CN115097097B - Point distribution sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/04—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
Abstract
The invention discloses a point distribution sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation, which comprises the following steps: s1, determining a sampling unit according to a task and a range of investigation and research; s2, obtaining areas of various combined categories of matrix types of soil types, and obtaining the number of pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots; s3, aiming at sampling units in the investigation region, carrying out point distribution by adopting a system point distribution method, S4, drawing a sample point grid table according to the number, the area and the specific positions of the point positions, and connecting a region background value calculation result to a grid corresponding to the sample point grid table for display. The invention can fully utilize the existing investigation data of agricultural land detail investigation point location and multi-target geochemical investigation point location data, so that the point distribution can be realized under the condition of limited expense to acquire more data for background value statistics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil environment monitoring, in particular to a point distribution sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation.
Background
The soil background value is also called as soil background value, which represents a characteristic value of a statistic in a certain environmental unit, the background value refers to the normal content of elements in various natural bodies under the normal geographic condition and the geochemical condition of each area, and in environmental science, the soil background value refers to the content of elements in soil which is not or less polluted and destroyed under the influence of human activities.
Because of the long-term accumulation of human activities and the rapid development of modern industry and agriculture, the chemical composition and content level of the natural environment are obviously changed, and the soil environment background value is actually a relative concept to find a soil environment which is not influenced by human activities absolutely.
The purpose of the soil heavy metal environment background investigation is to obtain soil heavy metal environment background content data and provide data support for the determination of soil heavy metal environment background values; on the basis of researching the soil heavy metal environment background value investigation technology and method and combining the data of soil types and distribution characteristics, imaging matrix, topography, hydrogeology condition, climate types and the like, various technical specifications and methods of the soil heavy metal environment background investigation are systematically summarized, and a novel soil heavy metal environment background investigation method is established.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a point distribution sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a point setting sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation comprises the following steps:
s1, determining a sampling range of a survey area according to a task and a range of survey and research, and acquiring a sampling unit;
s2, obtaining areas of various combined categories of matrix types of soil types, and obtaining the number of pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s3, aiming at sampling units in the investigation region, carrying out point distribution by adopting a system point distribution method, wherein the system point distribution method comprises the following steps:
s301, dividing the sampling unit obtained in the step S1 into grids with the same area of 1 km-4.5 km, and arranging one sampling point in each grid to enable the number of the grids to be equal to the distribution number of the sampling points;
s302, comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific positions of the points according to the distribution number of the sampling points, the areas of all the combination categories, the number of the pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s303, adjusting the specific positions of sampling points of the grid according to actual conditions;
and S4, drawing a sample point grid table according to the number, the area and the specific positions of the point positions of the grids, and connecting the area background value calculation result to the grid corresponding to the sample point grid table for display.
Further, the layout conditions of the sampling points in the step S301 are as follows:
a) The sampling points are arranged at the places with obvious type characteristics of the picked soil, flat and stable topography and good vegetation, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with subordinate landscape characteristics of the slope feet and the depressions;
b) The arrangement of sampling points should avoid places with large artificial interference, such as: town, house, road, trench, manure pit, grave vicinity;
c) The sampling points are distributed more than 300m away from the railway and the highway;
d) The sampling points are arranged at the places with the complete development of the section, clear layers and no invasion, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with serious water and soil loss or damaged surface soil;
e) The sampling points are arranged and selected on land areas where chemical fertilizers or pesticides are not applied or are applied less;
f) Sampling points are not distributed in the edge areas with small areas, wherein the edge areas are distributed in a staggered mode by various earths and various matrix and parent rocks.
