CN115127313A - Processing method beneficial to keeping original appearance character of ginseng - Google Patents
Processing method beneficial to keeping original appearance character of ginseng Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B5/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat
- F26B5/16—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by contact with sorbent bodies, e.g. absorbent mould; by admixture with sorbent materials
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
- F26B3/02—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air
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Abstract
A processing method for retaining original appearance of Ginseng radix is provided. The invention belongs to the field of ginseng processing, and particularly relates to a ginseng drying processing method. The method comprises placing cleaned Ginseng radix in a drier filled with desiccant such as cellulose tablet desiccant, super absorbent resin, allochroic silica gel, and montmorillonite. After drying for a period of time, a proper amount of drying agent is added along with the time extension, and the drying agent is replaced according to the drying principle, such as color change, softening, caking and the like. And (3) when the moisture content reaches about 20-30%, carrying out hot air drying at 45 ℃ to continuously reduce the moisture content of the ginseng to 12%, and taking out the ginseng to obtain the dried ginseng with complete appearance, shape and good color. The process realizes pollution-free maximization, reduces the processing cost of the ginseng process, greatly reduces the number of processing equipment, completely retains the natural posture of the ginseng dried by combining a drying agent and hot air, solves the problems that the color and the appearance cannot be maintained by other drying modes and partial components are lost, has excellent medicine property, delicious taste and good rehydration, has vital influence on the development of the ginseng industry in future, and makes good market prospect and economic planning in China and east Asia regions for the future ginseng market.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ginseng processing, in particular to a processing method beneficial to keeping original appearance characters of ginseng.
Background
The character of the ginseng is as follows: the main root is spindle-shaped or cylindrical, 3-15cm long and 1-2cm in diameter. The surface is gray yellow, the upper part or the whole part has sparse and discontinuous thick transverse lines and obvious longitudinal wrinkles, the lower part has 2-3 branch roots, and a plurality of slender fibrous roots are grown, and the fibrous roots are often provided with unobvious tiny wart-like protrusions. The rhizome (reed head) is 1-4cm long, 0.3-1.5cm in diameter, is bent due to multiple contracture, and has adventitious root (taro) and sparse dimpled stem marks (reed bowl). Hard, yellowish white cross section, pink, brownish yellow color of the formed layer, yellowish brown punctate resin channels and radial cracks in the skin. Special fragrance, slightly bitter and sweet taste. Or the main root is almost as long as or shorter than the rhizome, and is cylindrical, rhombus or herringbone, and the length is 1-6 cm. The surface is gray yellow, with longitudinal wrinkles, and the upper or middle-lower part has ring lines. The branch roots are 2-3, the fibrous roots are few and slender, clear and disorderly, and have more obvious warty processes. Slender rootstock, few thick and short rootstock, and sparse or dense and deep stem scar at the middle and upper part. The adventitious roots are thin and droop.
Ginseng is a precious Chinese medicinal material in China, has very obvious effects of nourishing and strengthening human bodies and preventing and treating various diseases, and enjoys the reputation of the king of Chinese medicaments. Ginseng is sweet in nature, slightly bitter in taste and slightly warm in nature. It enters spleen, lung, heart and kidney meridians. Has the effects of invigorating primordial qi, restoring pulse, relieving depletion, invigorating spleen, benefiting lung, promoting fluid production, nourishing blood, tranquilizing mind, and improving intelligence. Can be used for treating asthenia, collapse, cold limbs, weak pulse, spleen deficiency, anorexia, lung deficiency, cough, asthma, body fluid deficiency, thirst, internal heat, diabetes, deficiency of both qi and blood, asthenia, palpitation, insomnia, sexual impotence, and cold womb. China is a world ginseng main production area, raw materials and ginseng products produced and processed by the raw materials are more and more concerned by people of all the countries in the world, Jilin province is one of the main production areas of the ginseng in the northeast, and a ginseng planting mode is changed from the past varlin planting mode to the forest ginseng, the forest ginseng intercropping mode and the non-forest land planting mode. The ginseng under the forest is a unique resource type product in our province and is also a shortage raw material of the ginseng deep-processed products in the future. The resource of the forest land suitable for planting ginseng in Jilin province is sufficient, and the forest land suitable for planting ginseng under the forest is more than 750 ten thousand mu. At present, the planting area of the ginseng under the forest in Jilin province is about 150 ten thousand mu, wherein the planting area of the ginseng under the forest with the age of more than 15 years accounts for more than 30 percent, and the future development potential and market advantage are huge.
