the frequency points to not reach 5kHz or the deterioration of the transmission signal-to-noise ratio.
In the calibration method provided by the application, a plurality of frequency points are selected, a mode of fixing a direct modulation value output by a DAC is adopted, 5kHz frequency deviation calibration of 6kHz is carried out on the calibration frequency points in a mode of changing the digital signal input of a resistance value adjustable device and changing the resistance value, the calibration result is the digital signal input value corresponding to the frequency points, and the value assignment is carried out on the frequency points which are not calibrated in a linear value taking mode.
In an alternative embodiment, after repeatedly performing the calibration step, the method further comprises: determining a relational expression between a target calibration value and a target calibration frequency according to the plurality of groups of target data; and determining target calibration values corresponding to other target calibration frequencies according to the relational expression. Determining a relation between a target calibration value and a target calibration frequency according to a plurality of groups of target data, including: from the two sets of target data, a relationship is determined, with the other target calibration frequency being between the two target calibration frequencies in the two sets of target data. In the method, the target calibration values corresponding to part of the target calibration frequencies can be calculated through the relational expression without calibrating each target calibration frequency.
In the calibration method provided by the present application, the frequency point f is provided 1 、f 2 、f 3 Wherein, frequency point f 1 And f 3 Is a sampling frequency point, and the calibration values corresponding to the two frequency points are determined through the two sampling frequency points, wherein the frequency point f 2 At calibration frequency f 1 、f 3 F is 1 、f 3 Respectively A, C, then f 2 The calibration value B is:
therefore, through the formula, the target calibration value corresponding to the target calibration frequency between the two sets of calibration frequencies can be determined through the two sets of target data, and in the calibration method, the direct modulation value of any frequency point can be stabilized on the preset value. By the method, the problem of deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio of high-end emission of a frequency band caused by high-frequency and wide-band broadening can be solved. Meanwhile, in the calibration method provided by the application, the modulation value of direct modulation can be ensured to be a preset value in the modulation process, the method has good consistency, the problem caused by poor consistency can be solved, the through rate of products in mass production can be improved through the good consistency, and the production efficiency can be improved.
In an embodiment of a specific application, table one is a calibration condition of the modulation circuit in the prior art for direct modulation of a signal, which is specifically as follows:
| channel with a plurality of channels | Ch9 | Ch10 | Ch11 | Ch12 | Ch13 | Ch14 | Ch15 | Ch16 |
| H_port | 2XXX6 | 1XXX4 | 1XXX0 | 1XXX0 | 1XXX2 | 1XXX3 | 9XX4 | 8XX5 |
As can be seen from the above table I, the difference between the maximum modulation value and the minimum modulation value is 1XXX1, and the minimum modulation value is 8XX5, and the minimum modulation value is smaller, so the index is deteriorated.
Table two is a schematic diagram of a signal after being calibrated by the signal modulation circuit provided in the present application, as follows:
after modulation is carried out according to the resistance values in the second table, the modulation values of full-channel direct modulation are all about 22000, basically no difference exists, the emission signal to noise ratio of the Ch16 frequency point is obtained through testing and is 48.5dB, the performance is improved by 2.7dB compared with the existing modulation design performance, the calibration value corresponding to each frequency point is obtained and is a digital signal input value, and the specific resistance value corresponding to the digital potentiometer 201 of each frequency point can be determined through the digital signal input value.
The calibration method for modulation provided in the embodiment of the present invention is applied to any one of the above modulation circuits, and includes: and a calibration step, namely adjusting the resistance value of the device with adjustable resistance value under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at the target calibration frequency until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, so that the technical problem that the voltage applied to a modulation diode is only determined by the output voltage of the DAC in a VOC modulation circuit in the related technology is solved. And furthermore, the technical effect that in the VOC modulation circuit, the frequency deviation required by modulation is realized at each calibration frequency point by changing the partial pressure on the modulation diode is achieved.
The present application further provides a calibration apparatus for modulation, which is applied to the modulation circuit provided by the present application, and the modulation apparatus includes: a calibration unit for performing a calibration step: under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at the target calibration frequency, adjusting the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation; and the control unit is used for repeatedly executing the calibration step until the calibration of a plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed to obtain a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
The present application also provides a computer readable storage medium comprising a stored program, wherein the program performs a calibration method of modulation provided by the present application.