Further, the method for comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific position of the point location in step S302 is as follows:
1) Expanding and determining the specific positions of the points according to the existing point data: screening and analyzing the existing agricultural land detail investigation points and multi-target geochemical investigation points, wherein the existing agricultural land detail investigation points and multi-target geochemical investigation points partially meet the soil environment background points required by the soil environment background points, but have the defects of insufficient indexes, nonuniform spatial distribution of the screened partial areas and the like, and a new soil environment background point is additionally arranged on the basis, so that the coverage range of the soil environment background points is wide and the spatial distribution is relatively uniform;
2) Determining specific positions of points by taking soil types, matrix and administrative areas as distribution areas: the specific positions of the points of the background points of the soil environment are determined by referring to the soil types, the matrix and the distribution areas divided by administrative areas, the main influencing factors of heavy metals are considered, the variability of the heavy metals of the existing background points is small, and the distribution units are reasonable;
3) The specific positions of the points are determined by taking the key areas and the pollutants as the distribution areas: focusing on the background value of the soil environment of the construction land, focusing on elements such as arsenic, cobalt and the like and enrichment of regional cadmium and mercury aiming at the management requirement of the construction land so as to evaluate the long-term soil accumulation risk;
4) The specific position of the point location is determined by enterprise distribution and field verification in the key industry: the background points of the soil environment are laid to avoid the influence of heavy pollution sources, the distribution of enterprises in the existing key industries is analyzed, the main heavy pollution sources are avoided in the indoor point distribution stage, the pollution sources are avoided through interviews and on-site investigation in the on-site point verification stage, and the background points are ensured to meet the requirements.
Further, the method for adjusting the specific positions of the points of the grid in step S303 includes: multi-type combination adjustment, point location density adjustment, buffer area adjustment, topography adjustment and longitude and latitude adjustment.
Still further, the multi-type combination is adapted to: and adjusting the specific positions of the point positions of the grids through the multi-type combinations, wherein when the multi-type combinations possibly exist in one grid range, the point position type selection is mainly performed on the dominant type combination, and the specific positions of the point positions are positioned at the central positions of the dominant type combination as much as possible.
Further, the point location density is adjusted as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the point density, and as the number of the points of different types and the grid spacing are different, the type combination is distributed in a crossed mode in space, and after all the types of points are integrated, the position adjustment is needed to be properly carried out according to the density of the spatial points.
Still further, the buffer is adapted to: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the buffer area, the heavy metal content level and the accumulation degree in the soil tend to increase and then decrease along with the presentation of the buffer distance, turning points generally appear in the range of 1 km-4.5 km, elements such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic and the like are concentrated in the range of 3km, and the range of the heavy metal in the soil affected by enterprises is determined by analyzing the buffer area adjustment method.
Still further, the topography is adjusted to: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the landform, the influence of the landform units and the landform types is also considered in the selection of the specific positions of the points, and the specific positions of the points are located in the leading area of the sampling unit as much as possible;
when the landform units and the landform types are plain with small landform fluctuation, the set quantity of the investigation points adopts sparse arrangement, and when the landform units and the landform types are landform complex areas with large landform fluctuation, the set quantity of the investigation points adopts dense arrangement.
Further, the longitude and latitude are adjusted as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grids are adjusted according to the actual conditions, the initial longitude and latitude of the grids are adjusted, the positions of excessive grids falling on roads, rivers and residential areas are avoided, and the positions are finely adjusted by combining high-resolution remote sensing images with the latest land utilization map after the point position adjustment, so that each point position is ensured to meet the requirement of site sampling; if the site sampling finds that the point positions of the partial grids are not avoided, sampling is needed to be performed within the range of 500 meters of the point position square circle of the partial grids.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the point distribution sampling method fully utilizes the existing investigation data of agricultural land detail investigation point positions and multi-target geochemical investigation point position data, distributes points on the basis of the investigation data, and can acquire more data for background value statistics under the condition of limited expense, thereby being convenient for investigation and research on the background value of the soil heavy metal.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a distribution diagram of the type of land used in Suzhou (2018) in an application example of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a distribution diagram of soil types in Suzhou city in an application example of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a chart of the distribution of the matrix of Suzhou city in an application example of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a chart showing a unit of investigation of the background value of the soil environment in Suzhou in an application example of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a background spot distribution of a soil environment to be laid in an application example of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a view of the type of soil environment background sampling in an application example of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a soil profile in an application example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following embodiments to better embody the advantages of the invention.
