CN115058250A - A kind of riparian soil matrix improvement method - Google Patents
A kind of riparian soil matrix improvement method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及土壤基质改良技术领域,具体涉及一种河岸带土壤基质改良方法。The invention relates to the technical field of soil matrix improvement, in particular to a soil matrix improvement method in a riparian zone.
背景技术Background technique
河岸带是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡区域,能够有效地截留陆域污染物进入水体,是陆水界面的重要屏障。近年来由于氮肥的过度使用,导致过量的活性氮经径流和渗漏过程进入汇水水体,造成水体富营养化。河岸带可以通过“土壤-植物-微生物”的综合作用控制氮素向水体的迁移,对氮素面源污染阻控起到关键性作用。The riparian zone is the transition area between the terrestrial ecosystem and the aquatic ecosystem, which can effectively intercept the terrestrial pollutants from entering the water body, and is an important barrier for the land-water interface. In recent years, due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, excess reactive nitrogen has entered the catchment water through the process of runoff and seepage, resulting in eutrophication of the water body. The riparian zone can control the migration of nitrogen to the water body through the comprehensive action of "soil-plant-microbe", which plays a key role in the control of nitrogen non-point source pollution.
芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为湿地生态系统的主要植物之一,适应性强、生态域广,在全球岸带广泛分布。芦苇湿地的脱氮效率很高,冬季则会显著降低;研究表明,冬小麦季比水稻季有更多的径流总氮损失,所以冬季产生的氮素面源污染不可忽视。土壤基质是河岸带的重要组成部分,同时也是植物生长的载体,其能够通过吸附、沉淀、离子交换等作用截留氮素,通过添加不同基质对土壤基质进行改良,不仅能够增加基质本身的污染物去除效果,也能够优化植物生长所需的基质环境条件,可能会提升河岸带芦苇区的冬季脱氮效果。此外,土壤-植物作为河岸带的主要组成部分,其生态化学计量特征(C、N、P含量以及C/N、N/P、C/P比)可能会受到氮素面源污染的影响,导致各元素在组分之间的关系及比例发生变化,同样影响河岸带脱氮效率以及养分循环。以往对于基质改良的研究多是从污染物去除效果角度考虑,没有充分考虑整个系统的养分分布以及土壤-植物化学计量特征的差异和相互作用。因此,探讨基质改良对河岸带芦苇区冬季脱氮效果的影响,以及土壤-植物CNP化学计量特征的变化,有助于更好地理解河岸带CNP生物地球化学循环,也为河岸带的修复和保护提供科学借鉴。Reed (Phragmites australis), as one of the main plants in wetland ecosystems, has strong adaptability and wide ecological range, and is widely distributed in the global coastal zone. The denitrification efficiency of reed wetlands is very high, but it is significantly reduced in winter; studies have shown that the winter wheat season has more runoff total nitrogen loss than the rice season, so the nitrogen non-point source pollution generated in winter cannot be ignored. The soil matrix is an important part of the riparian zone, and it is also the carrier of plant growth. It can retain nitrogen through adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, etc. The improvement of the soil matrix by adding different matrices can not only increase the pollutants in the matrix itself. The removal effect can also optimize the substrate environmental conditions required for plant growth, which may improve the denitrification effect of the riparian reed area in winter. In addition, as the main components of the riparian zone, the ecological stoichiometric characteristics (C, N, P contents and C/N, N/P, C/P ratios) of soil-plants may be affected by nitrogen non-point source pollution, This led to changes in the relationship and ratio of elements among components, which also affected the denitrification efficiency and nutrient cycling in the riparian zone. Previous studies on substrate improvement were mostly considered from the perspective of pollutant removal effect, and did not fully consider the nutrient distribution of the entire system and the differences and interactions of soil-plant stoichiometric characteristics. Therefore, exploring the effect of substrate improvement on the denitrification effect of riparian reed areas in winter, as well as the changes in soil-plant CNP stoichiometric characteristics, will help to better understand the CNP biogeochemical cycle in riparian zones, and will also provide important information for riparian restoration and Conservation provides scientific reference.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本发明的目的在于提供一种河岸带土壤基质改良方法,本发明在河岸带土壤中添加高效、易得且安全的砾石、陶粒、生物炭基质,有效发挥基质组合间互补效应以及与植物和微生物间协同作用的优势,改良河岸带土壤基质环境,能够有效提高冬季河岸带脱氮效果。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a riparian zone soil matrix improvement method. The present invention adds efficient, easy-to-obtain and safe gravel, ceramsite, and biochar substrates to the riparian zone soil, effectively exerting the complementary effect between the matrix combinations and combining with plants and plants. The advantages of synergy between microorganisms can improve the soil matrix environment of the riparian zone, which can effectively improve the denitrification effect of the riparian zone in winter.
