CN115077823A - Vibration fatigue test device and vibration fatigue test method for reducing invalid parts - Google Patents
Vibration fatigue test device and vibration fatigue test method for reducing invalid parts Download PDFInfo
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- CN115077823A CN115077823A CN202210505068.XA CN202210505068A CN115077823A CN 115077823 A CN115077823 A CN 115077823A CN 202210505068 A CN202210505068 A CN 202210505068A CN 115077823 A CN115077823 A CN 115077823A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M7/00—Vibration-testing of structures; Shock-testing of structures
- G01M7/02—Vibration-testing by means of a shake table
- G01M7/025—Measuring arrangements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
The invention discloses a vibration fatigue test device and a vibration fatigue test method for reducing invalid parts, wherein the vibration fatigue test device for reducing the invalid parts effectively eliminates the press-in and abrasion of the surface of a test piece due to sharp edges and corners of a boundary line by improving the structural form of the boundary between an upper clamping plate and a lower clamping plate and the test piece while ensuring the rigid clamping of the test piece, thereby reducing the probability of fretting abrasion of the clamped part, further leading fatigue cracks to appear at a structural stress concentration part of a neck-reducing area instead of the clamped part, further improving the effectiveness of test results of the test piece, greatly reducing the generation of the invalid parts, saving the number of the test pieces and reducing the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fatigue performance testing, in particular to a vibration fatigue testing device for reducing invalid parts, and further relates to a vibration fatigue testing method.
Background
The first-order vibration fatigue performance is an important technical index of blade structure and strength design, and the quality of the fatigue performance is directly related to the durability of an engine. Because the blade is expensive and difficult to obtain, in the research process of blade materials and processing technologies, in order to evaluate the influence rule of the materials and the technologies on the fatigue performance of the blade, a test piece simulating the blade structure is generally adopted for research, so that the research progress is accelerated, and the research cost is reduced. Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, the test piece 7 is a flat plate, the dimensional tolerance of the upper and lower planes is not more than 0.05mm, in order to examine the influence of materials and processes on the vibration fatigue performance of the test piece 7, a necking region 701 is designed in the middle of the test piece 7, and two screw holes 702 arranged in parallel are designed in the right half part of the test piece 7, wherein the necking region 701 is the weakest region of the whole test piece 7, and under normal test conditions, fatigue cracks should be initiated and propagated at the necking region 701.
In order to ensure the validity of the test result, the right half of the test piece is usually clamped by the upper and lower clamping plates to form a rigid body with the upper and lower clamping plates, and then the whole is placed on the electromagnetic vibration table to reciprocate up and down, while the left half of the test piece is in a cantilever state. However, research shows that in the reciprocating vibration process, the left end surfaces of the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate respectively form an indentation on the upper surface and the lower surface of the test piece, the indentations are from fretting wear between the ridge line of the left end surface of the clamping plate and the test piece, a high local stress concentration coefficient is formed in a wear area and often exceeds the structural stress concentration coefficient of a necking part, fatigue cracks are easy to be initiated at the indentations, the material and the process state of the necking part cannot be checked, the test result is invalid, more invalid parts are generated in the test process, and the serious waste of test piece resources is caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a vibration fatigue test device and a vibration fatigue test method for reducing invalid parts, and aims to solve the technical problem that test piece resources are seriously wasted due to the fact that a large number of invalid parts are generated in the existing vibration fatigue test process.
According to one aspect of the invention, the vibration fatigue test device for reducing invalid parts comprises a vibration table, a base, a lower clamping plate, an upper clamping plate and a clamping screw, wherein the base is fixedly arranged on the vibration table, the lower clamping plate is arranged on the base, the upper clamping plate is positioned right above the lower clamping plate, the right half part of a test piece is placed between the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate and is fixedly connected with the base through the clamping screw, and the boundary line between the lower surface of the upper clamping plate and the left end surface and the boundary line between the upper surface of the lower clamping plate and the left end surface are rounded.