Examples
A point setting sampling method for soil heavy metal background value investigation comprises the following steps:
s1, determining a sampling range of a survey area according to a task and a range of survey and research, and acquiring a sampling unit;
s2, obtaining areas of various combined categories of matrix types of soil types, and obtaining the number of pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s3, aiming at sampling units in the investigation region, carrying out point distribution by adopting a system point distribution method, wherein the system point distribution method comprises the following steps:
s301, dividing the sampling unit obtained in the step S1 into grids with the same area of 1 km-4.5 km, and arranging one sampling point in each grid to enable the number of the grids to be equal to the distribution number of the sampling points;
s302, comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific positions of the points according to the distribution number of the sampling points, the areas of all the combination categories, the number of the pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s303, adjusting the specific positions of sampling points of the grid according to actual conditions;
and S4, drawing a sample point grid table according to the number, the area and the specific positions of the point positions of the grids, and connecting the area background value calculation result to the grid corresponding to the sample point grid table for display.
The layout conditions of the sampling points in the step S301 are as follows:
a) The sampling points are arranged at the places with obvious type characteristics of the picked soil, flat and stable topography and good vegetation, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with subordinate landscape characteristics of the slope feet and the depressions;
b) The arrangement of sampling points should avoid places with large artificial interference, such as: town, house, road, trench, manure pit, grave vicinity;
c) The sampling points are distributed more than 300m away from the railway and the highway;
d) The sampling points are arranged at the places with the complete development of the section, clear layers and no invasion, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with serious water and soil loss or damaged surface soil;
e) The sampling points are arranged and selected on land areas where chemical fertilizers or pesticides are not applied or are applied less;
f) Sampling points are not distributed in the edge areas with small areas, wherein the edge areas are distributed in a staggered mode by various earths and various matrix and parent rocks.
The method for comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific positions of the points in the step S302 comprises the following steps:
1) Expanding and determining the specific positions of the points according to the existing point data: screening and analyzing the existing agricultural land detail investigation points and multi-target geochemical investigation points, wherein the existing agricultural land detail investigation points and multi-target geochemical investigation points partially meet the soil environment background points required by the soil environment background points, but have the defects of insufficient indexes, nonuniform spatial distribution of the screened partial areas and the like, and a new soil environment background point is additionally arranged on the basis, so that the coverage range of the soil environment background points is wide and the spatial distribution is relatively uniform;
2) Determining specific positions of points by taking soil types, matrix and administrative areas as distribution areas: the specific positions of the points of the background points of the soil environment are determined by referring to the soil types, the matrix and the distribution areas divided by administrative areas, the main influencing factors of heavy metals are considered, the variability of the heavy metals of the existing background points is small, and the distribution units are reasonable;
3) The specific positions of the points are determined by taking the key areas and the pollutants as the distribution areas: focusing on the background value of the soil environment of the construction land, focusing on elements such as arsenic, cobalt and the like and enrichment of regional cadmium and mercury aiming at the management requirement of the construction land so as to evaluate the long-term soil accumulation risk;
4) The specific position of the point location is determined by enterprise distribution and field verification in the key industry: the background points of the soil environment are laid to avoid the influence of heavy pollution sources, the distribution of enterprises in the existing key industries is analyzed, the main heavy pollution sources are avoided in the indoor point distribution stage, the pollution sources are avoided through interviews and on-site investigation in the on-site point verification stage, and the background points are ensured to meet the requirements.
The method for adjusting the specific positions of the points of the grid in step S303 includes: multi-type combination adjustment, point location density adjustment, buffer area adjustment, topography adjustment and longitude and latitude adjustment;
the multi-type combination is adjusted as follows: and adjusting the specific positions of the point positions of the grids through the multi-type combinations, wherein when the multi-type combinations possibly exist in one grid range, the point position type selection is mainly performed on the dominant type combination, and the specific positions of the point positions are positioned at the central positions of the dominant type combination as much as possible.
The point location density is adjusted as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the point density, and as the number of the points of different types and the grid spacing are different, the type combination is distributed in a crossed mode in space, and after all the types of points are integrated, the position adjustment is needed to be properly carried out according to the density of the spatial points.