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the invention, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
本发明提供了一种河岸带土壤基质改良方法,将河岸带土壤按体积比1:0.5~2均匀混入砾石和/或陶粒,并在20~30cm土壤层均匀混入30%~40%体积的生物炭。The invention provides a method for improving a riparian soil matrix. The riparian soil is uniformly mixed into gravel and/or ceramsite in a volume ratio of 1:0.5 to 2, and 30 to 40% of the volume is uniformly mixed into a 20 to 30 cm soil layer. bio-charcoal.
本发明中,所述河岸带植被群落为芦苇。In the present invention, the riparian vegetation community is reed.
本发明中,所述生物炭包括玉米秸秆炭、花生壳炭、玉米芯炭、椰壳炭中的一种或几种。In the present invention, the biochar includes one or more of corn stover charcoal, peanut shell charcoal, corncob charcoal, and coconut shell charcoal.
本发明中,所述砾石和/或陶粒的粒径为1~2cm。In the present invention, the particle size of the gravel and/or ceramsite is 1-2 cm.
本发明中,所述生物炭的粒径为2~4mm。In the present invention, the particle size of the biochar is 2-4 mm.
本发明中,所述陶粒包括改性陶粒。In the present invention, the ceramsite includes modified ceramsite.
本发明中,所述改性陶粒的成分包括TiO2、SiO2、CaO、Al2O3一种或多种。In the present invention, the components of the modified ceramsite include one or more of TiO 2 , SiO 2 , CaO, and Al 2 O 3 .
本发明中,所述改良包括提高河岸带水体总氮含量去除率、铵态氮去除率和硝态氮去除率;提高湿地土壤全碳含量、全氮含量和全磷含量,降低碳磷比和氮磷比;提高河岸带植被根碳含量和叶氮含量。In the present invention, the improvement includes increasing the removal rate of total nitrogen content, ammonium nitrogen removal rate and nitrate nitrogen removal rate in riparian water; increasing the total carbon content, total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of wetland soil, and reducing the ratio of carbon to phosphorus and Nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; increase root carbon content and leaf nitrogen content of riparian vegetation.
相比现有技术,本发明具有如下技术效果:Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following technical effects:
(1)与对照相比,本发明基质改良处理能够有效提高河岸带芦苇区冬季脱氮效果,其中,河岸带水体中总氮含量平均去除率提高0.8%~9.0%,NH4 +-N平均去除率提高6.1%~9.0%,NO3 --N平均去除率提高10.5%~13.0%。(1) Compared with the control, the substrate improvement treatment of the present invention can effectively improve the denitrification effect in the riparian reed area in winter, wherein the average removal rate of total nitrogen content in the riparian water body is increased by 0.8% to 9.0%, and the average NH 4 + -N The removal rate was increased by 6.1% to 9.0%, and the average removal rate of NO 3 - -N was increased by 10.5% to 13.0%.
(2)与对照相比,本发明基质改良处理均增加了土壤全碳含量和全磷含量,且均为添加砾石、砾石+生物炭和改良陶粒+生物炭处理差异显著(P<0.05),说明基质改良可以增加土壤全碳含量和全磷含量的积累。基质改良处理亦增加了土壤全氮含量,且添加砾石+生物炭处理差异显著(P<0.05),增加了氮的有效积累,说明基质改良能够增加土壤的有效吸附,提高土壤的缓冲能力。(2) Compared with the control, the substrate improvement treatments of the present invention all increased the soil total carbon content and total phosphorus content, and the differences between the treatments with gravel, gravel+biochar and improved ceramsite+biochar were significant (P<0.05) , indicating that substrate improvement can increase the accumulation of soil total carbon content and total phosphorus content. The matrix improvement treatment also increased the total nitrogen content of the soil, and the gravel + biochar treatment had a significant difference (P<0.05), which increased the effective accumulation of nitrogen, indicating that the matrix improvement could increase the effective adsorption of the soil and improve the buffer capacity of the soil.
(3)土壤C/P比是体现P有效性的重要指标,C/P比越低,则P有效性越高;土壤N/P比是养分限制的预测因子,也是判断N饱和度的重要指标。与土壤基质相比,本发明基质改良处理的土壤C/P和N/P比均为降低趋势,且添加砾石处理均差异显著(P<0.05),说明基质改良处理的土壤中P有效性相对较高,仍表现为N限制,可以受纳河岸带水体中更高的氮浓度。(3) Soil C/P ratio is an important indicator of P availability. The lower the C/P ratio, the higher the P availability. The soil N/P ratio is a predictor of nutrient limitation and an important factor in judging N saturation. index. Compared with the soil matrix, the soil C/P and N/P ratios of the matrix improvement treatment of the present invention both tended to decrease, and the gravel addition treatment was significantly different (P<0.05), indicating that the soil P in the matrix improvement treatment was relatively effective. higher, it still behaves as N-limited and can be affected by higher nitrogen concentrations in the Na riparian waters.