Further, the radius of the rounding is 1 mm-4 mm.
Further, the surfaces of the lower clamping plate and the upper clamping plate are covered with copper coatings.
Furthermore, the thickness of the copper coating is 0.2 mm-1 mm, the copper content is not less than 95 wt%, and the surface roughness does not exceed Ra1.6 mu m.
Furthermore, before the preparation of the copper coating, the lower clamping plate and the upper clamping plate are subjected to shot peening treatment, wherein the shot peening intensity is 0.05A-0.15A, the shot peening coverage rate is 100% -200%, and the surface roughness after the shot peening treatment is Ra0.8-1.6 μm.
Furthermore, the area between the necking area and the screw hole on the test piece is subjected to laser shock strengthening, and the laser power density is 3-10 GW/cm 2 The overlapping rate of the impact pits is 30 to 70 percent,the coverage rate of the impact area is 100-200%, and the surface roughness after laser shock strengthening is Ra0.4-1.2 μm.
In addition, the invention also provides a vibration fatigue test method, which adopts the vibration fatigue test device and comprises the following contents:
pasting a strain gauge on the surface of the necking area of the test piece, placing the right half part of the test piece between the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate and connecting and fixing the right half part of the test piece through a clamping screw;
determining the tightening torque of the clamping screw, and obtaining the first-order natural frequency of the test piece through the displacement value measured by the laser displacement sensor;
carrying out vibration fatigue test according to a set test procedure to obtain the first-order vibration fatigue life of the test piece;
and loosening the clamping screw, carrying out coloring inspection on the test piece, taking a picture to record the position of the crack, wherein if no visible crack exists on the surface of the test piece or the crack is positioned in the necking area, the test result is valid, and if the position of the crack is positioned at the screw hole or the area between the necking area and the screw hole, the test result is invalid.
Further, the following contents are included before installing the test piece:
and (3) preparing a copper coating on the surfaces of the lower clamping plate and the upper clamping plate after shot peening treatment.
Further, the following contents are included before installing the test piece:
and carrying out laser shock strengthening on the region between the neck region and the screw hole on the test piece.
Further, the following contents are also included:
the cumulative cycle cycles were recorded or the copper coating thickness of the lower and upper splints was measured before testing was performed when the cumulative cycle cycles exceeded 1 x 10 8 The copper coating should be prepared again at weekly times, or when the thickness of the copper coating of the lower and upper splints was measured to be less than 0.2 mm.
The invention has the following effects:
according to the vibration fatigue test device capable of reducing the invalid parts, the pressing in and abrasion of the surface of the test piece caused by the sharp edges and corners of the boundary line are effectively eliminated by improving the structural form of the junction of the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate and the test piece while the rigid clamping of the test piece is ensured, so that the probability of fretting abrasion of the clamped part is reduced, fatigue cracks are caused to appear at the structural stress concentration part of the neck-reducing area instead of the clamped part, the effectiveness of the test result of the test piece is improved, the generation of the invalid parts is greatly reduced, the number of the test pieces is saved, and the cost is reduced.
In addition, the vibration fatigue test method of the invention connects and fixes the right half part of the test piece with the lower splint and the upper splint to form a rigid body through the clamping screw, and effectively eliminates the pressing in and abrasion to the surface of the test piece due to the sharp edge angle of the boundary line by improving the structural form of the boundary between the upper splint and the test piece while ensuring the rigid clamping of the test piece, thereby reducing the probability of fretting abrasion of the clamping part, further leading fatigue cracks to appear at the structural stress concentration part of the neck reducing area instead of the clamping part, and further improving the effectiveness of the test result of the test piece. And after the vibration fatigue test is finished, whether the test result is effective or not is judged by coloring and checking the test piece to determine the position of the crack, so that the accuracy of the test result of the test piece is improved. After the vibration fatigue test method is adopted, most of fatigue cracks of the test piece appear in the necking area instead of the clamping position, the proportion of the test piece with invalid test results is reduced by 8-10 times, the generation of invalid pieces is greatly reduced, the number of the test pieces is saved, and the cost is reduced.