The buffer is adjusted to: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the buffer area, the heavy metal content level and the accumulation degree in the soil tend to increase and then decrease along with the presentation of the buffer distance, turning points generally appear in the range of 1 km-4.5 km, elements such as cadmium, mercury and arsenic are concentrated in the range of 3km, and the range of the heavy metal in the soil affected by enterprises is determined by analyzing through a buffer area adjusting method.
The topography and topography adjustment is as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the landform, the influence of the landform units and the landform types is also considered in the selection of the specific positions of the points, and the specific positions of the points are located in the leading area of the sampling unit as much as possible; when the landform units and the landform types are plain with small landform fluctuation, the set quantity of investigation points adopts sparse arrangement, and when the landform units and the landform types are landform complex areas with large landform fluctuation, the set quantity of investigation points adopts dense arrangement.
The longitude and latitude adjustment is as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grids are adjusted according to the actual conditions, the initial longitude and latitude of the grids are adjusted, the positions of excessive grids falling on roads, rivers and residential areas are avoided, and the positions are finely adjusted by combining high-resolution remote sensing images with the latest land utilization map after the point position adjustment, so that each point position is ensured to meet the requirement of site sampling; if the site sampling finds that the point positions of the partial grids are not avoided, sampling is required to be performed within the range of 500 meters of the point positions of the partial grids.
Application example
Taking a soil background value investigation point position in Suzhou city as an example, carrying out point setting sampling of soil heavy metal background value investigation, wherein the method comprises the following steps of:
taking an administrative region of the Suzhou city as a sampling range, acquiring a sampling unit, screening existing soil environment background points according to the technical flow of a guide rule, analyzing influence factors of heavy metal elements, reasonably defining a background value statistical unit by combining the distribution conditions of soil types and matrix types, and determining the soil environment background value of the Suzhou city;
collecting and arranging survey data, analyzing and screening existing soil background data, determining survey projects, dividing sampling units, arranging survey points, collecting samples, preparing and storing samples, analyzing and testing samples, controlling quality and the like;
1. collecting and sorting survey data
(1) The method is used for collecting the research data of the soil environment background at home and abroad, analyzing the current situation of the research on the soil environment background value at home and abroad by the system, and summarizing various technical specifications and methods of the research on the soil environment background at home and abroad.
(2) Relevant data useful in supporting market-level scale background value survey work is collected from multiple passes, including primarily natural and socioeconomic information of the target area, land utilization and its changes, environmental data, other relevant data or data, and the like.
1) Natural and socioeconomic information
The natural information mainly includes a map of the administrative district of the Suzhou (three grades of the local city, county and village), a map of the topography of the Suzhou (DEM and other relevant data, the spatial resolution is about 90 meters or finer), a map of the landform of the Suzhou, a map of the soil type of the Suzhou, a map of the matrix type of the Suzhou, and the like.
The socioeconomic information mainly comes from statistical annual-differentiation data released by various websites or related departments, and the main content comprises population density and distribution, sensitive target distribution, local disease statistical information, economic status quo, industrial structure, mineral resource distribution and the like.
2) Land use and its change
Including the current state of land utilization in the target area and its change map data, etc., the land utilization data of historically different years is collected, and the first, second and third land resource survey data (each county in su zhou) developed by the land resource department are collected in an emphasized manner, as shown in fig. 1.
3) Environmental data material
The system mainly originates from public portal sites or related departments to release data, and mainly comprises environmental data (such as regional environmental protection planning, environmental quality bulletin and the like) saved and released by government authorities and authorities, pollution source information (such as second national pollution source census, industrial and agricultural production and pollution discharge, pollution irrigation, chemical fertilizer and pesticide application situation data and the like), locally developed soil or environmental survey data (such as national first soil pollution census, agricultural land detail survey and major industry enterprise land survey) and the like.
4) Other related data or material
Other related works, such as Jiangsu soil, jiangsu soil species, jiangsu soil system, suzhou soil and the like, which are developed on the provincial scale, are collected by the original national resource departments of multi-target geochemistry and the like.