(4)本发明基质中添加陶粒+生物炭和改良陶粒+生物炭对植物生长具有促进作用,C和N的吸收量相对较大。(4) The addition of ceramsite + biochar and improved ceramsite + biochar to the matrix of the present invention has a promoting effect on plant growth, and the absorption of C and N is relatively large.
(5)本发明通过分析改良基质的土壤-植物生态化学计量特征,结果显示土壤-植物化学计量特征存在一定的相关性,且土壤与茎和根之间的关系更大;与植物相比,基质改良使河岸带芦苇区冬季脱氮效果更易受到土壤化学计量特征的影响。研究结果可为河岸带芦苇区的保护修复和面源污染防控提供科学借鉴,并有助于更好地理解河岸带碳氮磷生物地球化学循环。(5) The present invention analyzes the soil-plant ecological stoichiometric characteristics of the improved substrate, and the results show that there is a certain correlation in the soil-plant stoichiometric characteristics, and the relationship between soil and stem and root is greater; compared with plants, Substrate improvement made the denitrification effect of the riparian reed region more susceptible to soil stoichiometric characteristics in winter. The research results can provide scientific reference for the protection and restoration of the riparian reed area and the prevention and control of non-point source pollution, and help to better understand the biogeochemical cycle of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the riparian zone.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为模拟河岸带芦苇湿地实验装置示意图;Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an experimental device for simulating a reed wetland in a riparian zone;
图2为TN、NH4 +-N和NO3 --N进出水浓度变化图;Fig. 2 is a graph showing the change of the in and out water concentrations of TN, NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N;
图3为TN、NH4 +-N和NO3 --N去除率图;Fig. 3 is a graph showing the removal rates of TN, NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N;
图4为土壤TC、TN、TP含量图;Fig. 4 is soil TC, TN, TP content map;
图5为土壤CNP化学计量比图;Figure 5 is a diagram of soil CNP stoichiometric ratio;
图6为植物各器官C、N、P含量图;Fig. 6 is C, N, P content figure of each organ of plant;
图7为植物各器官C、N、P化学计量比图;Fig. 7 is C, N, P stoichiometric ratio diagram of each organ of plant;
图8为土壤-植物C、N、P化学计量特征相关性图,其中,S-TC:土壤全碳含量,S-TN:土壤全氮含量,S-TP:土壤全磷含量,S-C/N:土壤碳氮比,S-C/P:土壤碳磷比,S-N/P:土壤氮磷比,L-C:叶片碳含量,L-N:叶片氮含量,L-P:叶片磷含量,L-C/N:叶片碳氮比,L-C/P:叶片碳磷比,L-N/P:叶片氮磷比,St-C:茎碳含量,St-N:茎氮含量,St-P:茎磷含量,St-C/N:茎碳氮比,St-C/P:茎碳磷比,St-N/P:茎氮磷比,R-C:根碳含量,R-N:根氮含量,R-P:根磷含量,R-C/N:根碳氮比,R-C/P:根碳磷比,R-N/P:根氮磷比;Figure 8 is a correlation diagram of soil-plant C, N, and P stoichiometric characteristics, wherein, S-TC: soil total carbon content, S-TN: soil total nitrogen content, S-TP: soil total phosphorus content, S-C/N : soil carbon and nitrogen ratio, S-C/P: soil carbon and phosphorus ratio, S-N/P: soil nitrogen and phosphorus ratio, L-C: leaf carbon content, L-N: leaf nitrogen content, L-P: leaf phosphorus content, L-C/N: leaf carbon and nitrogen ratio , L-C/P: leaf carbon and phosphorus ratio, L-N/P: leaf nitrogen and phosphorus ratio, St-C: stem carbon content, St-N: stem nitrogen content, St-P: stem phosphorus content, St-C/N: stem Carbon to nitrogen ratio, St-C/P: stem carbon to phosphorus ratio, St-N/P: stem nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, R-C: root carbon content, R-N: root nitrogen content, R-P: root phosphorus content, R-C/N: root carbon Nitrogen ratio, R-C/P: root carbon-phosphorus ratio, R-N/P: root nitrogen-phosphorus ratio;
图9为水质因子和土壤-植物化学计量特征与湿地脱氮效果的RDA分析图,其中,r(TN):湿地TN去除率,r(NH4 +-N):湿地NH4 +-N去除率,r(NO3 --N):湿地NO3 --N去除率。Figure 9 is an RDA analysis diagram of water quality factors, soil-plant stoichiometric characteristics and wetland denitrification effects, where r(TN): wetland TN removal rate, r(NH 4 + -N): wetland NH 4 + -N removal rate, r(NO 3 - -N): removal rate of wetland NO 3 - -N.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明提供了一种河岸带土壤基质改良方法,将河岸带土壤按体积比1:0.5~2均匀混入砾石和/或陶粒,并在20~30cm土壤层均匀混入30%~40%体积的生物炭。优选地,所述河岸带土壤按体积比1:0.8~1均匀混入砾石和/或陶粒;优选地,所述在22~26cm土壤层均匀混入32%~38%体积的生物炭。