In addition to the objects, features and advantages described above, other objects, features and advantages of the present invention are also provided. The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a test piece.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a vibration fatigue test device for reducing invalid parts according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of an upper and lower clamping plates according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a laser shock peening region on a test piece in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a vibration fatigue testing method according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Description of the reference numerals
1. A vibration table; 2. a base; 3. a screw; 4. a lower splint; 5. an upper splint; 6. a clamping screw; 7. a test piece; 701. a neck reduction region; 702. screw holes.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the invention can be embodied in many different forms, which are defined and covered by the following description.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, a vibration fatigue test apparatus for reducing invalid parts according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a vibration table 1, a base 2, a lower plate 4, an upper plate 5 and a clamping screw 6, wherein the base 2 is fixedly mounted on the vibration table 1, the lower plate 4 is mounted on the base 2, the upper plate 5 is located right above the lower plate 4, a right half portion of a test piece 7 is placed between the upper plate 5 and the lower plate 4 and is fixedly connected to the base 2 by the clamping screw 6, and a boundary line between a lower surface of the upper plate 5 and a left end surface and a boundary line between an upper surface of the lower plate 4 and the left end surface are rounded. The clamping screw 6 sequentially passes through the upper clamping plate 5, the screw hole 702 on the test piece 7 and the lower clamping plate 4 and then is fixed in the base 2, so that the right half part of the test piece 7, the upper clamping plate 5 and the lower clamping plate 4 are fixed into a rigid body.
When a vibration fatigue test is carried out, the right half part of the test piece 7, the upper clamping plate 5 and the lower clamping plate 4 form a rigid body integrally, the whole rigid body is driven by the vibration table 1 to carry out up-and-down reciprocating vibration, moreover, the boundary line of the lower surface of the upper clamping plate 5 and the left end surface and the boundary line of the upper surface of the lower clamping plate 4 and the left end surface are both subjected to rounding treatment, the pressing-in and abrasion of sharp edges and corners of the boundary line to the surface of the test piece 7 are effectively eliminated, the probability of fretting abrasion of a clamping part is reduced, fatigue cracks are caused to appear at the structural stress concentration part of the neck shrinking area 701 instead of the clamping part, the effectiveness of a test piece test result is improved, the generation of invalid parts is greatly reduced, the number of the test pieces is saved, and the cost is reduced.
It can be understood that the vibration fatigue test device of the reduction invalid piece of this embodiment, when guaranteeing to carry out the rigidity centre gripping to test block 7, through improving the structural style of upper and lower splint and test block juncture, effectively eliminated because of sharp edges and corners of boundary line to the impressing and wearing and tearing on test block 7 surface, thereby reduce the probability that the clamping part takes place fretting wear, and then make fatigue crack appear in this structural stress concentration department of necking zone 701, rather than appearing at the clamping part, thereby the validity of test block test result has been improved, the production of invalid piece has been greatly reduced, the test block quantity has been saved, and the cost is reduced.
Optionally, the radius of the boundary line between the lower surface of the upper clamping plate 5 and the left end surface and the radius of the boundary line between the upper surface of the lower clamping plate 4 and the left end surface are both 1mm to 4mm, preferably 2 mm. The rounding radius R1 on the upper plate 5 may be the same as or different from the rounding radius R2 on the lower plate 4, for example, the rounding radius R1 of the boundary line between the lower surface of the upper plate 5 and the left end surface is 2mm, and the rounding radius R2 of the boundary line between the upper surface of the lower plate 4 and the left end surface is 4 mm.