The drying agent is mainly used for reducing the water content of the articles and preventing the articles from mildewing and deteriorating. Static desiccants based on physical adsorption include silica gel desiccants, clay desiccants, fiber desiccants, and the like. Static desiccants based on chemisorption are calcium chloride, soda lime, and the like. The common desiccants used in food are quicklime, silica gel, calcium chloride and a novel desiccant, namely a film-coated cellulose tablet desiccant. The control of moisture is closely related with the excellence of the product, and under certain temperature and humidity, bacteria and mould in the medicinal materials can breed at an incredible speed, so that the medicinal materials are rotten and damaged, and are affected with moisture and mildewed. The desiccant is used for removing moisture and avoiding the occurrence of bacteria and mold caused by excessive moisture. Among a plurality of drying agents, the plant fiber drying agent is formed by refining pure natural plant fibers through a special process, has high moisture absorption rate and high moisture absorption rate, and the saturated moisture absorption rate can reach 100 percent of the self weight (25 ℃, RH is 100 percent), is three times of that of a common silica gel drying agent, is convenient and practical and does not need space. The natural plant fiber is used as a moisture absorption carrier, can be degraded naturally by 100 percent, and belongs to an environment-friendly desiccant; the fiber desiccant is shaped like a thick paper sheet, can be cut into various shapes at will, can be directly filled in a bottle cap or other containers, and is an ideal choice for a plurality of organisms, health-care foods and medicines.
At present, ginseng is increasingly popular as a nutriment for regulating human body functions as the living standard of people is improved, and is mainly divided into wild ginseng, ginseng under forest and garden ginseng. Pure wild ginseng is the highest in quality but not easy to obtain; the effect of wild ginseng can be achieved when the ginseng is planted in the forest for the next time but the year is increased; the medicinal value of the garden ginseng is not higher than that of the ginseng under forest, but the garden ginseng can be cultivated artificially, and the production period is shorter than that of the ginseng under forest. Various techniques and methods related to ginseng processing have been developed to effectively store ginseng for a long time. Most of the traditional process technology and modern process means adopt a high-temperature drying mode, but thermosensitive functional substances are easily damaged or the content of functional components is reduced under a high-temperature environment, for example, ginseng contains volatile oil components, low-boiling-point components are volatilized at high temperature, and meanwhile thermosensitive components are easily decomposed into epoxy compounds, alkene terpenes, organic acids, lipid high-molecular compounds and the like through isomerization. So that the non-effective components are increased and the main effective components are reduced. The physiological activity of the ginseng is weakened and the dryness is enhanced in a high-temperature environment, the quality of the ginseng product is reduced, the requirements of consumers on the color, the shape and the taste of the product are difficult to meet, the medicinal materials with higher requirements on medicinal value and appearance property, such as wild ginseng and ginseng under forest, are greatly influenced, the sale price in the international market is influenced, larger economic loss is caused, and the precious Chinese medicinal resource of the ginseng is wasted. In order to reduce the loss of ginseng during the drying process and to maintain the appearance of ginseng as much as possible, a new ginseng processing method is imperative.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art, and provides a processing method which is healthy, energy-saving and beneficial to keeping the original appearance of the ginseng, and the processed ginseng has good color and luster and good rehydration property, and reduces the loss of volatile oil components.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention specifically adopts the following technical scheme.
A processing method for keeping original appearance of Ginseng radix comprises the following steps.
A. Cleaning fresh Ginseng radix with water.
B. B, placing the ginseng obtained in the step A in a dryer, and adding a food desiccant; the drying agent of the film-coated cellulose sheet can be softened and easily folded along with the time, at the moment, the drying agent can be replaced in a proper amount, and hot air drying at 45 ℃ is carried out when the moisture content reaches the conversion point.