Based on expertise and experience to identify errors and unreasonable information in the data, the collected text data is classified and sorted to determine whether existing environmental survey data is available, and if so, an environmental survey data set consisting of single point location data should be established. The collected vector or grid database data are subjected to data arrangement, projection conversion of the data is performed in professional software (such as ArcGIS), data format unification and data range matching are performed, and the space operability of the data obtained from different sources is ensured
2. Determination of a point placement unit
According to the analysis of the existing background points, the existing background points can be used for representing regional soil background values, but whether the statistical requirement of the data set is met or not meets the management requirement or not needs further analysis. The existing point positions mainly cover the agricultural land, the construction site positions are relatively fewer, and the soil management and support effects on the construction site are limited. The agricultural land detail point location relates to the fact that 8 heavy metals are mainly deficient in elements such as manganese, cobalt, alum and selenium, point location data of multi-target investigation data are mixed samples, and the representativeness of the mixed samples needs to be further evaluated. The defects of the existing data and the management requirements indicate that the distribution sampling investigation needs to be further carried out, the regional soil environment background point data set is perfected in a targeted manner, and data support is provided for formulating regional soil environment background values.
3. Point placement unit partitioning
(1) Soil type: according to the collected Chinese 1:100 ten thousand soil map, the soil type distribution of Suzhou city is shown in fig. 2, the Suzhou soil type is mainly paddy soil, and the Suzhou soil type is also mainly damp soil, yellow brown soil and the like. The total of 12 categories are divided according to subclasses, the largest area is retention rice soil, and more than 50% of the total area of the whole city is achieved. The area of the yellow brown soil is minimum and only 0.04km 2 。
(2) Matrix: according to collected chinese 1: data such as 50 ten thousand matrix type graphs, suzhou rock type and fourth-period stacking cause and the like, and primarily generalize the matrix type in Suzhou, which is mainly formed by loose sediments and is accompanied by a small amount of matrix types growing on bedrock. Wherein the loose sediment is different according to the deposition modes of rivers and lakes, and is further refined into the new delta deposition of the Yangtze river, the plain deposition of the Taihu lake and the deposition type before the mountain, as shown in figure 3.
(3) Soil and matrix superposition unit
As a main factor affecting the heavy metal content distribution of soil, the soil type and the matrix are overlapped, and convenience of management of different administrative areas is considered at the same time, and the soil is establishedThe space distribution of the comprehensive investigation unit of administrative district-soil type-matrix is shown in fig. 4. The whole market is divided into 30 comprehensive investigation units with the area between 0.47 and 1067.54 km 2 。
The background points are counted in the point distribution units, 583 multi-target points and 822 detail points are screened out in Suzhou city as background points, the difference of the point positions of each sampling unit is large, and the units with small individual areas do not have the background points meeting the conditions. Notably, the construction site is relatively short.
The coefficient of variation of each element in the main point distribution unit was counted by using the existing content of heavy metals in the background point, as shown in table 1. Most elements have low variability, such as the variation coefficients of cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel in main point distribution units are lower than 25%, the variation coefficients of arsenic, copper and zinc in individual point distribution units are more than 25%, the variation coefficients of mercury in different units are higher, and the highest value is 47.46% in the well-established city, namely paddy soil, taihu plain deposition area. The low variability of most elements indicates reasonable partitioning of the dotting units, but the high variability of individual elements also indicates that the number of existing background dots needs to be supplemented.
TABLE 1 coefficient of variation of the contents of the respective elements in the main sampling units (%)
4. The system point distribution method is adopted for point distribution
Background point layout results: the total of 252 background points of the soil environment to be laid is shown in fig. 5, wherein the agricultural land points 175, the construction land 74 and the unused land 3 are arranged.
The background point data statistics of the soil environment of each point distribution unit are shown in Table 2, wherein the maximum number of the point distribution points for construction of the Kunshan city-paddy soil-Taihu plain deposition area and the Wu Jiangou-paddy soil-Taihu plain deposition area is 10. The most agricultural sites are the well-known city-paddy soil-Taihu plain deposition area, kunshan city-paddy soil-Taihu plain deposition area and Wu Jiangou-paddy soil-Taihu plain deposition area.