Optionally, the surfaces of the lower and upper clamping plates 4, 5 are covered with a copper coating. Wherein the thickness of the copper coating is 0.2 mm-1 mm, the copper content is not less than 95 wt%, the surface roughness is not more than Ra1.6 μm, and the preparation method of the coating can be spraying, electrochemical deposition or vapor deposition. Through the surface at lower plate 4 and punch holder 5 cover a layer of high-quality copper coating, carry out surface modification to upper and lower plate, utilize the self-lubricating effect of copper, further reduce the fretting wear degree between lower plate 4, punch holder 5 and the test block 7, further reduced the clamping part and taken place fretting wear's probability. In addition, after the copper coating is prepared, it is necessary to ensure that the parallelism between the upper surface of the lower clamping plate 4 and the lower surface of the upper clamping plate 5 does not exceed 0.05mm to ensure the reliability of rigid clamping.
More preferably, the lower and upper clamping plates 4 and 5 are shot-peened before the copper coating is prepared, the shot strength being 0.05A to 0.15A, the shot coverage being 100% to 200%, and the surface roughness after the shot peening being Ra0.8 μm to 1.6 μm. Before the copper coating is prepared, the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate are subjected to shot blasting strengthening treatment, so that the fatigue performance of the clamping plates can be effectively improved.
Optionally, as shown in fig. 4, a laser shock peening treatment is performed on a region between the neck region 701 and the screw hole 702 on the test piece 7, wherein the laser shock peening region is shown as a dashed line frame region in fig. 4, and the laser power density is 3-10 GW/cm 2 The overlap ratio of the impact pits is 30-70%, the coverage ratio of the impact area is 100-200%, and the surface roughness after laser impact strengthening is Ra0.4-1.2 μm. By carrying out laser shock strengthening on the surface of the clamping part of the test piece 7, the fretting wear resistance of the clamping part is greatly improved, the initiation and the expansion of fatigue cracks of the clamping part can be effectively inhibited, and the fatigue cracks in the vibration fatigue test process appear in the neck shrinking area.
In addition, as shown in fig. 5, another embodiment of the present invention further provides a vibration fatigue testing method, preferably using the vibration fatigue testing apparatus described above, which specifically includes the following steps:
step S1: adhering a strain gauge on the surface of the necking area 701 of the test piece 7, placing the right half part of the test piece 7 between the upper clamp plate 5 and the lower clamp plate 4, and connecting and fixing the right half part by a clamping screw 6;
step S2: determining the tightening torque of the clamping screw 6, and obtaining a first-order natural frequency of the test piece 7 through a displacement value measured by a laser displacement sensor;
step S3: performing vibration fatigue test according to a set test procedure to obtain the first-order vibration fatigue life of the test piece 7; specifically, when the vibration frequency of the test piece 7 is found to be reduced by 1%, the test is stopped, and the cycle number is recorded;
step S4: and loosening the clamping screw 6, performing coloring inspection on the test piece 7, photographing and recording the crack position, wherein if no crack is visible on the surface of the test piece 7 or the crack is positioned in the neck region 701, the test result is valid, and if the crack position is positioned at the screw hole 702 or the region between the neck region 701 and the screw hole 702, the test result is invalid.
It can be understood that, in the vibration fatigue test method of this embodiment, the right half portion of the test piece 7 is connected and fixed with the lower clamping plate 4 and the upper clamping plate 5 to form a rigid body through the clamping screw 6, while the rigid clamping of the test piece 7 is ensured, the pressing in and the abrasion of the sharp corner of the boundary line to the surface of the test piece 7 are effectively eliminated through improving the structural form of the boundary between the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate and the test piece, so as to reduce the probability of fretting abrasion of the clamping part, and further, fatigue cracks appear at the structural stress concentration part of the neck-reduced region 701 instead of the clamping part, thereby improving the effectiveness of the test result of the test piece. And after the vibration fatigue test is finished, whether the test result is effective or not is judged by coloring and checking the test piece 7 to determine the position of the crack, so that the accuracy of the test result of the test piece is improved. After the vibration fatigue test method is adopted, most fatigue cracks of the test piece appear in the neck shrinkage region 701 instead of the clamping part, the proportion of the test piece with invalid test results is reduced by 8-10 times, the generation of invalid pieces is greatly reduced, the number of the test pieces is saved, and the cost is reduced.