C. And C, placing the dryer obtained in the step B at room temperature in a shady and ventilated place, and taking out the dried ginseng when the moisture content of the ginseng reaches 12% to obtain the dried ginseng with complete appearance and shape, good color and luster and good rehydration property.
The ambient temperature at room temperature in step C does not exceed 30 ℃.
And B, placing the ginseng in the dryer layer by layer.
The ginseng selected in the step A is fresh ginseng with uniform size.
The dosage of the food desiccant in the step B is the film-coated cellulose tablet, and the initial dosage of the desiccant is 1 time of the weight of the ginseng.
Specifically, the ginseng taken out in the drying process in the step B is weighed and then dried in the step C.
The method for drying and processing the fresh ginseng needs to be noticed as follows: before drying by a drying agent, ginseng of the same batch with similar mass is selected for drying processing. Therefore, the conditions of uneven drying and large time difference in drying can be avoided in the drying process.
The ginseng drying process has the beneficial effects that the process is utilized to realize pollution-free maximization, the processing cost of the ginseng process is reduced, the number of processing equipment is greatly reduced, energy consumption is greatly reduced, the appearance characters of the ginseng dried by the drying agent and hot air in a combined manner are completely reserved, the unique fragrance of the ginseng is well reserved, the problems of color and appearance change of other drying modes are solved, the medicine property is excellent, the taste is delicious, rehydration is good, and the selling quality of the ginseng in the international market is improved. Has important influence on the development of ginseng industry in future, and makes good market prospect and economic planning in China and east Asia areas for ginseng market in future.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a water content ratio variation curve of ginseng under different water content conversion conditions.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the drying profile of ginseng according to different drying methods.
Figure 3 hot air drying rate profile.
Fig. 4 is a graph of combined drying rates.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of different drying methods on the brightness of ginseng epidermis.
FIG. 6 shows the effect of different drying methods on red color of ginseng epidermis.
FIG. 7 the effect of different drying methods on the yellow color of ginseng epidermis.
FIG. 8 comparison of ginseng epidermis by combination drying and hot air drying.
FIG. 9 shows the effect of different drying methods on the rehydration of ginseng.
FIG. 10 influence of different drying methods on the internal structure of ginseng.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1.
A method for drying and processing ginseng comprises the steps of selecting a batch of newly harvested ginseng with the mass (16.68 +/-4.84) g/piece and the diameter (1.42 +/-0.21) cm to begin processing, placing cleaned ginseng layer by layer in a dryer to ensure that the ginseng and the ginseng do not mutually collide with each other and avoid damaging the original shape, then putting a drying agent which is 1 time of the total weight of the ginseng into the dryer, weighing the ginseng at regular time, adding a proper amount of the drying agent when the drying agent is soft and easy to fold, drying the ginseng by hot air at 45 ℃ when the moisture content reaches 30%, and taking the ginseng out when the moisture content is continuously reduced to 12%, thereby obtaining the dried ginseng (number Xb 1) which is complete in appearance and shape, good in color and luster and good in rehydration performance.
Example 2.
A method for drying and processing ginseng comprises selecting a batch of newly-harvested ginseng with mass (19.57 +/-4.51) g/piece and diameter (1.62 +/-0.32) cm, starting processing, placing cleaned ginseng layer by layer in a dryer to ensure that the ginseng does not collide with each other and the original form is prevented from being damaged, then putting a drying agent which is 1 time of the total weight of the ginseng, weighing at regular time, adding a proper amount of the drying agent along with the time extension, replacing the drying agent when the drying agent becomes soft and easy to break, drying the ginseng by hot air at 45 ℃ when the moisture content reaches 20%, and taking out the ginseng when the moisture content is continuously reduced to 12%, thereby obtaining the dried ginseng (number Xb 2) which has complete appearance and shape, good color and good rehydration property.
Example 3.
Selecting a newly harvested batch of ginseng with the mass (16.68 +/-4.84) g/branch and the diameter (1.42 +/-0.21) cm, starting processing, cleaning the newly harvested batch of ginseng, and setting the temperature of a hot air circulation electric oven at 45 ℃. Weighing at regular time, and taking out when water content of Ginseng radix is reduced to 12% to obtain dried Ginseng radix (number R1).