土壤基质作为河岸带湿地的重要组成部分,可以协同植物、微生物等的相互作用共同对河岸带氮素迁移转化产生重要影响,但仅靠单一基质,往往不能满足现阶段对污染物的去除要求,本发明研究表明,通过添加适量高效、易得且安全的砾石、陶粒、生物炭,可以有效发挥基质组合间互补效应以及与植物和微生物间协同作用的优势,提高河岸带的污染物去除效果。在本发明中,对所述砾石、陶粒、生物炭的来源不作特殊限定,均采用市售产品即可。The invention provides a method for improving a riparian soil matrix. The riparian soil is uniformly mixed into gravel and/or ceramsite in a volume ratio of 1:0.5 to 2, and 30 to 40% of the volume is uniformly mixed into a 20 to 30 cm soil layer. bio-charcoal. Preferably, the riparian soil is uniformly mixed with gravel and/or ceramsite in a volume ratio of 1:0.8-1; preferably, 32%-38% of biochar by volume is uniformly mixed in a 22-26cm soil layer. As an important part of riparian wetlands, soil matrix can cooperate with the interaction of plants and microorganisms to have an important impact on the migration and transformation of riparian nitrogen. The research of the present invention shows that by adding an appropriate amount of high-efficiency, easy-to-obtain and safe gravel, ceramsite, and biochar, the complementary effect between matrix combinations and the advantages of synergy with plants and microorganisms can be effectively exerted, and the pollutant removal effect of the riparian zone can be improved. . In the present invention, the sources of the gravel, ceramsite, and biochar are not particularly limited, and commercially available products can be used.
在本发明中,所述河岸带植被群落为芦苇。在本发明的具体实施例中,所述河岸带土壤的基本理化性质为有机碳7.3g·kg-1,全氮0.4g·kg-1,全磷0.6g·kg-1,pH 7.0。In the present invention, the riparian vegetation community is reed. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the basic physical and chemical properties of the riparian soil are organic carbon 7.3 g·kg -1 , total nitrogen 0.4 g·kg -1 , total phosphorus 0.6 g·kg -1 , and pH 7.0.
在本发明中,所述生物炭包括玉米秸秆炭、花生壳炭、玉米芯炭、椰壳炭中的一种或几种。在本发明中,在20~30cm土壤层均匀混入生物炭会进一步提高湿地脱氮效率,生物炭对NH4 +-N的吸附效果较好,为微生物反硝化提供了碳源。同时,添加生物炭的处理有利于植物根C固定和植物N吸收。In the present invention, the biochar includes one or more of corn stover charcoal, peanut shell charcoal, corncob charcoal, and coconut shell charcoal. In the present invention, evenly mixing biochar into the 20-30cm soil layer will further improve the denitrification efficiency of the wetland, and the biochar has a better adsorption effect on NH 4 + -N, providing a carbon source for microbial denitrification. Meanwhile, the treatment of adding biochar was beneficial to plant root C fixation and plant N uptake.
在本发明中,所述砾石和/或陶粒的粒径为1~2cm。在本发明中,添加砾石和/或陶粒基质增加了基质的通透性,影响了基质中的水分运移过程以及植物根系-微生物生长的微环境,从而间接对河岸带脱氮效果产生影响;另外,砾石和/或陶粒的不规则的几何形状增加了微环境的复杂结构,更加有效地发挥了植物根系-微生物的作用。In the present invention, the particle size of the gravel and/or ceramsite is 1-2 cm. In the present invention, adding gravel and/or ceramsite matrix increases the permeability of the matrix, affects the water transport process in the matrix and the microenvironment of plant root-microbe growth, thereby indirectly affecting the denitrification effect of the riparian zone ; In addition, the irregular geometry of gravel and/or ceramsite adds to the complex structure of the microenvironment, and more effectively plays the role of plant root-microbes.
在本发明中,所述生物炭的粒径为2~4mm。In the present invention, the particle size of the biochar is 2-4 mm.
在本发明中,所述陶粒包括改性陶粒。在本发明中,添加改性陶粒对植物生长具有促进作用。本发明对所述改性陶粒的来源不作特殊限定,但在本发明的具体实施例中,所述改性陶粒购于江西某科技公司,所述改性陶粒由硅钛超材、硅钛超材复合组合材料组成。In the present invention, the ceramsite includes modified ceramsite. In the present invention, adding modified ceramsite has a promoting effect on plant growth. The source of the modified ceramsite is not particularly limited in the present invention, but in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the modified ceramsite is purchased from a science and technology company in Jiangxi, and the modified ceramsite is made of silicon-titanium supermaterial, It is composed of silicon-titanium metamaterial composite composite material.