It should be noted that the steps illustrated in the flowcharts of the figures may be performed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions and that, although a logical order is illustrated in the flowcharts, in some cases, the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order different than presented herein.
According to an embodiment of the present application, a modulation system is provided. The modulation system includes: the voltage output end of the digital-to-analog converter is electrically connected with the voltage input end of the modulation circuit, and the carrier wave generator is connected with the modulation output end of the modulation circuit.
In an alternative embodiment, the modulation system further comprises one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including a calibration method for performing a modulation of any of the above.
The embodiment of the present application further provides a calibration apparatus for modulation, and it should be noted that the calibration apparatus for modulation according to the embodiment of the present application can be used to execute the calibration method for modulation provided in the embodiment of the present application. The following describes a modulated calibration device provided in an embodiment of the present application.
The processor comprises a kernel, and the kernel calls the corresponding program unit from the memory. The core can be set to be one or more, and the technical problem that in a VOC modulation circuit in the related art, the voltage applied to the modulation diode is only determined by the output voltage of the DAC is solved by adjusting the parameters of the core.
The memory may include volatile memory in a computer readable medium, Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory (flash RAM), including at least one memory chip.
The embodiment of the invention provides a processor, which is used for running a program, wherein the program executes a modulation calibration method during running.
The embodiment of the invention provides equipment, which comprises a processor, a memory and a program which is stored on the memory and can run on the processor, wherein when the processor executes the program, at least the following steps are realized: and a calibration step, namely adjusting the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at the target calibration frequency until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with the adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation.
Optionally, after the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and repeatedly executing the calibration step until the calibration of a plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed, and obtaining a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
Optionally, before the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and determining a target output voltage of the baseband modulation signal, wherein the baseband modulation signal is a voltage signal output by the digital-to-analog converter, and the target output voltage is an output voltage which enables the digital-to-analog converter to be in an optimal working state.
Optionally, after repeatedly performing the calibration step, the method further comprises: determining a relational expression between a target calibration value and a target calibration frequency according to the plurality of groups of target data; and determining target calibration values corresponding to other target calibration frequencies according to the relational expression.
Optionally, determining a relation between the target calibration value and the target calibration frequency according to the plurality of sets of target data includes: from the two sets of target data, a relationship is determined, with the other target calibration frequency being between the two target calibration frequencies in the two sets of target data.
The device herein may be a server, a PC, a PAD, a mobile phone, etc.
The present application further provides a computer program product adapted to perform a program of initializing at least the following method steps when executed on a data processing device: and a calibration step, namely adjusting the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at the target calibration frequency until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with the adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with the adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation.
Optionally, after the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and repeating the calibration step until the calibration of a plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed to obtain a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
Optionally, before the calibrating step, the method further comprises: and determining a target output voltage of the baseband modulation signal, wherein the baseband modulation signal is a voltage signal output by the digital-to-analog converter, and the target output voltage is an output voltage which enables the digital-to-analog converter to be in an optimal working state.
Optionally, after repeatedly performing the calibration step, the method further comprises: determining a relational expression between a target calibration value and a target calibration frequency according to the plurality of groups of target data; and determining target calibration values corresponding to other target calibration frequencies according to the relational expression.
Optionally, determining a relation between the target calibration value and the target calibration frequency according to the plurality of sets of target data includes: a relationship is determined based on the two sets of target data, with the other target calibration frequencies being located between the two target calibration frequencies in the two sets of target data.
In the above embodiments of the present invention, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and for parts that are not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference may be made to related descriptions of other embodiments.
In the embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed technology can be implemented in other ways. The above-described embodiments of the apparatus are merely illustrative, and for example, a division of a unit may be a division of a logic function, and an actual implementation may have another division, for example, a plurality of units or components may be combined or may be integrated into another system, or some features may be omitted, or may not be executed. In addition, the shown or discussed mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection may be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interfaces, units or modules, and may be in an electrical or other form.
The units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment.
In addition, functional units in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be realized in a form of hardware, and can also be realized in a form of a software functional unit.