Example 4.
Selecting a batch of newly harvested ginseng with the mass (19.57 +/-4.51) g/branch and the diameter (1.62 +/-0.32) cm for processing, cleaning the newly harvested ginseng, and setting the temperature of a hot air circulation electric oven at 45 ℃. Weighing at regular time, and taking out when water content of Ginseng radix is reduced to 12% to obtain dried Ginseng radix (number R2).
Example 5.
The determination method of the water content of the switching point of a newly harvested batch of ginseng with the mass (16.68 +/-4.84) g/branch and the diameter (1.42 +/-0.21) cm comprises the following specific steps: drying the pre-treated ginseng sample in a dryer with a drying agent, respectively drying until the water content is 20%, 30% and 40%, and drying at the hot air drying temperature of 45 ℃ until the water content is lower than 12%.
As shown in fig. 1, in the drying curve of example 5, in which the moisture ratio changes with the drying time, as the converted moisture content increases from 20% to 40%, the drying time of the desiccant decreases, which is 361.6h, 355.6h, and 260.7h, respectively, and the total drying time to achieve safe moisture content is shortened, which is 412.0h, 391.6h, and 364.6h, respectively. The drying resistance is continuously increased because the bound water in the material is mainly removed in the middle and later periods of drying, the moisture in the material forms a gradient with the surface moisture during hot air drying, the internal moisture continuously migrates to the surface, the surface moisture evaporates and diffuses to the air through an air film to achieve the purpose of drying, and the drying device has larger drying driving force compared with a drying agent, is high in drying speed, increases the converted moisture content, and shortens the total drying time. However, it has been found that the dried ginseng product is susceptible to high temperature under the condition of high converted water content, resulting in local high temperature and reduced quality. The water content of example 5 was set to 30% by converting, considering the quality of ginseng and the drying time in combination.
Example 6.
The determination method of the moisture content of the conversion point of a newly harvested batch of ginseng with the mass (19.57 +/-4.51) g/branch and the diameter (1.62 +/-0.32) cm comprises the following specific determination methods: drying the pretreated ginseng sample in a dryer by adding a drying agent, respectively drying until the water content is 10%, 20% and 30%, then adding multiple times of the drying agent on the basis, and drying until the water content is 12% lower.
As shown in fig. 1, in the drying curve of example 2 in which the moisture ratio changes with the drying time, as the converted moisture content increases from 10% to 30%, the drying time of the desiccant decreases, which is 391.6h, 355.6h and 265.5h, respectively, and the total drying time to achieve safe moisture content is shortened, which is 465.6h, 381.1h and 363.6h, respectively. The drying resistance is continuously increased because the bound water in the material is mainly removed in the middle and later periods of drying, the moisture in the material forms a gradient with the surface moisture during hot air drying, the internal moisture continuously migrates to the surface, the surface moisture evaporates and diffuses to the air through an air film to achieve the purpose of drying, and the drying device has larger drying driving force compared with a drying agent, is high in drying speed, increases the converted moisture content, and shortens the total drying time. However, it has been found that the dried ginseng product is susceptible to high temperature under the condition of high converted water content, resulting in local high temperature and reduced quality. The water content of example 6 was set to 20% by converting, considering the quality of ginseng and the drying time in combination.
Example 7.
The method for determining the desiccant dosage of a newly-harvested batch of ginseng with the mass (16.68 +/-4.84) g/branch and the diameter (1.42 +/-0.21) cm comprises the following specific steps: drying the pre-treated ginseng sample in a drier with a drying agent, and drying with a single drying agent until the water content is lower than 12%.
The drying time of the single desiccant is too long. Due to lower efficiency and increased labor costs. The quality and the drying time of the ginseng are comprehensively considered, and subsequent research is not carried out on the ginseng dried by the single desiccant.
Example 8.