在本发明中,所述改性陶粒的成分包括TiO2、SiO2、CaO、Al2O3一种或多种。In the present invention, the components of the modified ceramsite include one or more of TiO 2 , SiO 2 , CaO, and Al 2 O 3 .
在本发明中,所述改良包括提高河岸带水体总氮含量去除率、铵态氮去除率和硝态氮去除率;提高湿地土壤全碳含量、全氮含量和全磷含量,降低碳磷比和氮磷比;提高河岸带植被根碳含量和叶氮含量。在本发明中,河岸带水体总氮含量平均去除率提高0.8%~9.0%,铵态氮平均去除率提高6.1%~9.0%,硝态氮平均去除率提高10.5%~13.0%,表明基质改良能够有效提高河岸带芦苇区冬季脱氮效果。In the present invention, the improvement includes increasing the removal rate of total nitrogen content, ammonium nitrogen removal rate and nitrate nitrogen removal rate in riparian water; increasing the total carbon content, total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of wetland soil, and reducing the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio; increase root carbon content and leaf nitrogen content of riparian vegetation. In the present invention, the average removal rate of total nitrogen content in riparian water bodies is increased by 0.8% to 9.0%, the average removal rate of ammonium nitrogen is increased by 6.1% to 9.0%, and the average removal rate of nitrate nitrogen is increased by 10.5% to 13.0%, indicating that the substrate is improved. It can effectively improve the denitrification effect of the riparian reed area in winter.
土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比是表征土壤质量及养分平衡的重要指标,对碳氮磷循环具有重要意义。在本发明中,基质改良处理均增加了土壤全碳含量和全磷含量,说明基质改良可以增加土壤全碳含量和全磷含量的积累;基质改良处理亦增加了土壤全氮含量,增加了氮的有效积累,说明基质改良能够增加土壤的有效吸附,提高土壤的缓冲能力。Soil C, N, P contents and their stoichiometric ratios are important indicators to characterize soil quality and nutrient balance, and are of great significance to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. In the present invention, the substrate improvement treatment both increased the soil total carbon content and the total phosphorus content, indicating that the substrate improvement can increase the accumulation of the soil total carbon content and total phosphorus content; the substrate improvement treatment also increased the soil total nitrogen content and increased nitrogen content. The effective accumulation of , indicating that matrix improvement can increase the effective adsorption of the soil and improve the buffer capacity of the soil.
土壤C/P比是体现P有效性的重要指标,C/P比越低,则P有效性越高;土壤N/P比是养分限制的预测因子,也是判断N饱和度的重要指标。本发明中,基质改良处理的土壤C/P和N/P比均为降低趋势,说明基质改良处理的土壤中P有效性相对较高,仍表现为N限制,可以受纳湿地进水中更高的氮浓度。Soil C/P ratio is an important indicator of P availability. The lower the C/P ratio, the higher the P availability. The soil N/P ratio is a predictor of nutrient limitation and an important indicator for judging N saturation. In the present invention, the soil C/P and N/P ratios of the matrix improvement treatment are both decreasing, indicating that the P availability in the matrix improvement treatment soil is relatively high, and it is still limited by N, which can be tolerated by the wetland influent more. high nitrogen concentration.
植物体内C、N、P是其生长发育的重要营养元素,其中,C是植物干物质组成的基本元素,N和P是反映植物生长状况的重要指标之一;植物CNP比值反映其对环境的适应机制及特征,不同器官的化学计量比也可以反映器官内稳性与元素在不同器官中的分配和相互关系,对预测生态系统变化起到重要作用。在本发明中,基质改良使植物叶和根中的C、N、P含量发生变化,主要增加了根碳含量,说明基质中添加生物炭更有利于根的碳固定;另外,砾石+生物炭处理显著增加了叶氮含量。C, N and P in plants are important nutrient elements for their growth and development. Among them, C is the basic element of plant dry matter composition, and N and P are one of the important indicators reflecting plant growth status; the plant CNP ratio reflects its environmental impact. The adaptation mechanism and characteristics, the stoichiometric ratio of different organs can also reflect the organ homeostasis and the distribution and interrelation of elements in different organs, and play an important role in predicting ecosystem changes. In the present invention, the substrate improvement changes the C, N, and P contents in plant leaves and roots, mainly increasing the root carbon content, indicating that adding biochar to the substrate is more conducive to the carbon fixation of roots; in addition, gravel + biochar Treatment significantly increased leaf nitrogen content.
下面将结合本发明中的实施例,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例1Example 1
实验在亚热带地区采取模拟河岸带芦苇湿地的方式进行,构建20个相同结构的盆栽装置,为直径30cm,高50cm的圆柱体形状,离盆底自下而上45cm处设置一个出水口,用于保持固定水位。为了便于测定系统内部的原位水质指标和抽水,在装置中心位置竖向设置一个内径5cm的穿孔管。The experiment was carried out in the subtropical region by simulating the reed wetland in the riparian zone, and 20 potted plants with the same structure were constructed, in the shape of a cylinder with a diameter of 30cm and a height of 50cm. Maintain a fixed water level. In order to facilitate the determination of the in-situ water quality index and water pumping inside the system, a perforated pipe with an inner diameter of 5 cm was vertically arranged in the center of the device.