The integrated unit, if implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, which is substantially or partly contributed by the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution may be embodied in a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a removable hard disk, a magnetic or optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (13)
1. A modulation circuit, comprising:
a first end of the first capacitance unit is used for inputting a baseband modulation signal;
a first resistor unit, wherein a first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with a second end of the first capacitor unit;
a first end of the modulation device is electrically connected with a second end of the first resistance unit, the modulation device is a device of which the voltage changes to change the reactance value, and the second end of the modulation device is electrically connected with a grounding end;
the first end of the second resistance unit is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, the second end of the second resistance unit is connected with the grounding end, the second resistance unit is also connected with the power voltage end, the second resistance unit comprises a device with adjustable resistance value, the device is located between the grounding end and the first end of the modulation device, and the modulation device and the connecting branch of the second resistance unit are also used for being electrically connected with the input end of the carrier generator.
2. The modulation circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second resistance unit includes:
the resistor subunit is connected to a connection branch between the power supply voltage end and the grounding end and comprises at least one resistor;
and under the condition that the second resistance unit is composed of the resistance subunit, at least one resistance of the resistance subunit is the device with adjustable resistance value, and one end of the resistance subunit is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device.
3. The modulation circuit according to claim 2,
the resistance subunit includes: a first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the power supply voltage end, and a second end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the ground end;
the second resistance unit further includes: and the first end of the second resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the second end of the first resistor and the grounding end, the second end of the second resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulator, and the second resistor is a device with adjustable resistance.
4. The modulation circuit of claim 2, wherein the resistance subunit comprises:
a first end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the power supply voltage end, a second end of the first resistor is electrically connected with the ground end, and the second end of the first resistor is also electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device;
and the third resistor is connected to a connecting branch between the grounding end and the second end of the first resistor, and the third resistor is a resistor with an adjustable resistance value under the condition that the second resistor unit is only composed of the resistor subunit.
5. The modulation circuit according to claim 4, wherein the second resistance unit further comprises:
and the first end of the fourth resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the first resistor and the third resistor, the second end of the fourth resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, and the fourth resistor is a device with adjustable resistance.
6. The modulation circuit according to claim 2,
the resistance subunit includes: a fifth resistor, one end of the fifth resistor connected to the power supply voltage end is further connected to the first end of the modulation device;
the second resistance unit further includes: and a first end of the sixth resistor is electrically connected with the connecting branch between the fifth resistor and the power supply voltage end, a second end of the sixth resistor is electrically connected with the first end of the modulation device, and the sixth resistor is a device with an adjustable resistance value.
7. A calibration method for modulation, applied to the modulation circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising:
and a calibration step, namely adjusting the resistance value of the device with adjustable resistance value under the condition that the carrier frequency of the carrier generator is at a target calibration frequency until the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation, and storing a target calibration value and the target calibration frequency, wherein the target calibration value is the resistance value of the device with adjustable resistance value or the voltage value of the device with adjustable resistance value when the frequency deviation of the carrier generator reaches the target frequency deviation.
8. The calibration method of claim 7, wherein after the calibration step, the method further comprises:
and repeatedly executing the calibration step until the calibration of a plurality of different target calibration frequencies is completed to obtain a plurality of groups of target data, wherein each group of target data comprises the target calibration frequency and the target calibration value which are in one-to-one correspondence.
9. The calibration method of claim 7, wherein prior to the calibrating step, the method further comprises:
determining a target output voltage of a baseband modulation signal, wherein the baseband modulation signal is a voltage signal output by a digital-to-analog converter, the target output voltage is an output voltage which enables the digital-to-analog converter to be in an optimal working state, and the digital-to-analog converter is connected with a first end of a first capacitor unit of the modulation circuit.
10. The calibration method of claim 8, wherein after repeatedly performing the calibration step, the method further comprises:
determining a relational expression between the target calibration value and the target calibration frequency according to the plurality of groups of target data;
and determining the target calibration values corresponding to other target calibration frequencies according to the relational expression.
11. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that the computer-readable storage medium comprises a stored program, wherein the program performs a method of calibrating a modulation according to any one of claims 7 to 10.
12. A modulation system, comprising: a digital-to-analog converter, the modulation circuit of any one of claims 1 to 6, and a carrier generator, a voltage output of the digital-to-analog converter being electrically connected to a voltage input of the modulation circuit, the carrier generator being connected to a modulation output of the modulation circuit.
13. The modulation system according to claim 12, further comprising one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs comprising a calibration method for performing a modulation according to any one of claims 7-10.
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