The method for determining the desiccant dosage of a newly harvested batch of ginseng with the mass (19.57 +/-4.51) g/branch and the diameter (1.62 +/-0.32) cm comprises the following specific determination methods: drying the pre-treated ginseng sample in a drier with a drying agent, and drying with a single drying agent until the water content is lower than 12%.
The single desiccant has too long drying time. Due to lower efficiency and increased labor costs. The quality and the drying time of the ginseng are comprehensively considered, and subsequent research is not carried out on the ginseng dried by the single desiccant.
And processing the data of the timing weighing according to the following formula to obtain a drying characteristic curve, wherein the drying characteristic curve comprises a drying curve and a drying rate curve.
(1) Dry basis water content (Mt): calculating according to the formula:
M t ＝(w t －m dry matter )/m Dry matter
m Dry matter Is the mass (g), w of dry ginseng t Is the total mass (g) at time t.
(2) Drying rate: drying Rate (DR) is the amount of water volatilized per unit time of dry matter. According to the Falade et al method, the calculation is made according to the formula:
DR＝(M t －M t－1 )/Δt
DR is the drying rate between time t and t-1 during drying [ g/(g ∙ min) ]; m t And M t－1 Respectively the dry basis water content of the sample at t and t-1 moments, (g/g); Δ t is the time interval (h).
As shown in FIG. 2, it can be seen from the drying curve that the moisture content of ginseng in different drying methods is decreased with the increase of the drying time. Under different drying conditions, the water content of the ginseng is rapidly reduced at the initial stage of drying, and the water content is slowly reduced at the later stage of drying until the drying end point is reached. As shown in fig. 3 and 4, it can be seen that the hot air drying has a deceleration period, an acceleration period, and a one-or-two-stage constant speed period, and the deceleration period is more severe than the drying agent, and the combined drying has a deceleration period, an acceleration period, and a constant speed period.
Appearance properties of the jointly dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot air dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 were measured, and 4 appearance property indexes of the main root length, the main root diameter, the reed head length, and the reed head diameter were selected as the ginseng material property measurement indexes. The specific determination method comprises the following steps: the main root straightness of the ginseng washed before drying in examples 1, 2,3 and 4 was measured with a digital vernier caliperDiameter D 1-1 (ii) a Length of reed head D 2-1 (ii) a Diameter of reed head D 3-1 (ii) a The length L of the main root is measured by a ruler 1-1 (ii) a The root diameter D of the ginseng dried in examples 1, 2,3 and 4 was measured by a digital vernier caliper in the same manner as in example 4 1-2 (ii) a Length of reed head D 2-2 (ii) a Diameter of reed head D 3-2 (ii) a The length L of the main root of the root is measured by a ruler 1-2 The contraction ratio thereof was calculated. Shrinkage ratio = [ (appearance index before drying) n-1 Appearance index after drying n-2 ) Appearance index before drying n-1 *100%]The test results are shown in the following table.
Table 1 effect of different drying methods on the diameter of the main root of ginseng.
Table 2 effect of different drying patterns on ginseng head length.
Table 3 effect of different drying modes on the diameter of ginseng heads.
Table 4 effect of different drying methods on the length of the main root of ginseng.
The desiccant drying (No. Xb 1) and hot air drying (No. R1) are different from each other in terms of the main root length (p < 0.05); from the reed head length, the difference between the drying agent (code Xb 1) and the hot air drying (code R1) is very significant (p <0.001), and the difference between the drying agent (code Xb 2) and the hot air drying (code R2) is significant (p < 0.01); from the main root diameter, hot air drying (code R1) and desiccant drying (code Xb 1) have differences (p <0.05), and desiccant drying (code Xb 2) and hot air drying (code R2) have very significant differences (p < 0.001); from the reed head diameter, the drying agent (code Xb 1) and hot air drying (code R1) have differences (p <0.05), and the drying agent (code Xb 2) and hot air drying (code R2) have significant differences (p <0.01) (see table 1-table 4). In conclusion, the water content of the ginseng subjected to the combined drying is lower than that of the ginseng subjected to the hot air drying according to the water content, which indicates that the combined drying not only can better dry the ginseng, but also can greatly reduce the change of the overall shape of the ginseng in the drying process.