Table 2 statistical table of soil background point layout for point layout unit
5. Sample collection
(1) Determining in-situ point location
And determining the point location layout condition according to the layout condition of the sampling points, comprehensively analyzing and determining the point location specific positions and adjusting the point location specific positions of the grids, and carrying out field point location verification and confirmation according to the point location layout coordinates and the surrounding environment.
(2) Sample collection
1) Agricultural land soil
Selecting representative points according to the spatial distribution of the agricultural land, sampling samples according to the soil occurrence level by adopting a profile excavation mode, drilling other agricultural land points into columnar samples by adopting an earth auger, and determining the sampling depth according to the occurrence level depth of the soil type representative profile in the area;
the soil profile depth of the farm land is generally set to be 1-1.2 meters, and the columnar sample sampling depth of the farm land is consistent with the profile.
2) Construction land soil
Considering that the upper layer of the soil is generally covered with exogenous soil, and the periphery is not provided with the requirement of section excavation, the method of gasoline drilling or GP drilling and the like can be considered, the distribution condition of the soil layer is observed by cutting a pipe after sample collection, and the soil is collected according to the layering condition of the stratum after impurity filling is removed;
the construction land sampling depth was preliminarily determined to be 3 meters as shown in fig. 6.
(3) Determining sampling position and field photographing
And determining a specific sampling position according to a field point selection principle, and performing profile excavation. A view photograph of the investigation point in the east-west direction is taken at the position of the section point (attention is paid to taking a view photograph which can represent the earth environment of the section). The azimuth relation between the investigation points and the peripheral permanent or important ground features can be noted, a rough schematic diagram can be drawn, and the longitude, latitude, altitude and other information of the points are determined by using a professional GPS.
(4) Soil profile excavation
1) Each sampling point excavates a soil profile sample (the profile schematic is shown in fig. 7). The specification of the section is generally 1.5m long, 0.8m wide and 1.2m deep, and the section can be excavated to about 1.2m or a cross observation surface, so that the excavation can be stopped. The soil profile is excavated so that the observation surface faces the sun, and the surface soil and the bottom soil are placed on both sides. Typically, A, B, C three layers of soil samples are collected per section. The transition layer is typically not sampled. When the underground water level is higher, the section is dug until the underground water is exposed; when the mountain land hilly soil layer is thinner, the section is dug to the weathering layer. In places where the weathering crust is thick, it is generally still dug to the limit of 1.2 meters, except as a section for special investigation.
2) Natural cross-sections are not utilized as much as possible. When the typical and representative natural section is useful, the surface soil is cut for 20cm and then sampled as required.
3) For the mountain soil with incomplete development (non-development) of the layer B, only two layers of A, C are adopted;
4) The soil with imperfect profile development in arid areas is sampled at about 5-20 cm of the surface layer, 50cm of the core soil layer and 100cm of the bottom soil layer.
5) The paddy soil is sampled layer by layer according to the A plough layer, the P plough layer and the C matrix layer (or the G submerged layer and the W retention layer), and only two layers (or A, G layers or A, W layers) of A, C are adopted for the section of the P layer which is too thin.
6) The A layer is extremely deep, the deposition layer is not very developed, the soil profile of the matrix is not seen within one meter, and the soil is collected according to 5-20 cm of the A layer, 60-90 cm of the A/B layer and 100-200 cm of the B layer.
7) Meadow soil and tidal soil are generally sampled at 5-20 cm of the A layer, 50cm of the C1 layer (or BW layer) and 100-120 cm of the C2 layer.
(5) Sampling by soil GP drilling machine or gasoline drill
When the underground pipeline reaches a preset soil point, the distribution of the underground pipeline in the taken area is clarified by using a bottom penetrating radar and combining modes such as manual discrimination, and after the underground pipeline has the sampling conditions which can be implemented, drilling and sampling are carried out by using modes such as GP or a gasoline drill. And (3) performing pipe cutting and layer judgment on the collected samples, removing the filling layer, and selecting 3 fixed depths on the original development soil type to collect the samples. The partial point positions are mainly located in the urban construction area, so that the recommended collection range is areas such as urban green belts, park greenbelts and the like.