将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入砾石,并在20cm土壤层均匀混入33.3%体积的生物炭,设置4个重复。在填装基质的同时种植植物,即于2019年6月选取长势相近的芦苇幼苗移栽至装置中,初始种植密度为2株·盆-1,芦苇在装置中培养,开始实验时每盆植物均长势平稳。The riparian soil was evenly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:1, and 33.3% volume of biochar was evenly mixed into the 20cm soil layer, and 4 replicates were set. Plant plants while filling the substrate, that is, in June 2019, select reed seedlings with similar growth vigor and transplant them into the device. The initial planting density is 2 plants·pot -1 . The reeds are cultivated in the device. Average growth is stable.
模拟湿地在上海市农业科学院庄行综合试验基地(30°53′N、121°23′E)中建立并运行,系统稳定至少4个月后,正式开始实验,时间从2019年10月底至2020年3月底,涵盖整个冬季。系统每周进水一次,均在上午10点左右完成,每次进水前均先在穿孔管中原位测量系统内部水质指标,并将装置中的水抽干并取水样后,再进行下次一进水。结束运行后,对装置进行破坏性采样,同时采集植物(叶、茎、根)和基质中的土壤样品,测定其碳氮磷含量。The simulated wetland was established and operated in the Zhuanghang Comprehensive Test Base (30°53′N, 121°23′E) of the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. After the system was stable for at least 4 months, the experiment officially started, from the end of October 2019 to 2020 The end of March, covering the entire winter. The system is filled with water once a week, and it is completed around 10 am. Before each water entry, the water quality index inside the system is measured in situ in the perforated pipe, and the water in the device is drained and water samples are taken, and then the next one is carried out. into the water. After the end of the operation, the device was subjected to destructive sampling, and the soil samples in the plants (leaves, stems, roots) and substrates were collected at the same time, and their carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents were determined.
实施例2Example 2
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入陶粒,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is evenly mixed into the ceramsite at a volume ratio of 1:1, and the remaining steps are the same as those in Example 1.
实施例3Example 3
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入改性陶粒,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is uniformly mixed into the modified ceramsite at a volume ratio of 1:1, and the remaining steps are the same as those in Example 1.
实施例4Example 4
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:0.5均匀混入砾石,并在20cm土壤层均匀混入30%体积的生物炭,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is uniformly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:0.5, and 30% of the volume of biochar is uniformly mixed into the 20cm soil layer. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.
实施例5Example 5
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:2均匀混入砾石,并在20cm土壤层均匀混入40%体积的生物炭,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is uniformly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:2, and 40% of the volume of biochar is uniformly mixed into the 20cm soil layer. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.
实施例6Example 6
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入砾石,在25cm土壤层均匀混入33.3%体积的生物炭,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is evenly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:1, and 33.3% of the volume of biochar is evenly mixed into the 25cm soil layer. The remaining steps are the same as those in Example 1.
实施例7Example 7
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入砾石,在30cm土壤层均匀混入33.3%体积的生物炭,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is evenly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:1, and 33.3% biochar by volume is evenly mixed into the 30cm soil layer, and the remaining steps are the same as those in Example 1.
对比例1Comparative Example 1
与实施例1不同的是:河岸带土壤不混入任何基质,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is not mixed with any substrate, and the rest of the steps are the same as in Example 1.
对比例2Comparative Example 2
与实施例1不同的是:将河岸带土壤按体积比1:1均匀混入砾石,20~30cm土壤层不添加生物炭,其余步骤与实施例1相同。The difference from Example 1 is that the riparian soil is evenly mixed into the gravel at a volume ratio of 1:1, and no biochar is added to the 20-30 cm soil layer, and the remaining steps are the same as those in Example 1.
实施例8Example 8
测定指标与方法:Measurement indicators and methods:
使用便携式多参数水质测定仪(HI9829,HANNA,意大利)现场测定系统内部基本水质指标,包括温度、pH、溶解氧、氧化还原电位、总溶解固体、电导率;水体总氮(TN)浓度采用过硫酸钾氧化法测定;NH4 +-N和NO3 --N浓度使用流动分析仪(AA3,Seal,德国)测定。Use a portable multi-parameter water quality analyzer (HI9829, HANNA, Italy) to measure the basic water quality indicators inside the system, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity; Potassium sulfate oxidation method; NH4 + -N and NO3 -- N concentrations were determined using a flow analyzer (AA3, Seal, Germany).