The color of the combination-dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot-air-dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 was measured by the following method: measuring color change of the upper part of the outer skin of the main root of Ginseng radix by color difference meter. The color data is uniformly expressed by L a b color space, and the color change before and after drying is calculated by the formula:
△E*lab=√(L 1 *-L 2 *) 2 +(a 1 *-a 2 *) 2 +(b 1 *-b 2 *) 2
Δ E × lab represents the difference between the two measured colors; l, a and b represent the lightness, red and yellow of ginseng, respectively. The test results are shown in fig. 5, 6, 7 and 9.
(1) The difference in the color of the surface of the dried ginseng was measured by a colorimeter, and it was found that the difference in the color of the surface of the dried ginseng resulted in a decrease in the degree of color of the surface of the dried ginseng in different degrees for each of the different processes, in which the L value of the dried product obtained under the hot air drying condition and the L value of the dried product obtained under the combined drying condition were both decreased, indicating that the color of the surface of the dried ginseng was darker (FIG. 5).
(2) As the degree of drying increases, the red color ratio of the surface color of the ginseng gradually increases in both methods, the hot air dried ginseng yellow value decreases, and the combined dried ginseng yellow value increases (FIGS. 6 and 9), which indicates that the combined dried ginseng product is brighter than the hot air dried ginseng product in terms of the color of the ginseng.
(3) The combined dried ginseng outer skins were light yellow-brown. The epidermis of the hot air-dried ginseng shows browning to various degrees. The hot air drying is carried out under the conditions of high temperature and oxygen, and the color of the skin is dark because the color of the skin is easy to change due to the high temperature. The combined drying is carried out under the conditions of normal temperature and low oxygen, and the change of color and luster can be delayed by reducing the existence of oxygen, so the color of the skin is light.
The volume ratio of the jointly dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot air dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 was measured by the following method: the ginseng washed before drying in examples 1 and 2 was placed in a root tray, and roots were horizontally divided by tweezers to be as non-overlapping as possible, to ensure accurate data. And putting the scanning object into a scanner to be scanned after the scanning object is ready. Analyzing the scanned picture by using dedicated analysis software WinRHIO of root system to obtain root system index, thereby obtaining volume V of fresh ginseng 1 (ii) a Obtaining the volume V of the dried ginseng by the same method after the drying 2 However, the dried ginseng is fixed in shape and can be placed lightly without using tweezers to separate the root system. The dried ginseng of example 3 and example 4 were subjected to the same volume measurement method as example 1 and example 2. Calculating the volume ratio of ginseng, wherein the volume ratio is = [ (V) 1 -V 2 ）/V 1 ]X 100%, the test results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 effect of different drying patterns on ginseng volume.
The ginseng volume contraction ratios obtained by different processing methods are different but have no difference, and the conclusion is obtained by combining the following tables 1 to 4: the combined drying not only can better dry the ginseng, but also can greatly reduce the change of the whole shape of the ginseng in the drying process. It can be fully demonstrated that combined drying has an advantage over hot air in the retention of ginseng fibrous roots.
The water content of the combination-dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot-air-dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 was measured by the following method: measuring the water content of the ginseng according to Chinese pharmacopoeia (2020): spreading 2g of Ginseng radix powder in flat weighing bottle (error of 0.02-0.03 g) with thickness not more than 5mm-10mm, precisely weighing, drying at 105 deg.C for 5 hr, covering with cover, transferring into drier, cooling for 30 min, precisely weighing, drying at the above temperature for 1 hr, cooling, weighing, and weighing until the difference between two successive weighing is not more than 5 mg. The water content of the ginseng powder was calculated, and the water content = [ (total weight of the ginseng powder and the weighing bottle before drying-total weight of the ginseng powder and the weighing bottle after drying)/weight of the ginseng powder ] × 100%, and the test results are shown in table 6.
Table 6 water content and total energy consumption of dried ginseng in two drying manners.