(6) Collecting soil heavy metal and physicochemical property samples
The sampling sequence is from bottom to top, firstly, the bottom layer sample of the section is sampled, then the middle layer sample is sampled, and finally the upper layer sample is sampled. And removing part of soil contacted with the metal sampler by using a bamboo chip or a bamboo knife as much as possible for a sample for measuring heavy metals, and sampling by using the bamboo chip or the bamboo knife. The person is forbidden to walk or stack the articles above the section observation surface to prevent soil compaction or displacement of soil substances from interfering with observation and sampling. The dug surface soil and core soil should be separately piled up at the left and right sides of the soil pit, and backfilled according to the original sequence of the soil layer after the observation is completed, so as to maintain the soil force of the surface layer. The GP or petrol drill sampling mode is used for collecting the section pipe and the sample on site, and the main sampling mode refers to the related technical regulations of the enterprise land investigation.
About 1kg of the section sample is collected in each layer, and the section sample is filled into a sample bag which is generally sewn by cotton cloth, for example, a wet sample can be lined with a plastic bag or placed in a glass bottle. Filling in a sample label and a sample record by a special person during sampling; the label is put into the bag in duplicate, one is tied at the bag mouth, and the label is marked with sampling time, place, sample number, monitoring item, sampling depth and longitude and latitude. And after the sampling is finished, the sampling record, the sample bag label and the soil sample are checked item by item, and if the condition of open items and errors exists, correction is carried out in time. Backfilling the subsoil and the surface soil into the sampling pit according to the original level, leaving the site, marking the sampling place on the sampling schematic diagram, and avoiding the next acquisition of the profile sample at the same place.
(7) Collecting soil volume weight sample
The ring knife method (volume is generally 100 cm) 3 ) The acquisition comprises the following steps:
sampling in the middle of each soil layer from top to bottom according to the section level. Firstly, the soil surface is shoveled, the cutting ring is sleeved at one end of the cutting ring without a cutting edge, the cutting edge opening of the cutting ring faces downwards, the cutting ring can be vertically pressed into the soil by means of external force in an balanced mode, and when the soil surface just touches the top of the cutting ring support, the pressing down of the cutting ring is stopped.
The soil around the cutting ring is slightly excavated by a profile cutter and cut off below the cutting ring (the cutting surface is slightly higher than the cutting edge of the cutting ring). Taking out the cutting ring, cutting the cutting edge upwards, removing redundant soil by using a knife, covering the top cover of the cutting ring, turning over the cutting ring, removing the cutting ring support, cutting the soil surface without the cutting edge by using the knife, and covering the bottom cover. After the corresponding label is written, the label is put into a sealed plastic bag.
Claims (4)
1. The point distribution sampling method for the soil heavy metal background value investigation is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, determining a sampling range of a survey area according to a task and a range of survey and research, and acquiring a sampling unit;
s2, obtaining areas of various combined categories of matrix types of soil types, and obtaining the number of pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s3, aiming at sampling units in the investigation region, carrying out point distribution by adopting a system point distribution method, wherein the system point distribution method comprises the following steps:
s301, dividing the sampling unit obtained in the step S1 into grids with the same area of 1 km-4.5 km, and arranging one sampling point in each grid to enable the number of the grids to be equal to the distribution number of the sampling points;
s302, comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific positions of the points according to the distribution number of the sampling points, the areas of all the combination categories, the number of the pattern spots and the spatial distribution of the pattern spots;
s303, adjusting the specific positions of sampling points of the grid according to actual conditions;
s4, drawing a sample point grid table according to the number, the area and the specific positions of the point positions of the grids, and connecting the area background value calculation result to the grid corresponding to the sample point grid table for display;
the method for adjusting the specific positions of the points of the grid in step S303 includes: multi-type combination adjustment, point location density adjustment, buffer area adjustment, topography adjustment and longitude and latitude adjustment;
the multi-type combination is adjusted as follows: the method comprises the steps of adjusting the specific positions of the point positions of grids through multi-type combinations, wherein when multiple type combinations possibly exist in a grid range, the point position type selection is mainly conducted on the dominant type combination, and the specific positions of the point positions are located at the central positions of the dominant type combination as far as possible;