Optionally, the following is also included before mounting the test strip 7:
the lower and upper clamping plates 4 and 5 were subjected to shot peening treatment to prepare copper coatings on both surfaces.
Specifically, the lower clamping plate 4 and the upper clamping plate 5 are firstly subjected to shot peening treatment, the shot strength is 0.05A-0.15A, the shot peening coverage rate is 100% -200%, and the surface roughness after the shot peening treatment is Ra0.8 mu m-1.6 mu m, so that the fatigue performance of the clamping plates is improved. Then, a copper coating is prepared on the surfaces of the lower clamping plate 4 and the upper clamping plate 5 in a spraying, electrochemical deposition or vapor deposition mode, the thickness of the copper coating is 0.2 mm-1 mm, the copper content is not lower than 95 wt%, the surface roughness is not more than Ra1.6 mu m, the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate are subjected to surface modification by covering a layer of high-quality copper coating on the surfaces of the lower clamping plate 4 and the upper clamping plate 5, the fretting wear degree among the lower clamping plate 4, the upper clamping plate 5 and the test piece 7 is further reduced by utilizing the self-lubricating effect of copper, and the fretting wear probability of a clamping part is further reduced.
Optionally, the following is also included before mounting the test strip 7:
the region between the constricted region 701 and the screw hole 702 in the test piece 7 was subjected to laser shock peening.
Wherein the laser power density is 3-10 GW/cm 2 The overlap ratio of the impact pits is 30-70%, the coverage ratio of the impact area is 100-200%, and the surface roughness after laser impact strengthening is Ra0.4-1.2 μm. By carrying out laser shock strengthening on the surface of the clamping part of the test piece 7, the fretting wear resistance of the clamping part is greatly improved, the initiation and the expansion of fatigue cracks of the clamping part can be effectively inhibited, and the fatigue cracks in the vibration fatigue test process appear in the neck shrinking area.
Optionally, the vibration fatigue test method further includes the following:
recording cumulative cycle cycles or measuring copper coating thickness of lower and upper splints 4, 5 before testing, when cumulative cycle cycles exceed 1 x 10 8 At weekly times, or when the thickness of the copper coating of the lower and upper splints 4, 5 is measured to be less than 0.2mm, the copper coating should be prepared anew to ensure that the thickness of the copper coating is in the range of 0.2mm to 1 mm. Wherein, a vernier caliper or a digital display micrometer can be adopted to measure the thickness of the copper coating.
By evaluating the effectiveness of the copper coating in the test process, the possibility of invalid test results caused by the failure of the copper coating of the clamping plate can be effectively reduced, and the accuracy and the effectiveness of the test results are further improved.
It can be understood that the vibration fatigue test method of the invention has the following advantages:
1. by rounding the boundary line between the upper plane of the lower clamping plate and the left end surface and rounding the boundary line between the lower plane of the upper clamping plate and the left end surface, the pressing-in and the abrasion of the sharp edge angle of the boundary line to the surface of the test piece can be reduced, and the risk of fretting fatigue failure is reduced.
2. Cover the copper coating of one deck high-quality on the surface of lower plate and punch holder, utilize the self-lubricating effect of copper, reduce the fretting wear degree between lower plate, punch holder and the test block, still carry out the peening to the surface of punch holder, lower plate before the spraying and reinforce, improve the fatigue performance of splint itself.
3. The fretting wear resistance of the surface of the test piece is improved by laser shock strengthening of the surface of the clamping part of the test piece.
4. By evaluating the effectiveness of the copper coatings of the upper clamping plate and the lower clamping plate, the possibility of invalid results caused by the failure of the copper coatings is reduced.