The water content of the two drying modes with different specifications is lower than the safe water content by 12 percent. Although the time of the combined drying is longer than that of the hot air drying, the combined drying can effectively prevent the ginseng from mildewing in the drying process, and the ginseng can be effectively prevented from being damped, softened, mildewed and vermin in the storage stage after the drying. And the total energy consumption required by the combined drying is less than that of hot air, thereby meeting the national low-carbon and environment-friendly concept.
The rehydration ratios of the co-dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot air-dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 were determined by the following specific methods: separately, 3 ginseng samples (0.5 cm thick) were weighed into a beaker, soaked in 100ml of water at 95 ℃ for 15 minutes, then removed from the water and wiped dry with filter paper until there was no excess water on the surface of the sample. The operation is repeated until the quality is not changed any more. Each set of experiments was set to 3 replicates and the results averaged. The rehydration ratio = [ mass of sample after rehydration/mass of dry sample ], the test results are shown in fig. 8.
The cross-sectional structures of the jointly dried ginseng obtained in examples 1 and 2 and the hot air dried ginseng obtained in examples 3 and 4 were measured by the following method: the whole body observation of ginseng was first carried out by naked eyes, and then the sectional observation of ginseng was carried out by a SZMCTV (1/2) microscope and photographed under magnification. The test results are shown in FIG. 10.
(1) Although hot air drying can rapidly dry ginseng in the research, moisture on the surface of the ginseng is diffused to an air flow main body through an air film on the surface in the drying process, and the dried product has the defects of hard tissue, brown stain on pore passages of the cross section, poor rehydration capability, poor rehydration effect in the same time, difficulty in decoction and serious loss of nutritional ingredients.
(2) The method has the advantages that the method is combined with drying, the characteristics of the method are utilized in the early stage, the moisture is absorbed and the dehumidifying and damp-proof functions are realized, the hot air drying in a short time is utilized in the later stage, so that the moisture meets the requirements of pharmacopeia, although the overall drying time is slow, the texture is solid, the rehydration rate of the medicinal material is high, the rehydration speed is closer to the shape of the ginseng, the characteristics are favorable for enabling a leaching solution to be rapidly and deeply immersed into the medicinal material, the effective components in the leaching solution are obviously increased, the disadvantage of the hot air drying is solved, the operation is simple, and the method is green and energy-saving.
(3) The traditional texture evaluation of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials is mainly characterized by qualitative descriptions such as weight, firmness, loose foam and the like, and the color of the hot air dried sample medicinal materials is greatly changed by combining the discussion part; the fibrous root is not completely remained, and the appearance and the body are seriously damaged; the texture is hard, the pore passage is browned, the rehydration curve is in a descending trend, the rehydration time is long, and the rehydration ratio is higher than the numerical value of the small specification ratio and the large specification ratio; the color change of the jointly dried medicinal materials is smaller than that of the medicinal materials dried by hot air; the retention of fibrous roots is more complete than hot wind, and the retention of appearance shape is better than that of hot wind; the processing method has the advantages that the texture is solid, the rehydration curve is in an ascending trend, the rehydration effect is good and fast, the rehydration ratio is higher than the large specification value and the small specification value, the processed medicinal materials are easy to absorb water in the decocting process, the decocting time is shortened, and the processing method is beneficial to decocting the medicinal materials and is beneficial to extracting effective components. Therefore, the combined drying is a better processing method, and has great use value for drying the precious and fine medicinal materials, such as ginseng, which have high requirements on appearance properties and effective components.
The volatile oils of the healthy energy-saving drying agent-dried ginseng obtained in example 1 and example 2 and the hot air-dried ginseng obtained in example 3 and example 4 were measured by the following specific methods: 1.0 g of ginseng powder sieved by 60 meshes is weighed and placed in a 20 mL headspace vial, sealed by an aluminum cap and injected.