the point location density is adjusted as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the point density, and as the number of the points of different types and the grid spacing are different, the types of combinations are distributed in a crossed mode in space, and after all types of points are integrated, the positions of the points of all types need to be adjusted properly according to the density of the spatial points;
the buffer is adjusted to: the specific positions of the point positions of the grids are adjusted through the buffer area, the heavy metal content level and the accumulation degree in the soil tend to increase firstly and then decrease along with the presentation of the buffer distance, turning points appear in the range of 1 km-4.5 km, cadmium, mercury and arsenic elements are concentrated in the range of 3km, and the range of the heavy metal in the soil affected by enterprises is determined by analysis through a buffer area adjusting method;
the topography and topography adjustment is as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grid are adjusted through the landform, the influence of the landform units and the landform types is also considered in the selection of the specific positions of the points, and the specific positions of the points are located in the leading area of the sampling unit as much as possible;
when the local terrain units and the landform types are plain with small terrain fluctuation, the set quantity of survey points adopts sparse arrangement, and when the local terrain units and the landform types are land complex areas with large terrain fluctuation, the set quantity of survey points adopts dense arrangement;
the longitude and latitude adjustment is as follows: the specific positions of the points of the grids are adjusted according to the actual conditions, the initial longitude and latitude of the grids are adjusted, the positions of excessive grids falling on roads, rivers and residential areas are avoided, and the positions are finely adjusted by combining high-resolution remote sensing images with the latest land utilization map after the point position adjustment, so that each point position is ensured to meet the requirement of site sampling; if the site sampling finds that the point positions of the partial grids are not avoided, sampling is needed to be performed within the range of 500 meters of the point position square circle of the partial grids.
2. The method for point setting and sampling for soil heavy metal background value investigation according to claim 1, wherein the arrangement conditions of the sampling points in step S301 are as follows:
a) The sampling points are arranged at the places with obvious type characteristics of the picked soil, flat and stable topography and good vegetation, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with subordinate landscape characteristics of the slope feet and the depressions;
b) The arrangement of sampling points should avoid places with large artificial interference, such as: town, house, road, trench, manure pit, grave vicinity;
c) The sampling points are distributed more than 300m away from the railway and the highway;
d) The sampling points are arranged at the places with the complete development of the section, clear layers and no invasion, and the sampling points are not arranged at the places with serious water and soil loss or damaged surface soil;
e) The sampling points are arranged and selected on land areas where chemical fertilizers or pesticides are not applied or are applied less;
f) Sampling points are not distributed in the edge areas with small areas, wherein the edge areas are distributed in a staggered mode by various earths and various matrix and parent rocks.
3. The method for point setting and sampling for soil heavy metal background value investigation according to claim 1, wherein the method for comprehensively analyzing and determining the specific positions of the points in step S302 is as follows:
1) Expanding and determining the specific positions of the points according to the existing point data: screening and analyzing the existing agricultural land detail investigation points and multi-target geochemical investigation points, reserving the background points of the soil environment which meet the requirements of the background points of the soil environment, and adding new background points of the soil environment on the basis, so that the background points of the soil environment have wide coverage and relatively uniform spatial distribution;
2) Determining specific positions of points by taking soil types, matrix and administrative areas as distribution areas: determining the specific positions of the points of background points of the soil environment by referring to the soil types, the matrix and the distribution areas divided by administrative areas;
3) The specific positions of the points are determined by taking the key areas and the pollutants as the distribution areas: referencing the background value of the soil environment of the construction land and the management requirement of the construction land, and referencing the enrichment of arsenic and cobalt elements and regional cadmium and mercury;
4) The specific position of the point location is determined by enterprise distribution and field verification in the key industry: the background points of the soil environment are laid to avoid the influence of heavy pollution sources, the distribution of enterprises in the existing key industries is analyzed, the main heavy pollution sources are avoided in the indoor point distribution stage, and the pollution sources are avoided through personnel interviews and on-site investigation in the on-site point verification stage.
4. The method for spot sampling for soil heavy metal background value investigation according to claim 1, wherein each grid in the step S301 is a sampling area with an equal area of 1km to 4.5 km.
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