土壤全碳和全氮含量采用元素分析仪(Vario EL cube,Elementar,德国)测定;全磷含量采用高氯酸-硫酸法测定。The total carbon and total nitrogen contents of the soil were determined by an element analyzer (Vario EL cube, Elementar, Germany); the total phosphorus content was determined by the perchloric acid-sulfuric acid method.
将植物叶、茎、根在烘箱中杀青、烘干至恒重,称取植物生物量;碳、氮含量采用元素分析仪(Vario EL cube,Elementar,德国)测定;磷含量采用钼锑抗比色法测定。The leaves, stems and roots of the plants were fixed in an oven, dried to constant weight, and the plant biomass was weighed; the carbon and nitrogen contents were measured by an element analyzer (Vario EL cube, Elementar, Germany); the phosphorus content was measured by the molybdenum-antimony ratio Color measurement.
数据统计与分析软件:Data statistics and analysis software:
采用IBM SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行处理,进行单因素方差分析(one wayANOVA)和差异显著性检验(Duncan,P<0.05);采用SigmaPlot 12.5软件作图,图表中数据为平均值±标准差;采用R4.1.1绘制Pearson相关性热图;采用Canoco5.0软件进行冗余分析(RDA)。IBM SPSS 22.0 software was used to process the data, one-way ANOVA and significant difference test (Duncan, P<0.05) were performed; SigmaPlot 12.5 software was used to make graphs, and the data in the graph were mean ± standard deviation; R4.1.1 draws Pearson correlation heat map; Canoco5.0 software is used for redundancy analysis (RDA).
河岸带芦苇区冬季脱氮效果结果与分析:Result and analysis of denitrification effect in winter in riparian reed area:
根据图2可以看出,实验期间系统的进水总氮浓度5.8~20.7mg·L-1,NH4 +-N浓度0.3~14.4mg·L-1,NO3--N浓度0.1~1.2mg·L-1,进水浓度波动相对较大,出水浓度均显著降低,并保持在较低水平相对稳定。It can be seen from Fig. 2 that during the experiment, the total nitrogen concentration of the influent water of the system was 5.8-20.7 mg·L -1 , the NH 4 + -N concentration was 0.3-14.4 mg·L -1 , and the NO 3 -N concentration was 0.1-1.2 mg ·L -1 , the influent concentration fluctuated relatively large, and the effluent concentration decreased significantly and remained relatively stable at a low level.
根据图3可以看出,实验期间TN和NH4 +-N去除率存在处理间的差异(P<0.05),而NO3 --N去除率差异不显著(P>0.05)。从TN平均去除率上来看,实施例1(横坐标DS3所示)最高为97.2%且相对最为稳定;其次为实施例2(横坐标DS4所示)为94.2%;对比例1(横坐标DS1所示)为88.3%相对较低且不稳定,其与实施例1之间差异显著(P<0.05)。从NH4 +-N平均去除率上来看,实施例1为97.9%相对较高且稳定;其次为实施例2为95.3%和实施例3(横坐标DS5所示)为95.1%;对比例1为89.0%相对最低且不稳定,与实施例1之间差异显著(P<0.05)。从NO3 --N平均去除率上来看,虽然处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),但实施例1~3均比对比例1去除率高且相对稳定。According to Fig. 3, it can be seen that during the experiment, the removal rates of TN and NH 4 + -N were different between treatments (P<0.05), while the removal rates of NO 3 - -N were not significantly different (P>0.05). From the point of view of the average removal rate of TN, Example 1 (shown on the abscissa DS3) is the highest at 97.2% and is relatively stable; followed by Example 2 (shown on the abscissa DS4), which is 94.2%; Comparative Example 1 (shown on the abscissa DS1) shown) was 88.3% relatively low and unstable, which was significantly different from Example 1 (P<0.05). From the average removal rate of NH 4 + -N, Example 1 is relatively high and stable at 97.9%; followed by Example 2 at 95.3% and Example 3 (as shown by abscissa DS5) at 95.1%; Comparative Example 1 It was 89.0%, which was relatively low and unstable, and was significantly different from Example 1 (P<0.05). In terms of the average removal rate of NO 3 - -N, although the difference between treatments was not significant (P>0.05), the removal rates of Examples 1 to 3 were higher and relatively stable than those of Comparative Example 1.
与对比例1相比,对比例2(横坐标DS2所示)、实施例1、实施例2和实施例3的TN平均去除率分别高出5.5%、8.9%、5.9%、0.8%,NH4 +-N平均去除率分别高出8.3%、8.9%、6.4%、6.1%,NO3 --N平均去除率分别高出13.0%、12.5%、11.4%、10.5%。Compared with Comparative Example 1, the average removal rates of TN in Comparative Example 2 (shown on the abscissa DS2), Example 1, Example 2 and Example 3 were higher by 5.5%, 8.9%, 5.9%, and 0.8%, respectively. The average removal rates of 4 + -N were 8.3%, 8.9%, 6.4% and 6.1% higher, and the average removal rates of NO 3 - -N were 13.0%, 12.5%, 11.4% and 10.5% higher, respectively.