GC-MC analysis: the instrument comprises the following steps: shimadzu GC 2010plus-QP2020 gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry spectrometer (with HS-20 auto headspace sampler). Headspace injector conditions: the temperature of the constant temperature furnace: 100 ℃; sample flow path temperature: 180 transmission line temperature: the constant temperature time of the sample is as follows: 20 min; sample introduction time: 0.5 min. GC conditions were as follows: SHIMADZU SH-Rxi-5Sil MS capillary chromatographic column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm); temperature programming conditions: the initial temperature is 30 ℃, the temperature is kept for 1 min, the temperature is increased to 160 ℃ at 25 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 6 min, the temperature is increased to 240 ℃ at 30 ℃/min, and the temperature is kept for 5 min; raising the temperature to 260 ℃ at a speed of 20 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 2 min; the sample inlet temperature is 280 ℃; (ii) a The carrier gas is He. MS conditions: an EI ion source; the ion source temperature is 230 ℃; the temperature of the transmission line is 200 ℃; electron energy 70 eV; mass range m/z: 29-300 parts; solvent delay time 0.1 min; NIST 11 standard mass spectral library.
Table 7 comparison of the relative percentages of volatile oils of two drying modes of drying ginseng.
And (6) continuing the table.
As shown in Table 7, from the viewpoint of compound types, the ginseng volatile oil mainly contains monoterpenes, alkanes, esters and sesquiterpenes, wherein the sesquiterpene compounds are characteristic components of the ginseng volatile oil. The 5 compounds with the highest combined dried ginseng content are sequentially as follows: n-hexanal (30.94%), 3-hydroxybutyric acid (15.85%), 2-methyl-propionaldehyde (6.04%), 2, 3-butanedione (5.66%), β -pinene (5.28%); the 5 compounds with the highest hot air drying content of the ginseng are sequentially as follows: butyloctalactone (13.4%), isobutanol (12.4%), ethyl acetate (7.6%), (-) -alpha-neosyringtricyclene (5.6%), 1-octen-3-ol (4.8%). The sesquiterpene compound has relatively high content in the dried ginseng volatile oil, and the hot air dried ginseng volatile oil mainly contains sesquiterpene oxygen-containing compounds. Therefore, the distribution ratio of chemical components contained in the ginseng volatile oil in different drying modes is greatly different. The ginseng volatile oil can inhibit the growth of bacteria by destroying cell walls of thalli and influencing bacterial substances and energy metabolism; meanwhile, the anti-tumor effect can be realized by inducing apoptosis; in the aspect of cardiovascular protection, the ginseng volatile oil can also obviously inhibit myocardial ischemia injury and improve human microcirculation. Wherein (-) -alpha-neosyringatricyclene, (-) -syringatricyclene and alpha-pinene have anti-inflammatory activity; beta-pinene, and has antibacterial, antiinflammatory, tranquilizing, and anesthetic effects.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are given by way of illustration of the principles of the present invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. A processing method beneficial to keeping the original appearance character of ginseng is characterized in that: the method comprises the following specific steps:
A. cleaning collected ginseng with water for later use;
B. b, placing the ginseng obtained in the step A in a dryer, and adding a food desiccant; the drying agent of the film-coated cellulose sheet can become soft and easy to be folded along with the time extension, at the moment, the drying agent can be replaced in a proper amount, and hot air drying at 45 ℃ is carried out when the moisture content reaches the moisture content of a conversion point;
C. and C, placing the dryer obtained in the step B at room temperature in a shady and ventilated place, and taking out the dried ginseng when the moisture content of the ginseng reaches 12% to obtain the dried ginseng with complete appearance and shape, good color and luster and good rehydration property.
2. The processing method for preserving original appearance of ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the processing method comprises the following steps: the ambient temperature at room temperature in step C does not exceed 30 ℃.
3. The processing method for preserving original appearance of ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the processing method comprises the following steps: and B, placing the ginseng in the dryer layer by layer in the dryer.
4. The processing method for preserving the original appearance of ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the processing method comprises the following steps: the ginseng selected in the step A is fresh ginseng with uniform size.
5. The processing method for preserving original appearance of ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the processing method comprises the following steps: the dosage of the food desiccant in the step B is the film-coated cellulose tablet, and the initial dosage of the desiccant is 1 time of the weight of the ginseng.
6. The processing method for preserving original appearance of ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the processing method comprises the following steps: the food drying agent in the step B is selected from one of allochroic silica gel, cellulose tablets, calcium chloride, montmorillonite, corn starch and super absorbent resin.
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