5. And after the test is finished, judging whether the test result is effective or not by performing coloring inspection on the test piece to determine the position of the crack.
6. The strength weak area of the test piece is not affected, the fatigue life of the test piece is not reduced, and the test result can reflect the real fatigue life of the test piece.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a reduce vibration fatigue test device of invalid piece, its characterized in that, includes shaking table (1), base (2), lower plate (4), punch holder (5) and clamping screw (6), base (2) fixed mounting be in on shaking table (1), lower plate (4) are installed on base (2), punch holder (5) are located directly over lower plate (4), the half part on the right side of test block (7) is placed between punch holder (5) and lower plate (4) and pass through clamping screw (6) with base (2) are connected fixedly, the boundary line of the lower surface and the left end face of punch holder (5) the upper surface and the intersection of left end face of lower boundary line splint (4) all carry out the radius and handle.
2. The vibration fatigue testing apparatus for reducing nulls of claim 1, wherein the radius of the rounding is 1mm to 4 mm.
3. The vibration fatigue test apparatus for reducing void according to claim 1, wherein the surfaces of the lower and upper clamping plates (4, 5) are covered with a copper coating.
4. The apparatus for reducing the vibration fatigue of the ineffective member according to claim 3, wherein the thickness of the copper coating is 0.2mm to 1mm, the copper content is not less than 95 wt%, and the surface roughness is not more than Ra1.6 μm.
5. The vibration fatigue test apparatus for reducing the useless parts according to claim 3, wherein the lower clamping plate (4) and the upper clamping plate (5) are shot-peened before the copper coating is prepared, the shot strength is 0.05A to 0.15A, the shot coverage is 100% to 200%, and the surface roughness after the shot peening is Ra0.8 μm to 1.6 μm.
6. The vibration fatigue test apparatus for reducing the number of invalid parts according to claim 1, wherein the region between the constricted region (701) and the screw hole (702) of the test piece (7) is laser shock strengthened, and the laser power density is 3 to 10GW/cm 2 The overlap ratio of the impact pits is 30-70%, the coverage ratio of the impact area is 100-200%, and the surface roughness after laser impact strengthening is Ra0.4-1.2 μm.
7. A vibration fatigue test method, characterized in that the vibration fatigue test apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6 is used, and comprises the following:
a strain gauge is adhered to the surface of a neck-reducing area (701) of the test piece (7), and then the right half part of the test piece (7) is placed between the upper clamping plate (5) and the lower clamping plate (4) and is connected and fixed through a clamping screw (6);
determining the tightening torque of the clamping screw (6), and obtaining the first-order natural frequency of the test piece (7) through the displacement value measured by the laser displacement sensor;
carrying out vibration fatigue test according to a set test procedure to obtain the first-order vibration fatigue life of the test piece (7);
and (3) loosening the clamping screw (6), carrying out coloring inspection on the test piece (7), photographing and recording the position of the crack, wherein if no crack is visible on the surface of the test piece (7) or the crack is positioned in the neck region (701), the test result is valid, and if the position of the crack is positioned at the screw hole (702) or the region between the neck region (701) and the screw hole (702), the test result is invalid.
8. The vibration fatigue testing method according to claim 7, further comprising, before mounting the test piece (7):
the lower clamping plate (4) and the upper clamping plate (5) are subjected to shot peening treatment, and then copper coatings are prepared on the surfaces of the two clamping plates.
9. The vibration fatigue testing method according to claim 7, further comprising, before mounting the test piece (7):
the region between the constricted region 701 and the screw hole 702 in the test piece 7 is subjected to laser shock peening.
10. The vibration fatigue testing method of claim 8, further comprising:
recording cumulative cycle cycles or measuring copper coating thickness of lower (4) and upper (5) plates before testing, when cumulative cycle cycles exceed 1 x 10 8 The copper coating should be prepared again at weekly times or when the thickness of the copper coating of the lower splint (4) and the upper splint (5) is measured to be less than 0.2 mm.
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