由表1可以看出,不同处理系统内部水体T和DO差异不大,而pH、ORP、EC和TDS均存在处理间的差异。对比例2以及实施例1~3的pH均显著高于对比例1(P<0.05),其中实施例1和实施例3与对比例2和实施例2之间亦差异显著(P<0.05)。与对比例1相比,实施例1~3的ORP均显著降低(P<0.05),而EC和TDS均显著增加(P<0.05),且处理间趋势相同。It can be seen from Table 1 that there is little difference in T and DO of water in different treatment systems, while pH, ORP, EC and TDS all have differences between treatments. The pH of Comparative Example 2 and Examples 1 to 3 were significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 1 (P<0.05), and there was also a significant difference between Example 1 and Example 3 and Comparative Example 2 and Example 2 (P<0.05) . Compared with Comparative Example 1, the ORP of Examples 1 to 3 was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the EC and TDS were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the trends between treatments were the same.
表1系统内部原位水质指标Table 1 In-situ water quality indicators in the system
土壤化学计量特征结果分析:Analysis of soil stoichiometric characteristics results:
根据图4土壤养分(TC、TN、TP)含量可以看出,与对比例1(横坐标DS1所示)相比,对比例2(横坐标DS2所示)以及实施例1~实施例3(横坐标DS3~DS5所示)的土壤TC含量均有增加趋势,实施例3增加相对最大(P<0.05),实施例1也有显著差异(P<0.05);对比例2以及实施例1~实施例3的土壤TN含量有增加趋势,实施例1与对比例1差异显著(P<0.05),实施例3变化不大;对比例2以及实施例1~实施例3的土壤TP含量均有增加趋势,实施例3增加相对最大(P<0.05),实施例1也有显著差异(P<0.05)。According to the content of soil nutrients (TC, TN, TP) in Figure 4, it can be seen that compared with Comparative Example 1 (shown on the abscissa DS1), Comparative Example 2 (shown on the abscissa DS2) and Examples 1 to 3 ( The soil TC content of the abscissa (DS3-DS5) has an increasing trend, and the increase in Example 3 is relatively the largest (P<0.05), and there is also a significant difference in Example 1 (P<0.05); Comparative Example 2 and Example 1-implementation The soil TN content of Example 3 has an increasing trend, the difference between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 is significant (P<0.05), and Example 3 has little change; the soil TP content of Comparative Example 2 and Examples 1 to 3 all increased Trend, Example 3 increased the relative maximum (P<0.05), Example 1 also had a significant difference (P<0.05).
根据图5土壤CNP化学计量比可以看出,与对比例1(横坐标DS1所示)相比,实施例3(横坐标DS5所示)的土壤C/N比显著增加(P<0.05),实施例1~2(横坐标DS3~DS4所示)变化不大;实施例1~3的土壤C/P和N/P比均有降低趋势,实施例3的土壤N/P比与DS1差异显著(P<0.05)。According to the soil CNP stoichiometric ratio in Figure 5, it can be seen that compared with Comparative Example 1 (shown on the abscissa DS1), the soil C/N ratio of Example 3 (shown on the abscissa DS5) was significantly increased (P<0.05), Examples 1-2 (shown on the abscissa DS3-DS4) did not change much; the soil C/P and N/P ratios of Examples 1-3 had a decreasing trend, and the soil N/P ratio of Example 3 was different from DS1 Significant (P<0.05).
植物化学计量特征结果分析:Analysis of phytostoichiometric characteristics results:
根据图6芦苇各器官养分(C、N、P)含量可以看出,与叶和根相比,茎C、N、P含量在处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。根C含量与叶和茎相比处理间变化相对较大,与对比例1(横坐标DS1所示)相比,实施例1~实施例3(横坐标DS3~DS5所示)均显著增加了根C含量(P<0.05),而实施例1的叶C含量显著降低(P<0.05);叶N含量比茎和根的要高,与对比例相比,实施例1的叶N含量显著增加(P<0.05),实施例2和实施例3的根N含量显著增加(P<0.05);除对比例2(横坐标DS2所示)的叶P含量显著降低外(P<0.05),P含量在各器官中趋势为叶>根>茎。According to Fig. 6 the nutrient (C, N, P) contents of each organ of reed, it can be seen that compared with leaves and roots, the C, N, P contents of stems have no significant difference between treatments (P>0.05). Compared with the leaves and stems, the C content in the roots changed relatively greatly between treatments, and compared with the comparative example 1 (shown on the abscissa DS1), Examples 1 to 3 (shown on the abscissa DS3 ~ DS5) all significantly increased. The root C content (P<0.05), while the leaf C content of Example 1 was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the leaf N content was higher than that of the stem and root, compared with the comparative example, the leaf N content of Example 1 was significantly increase (P < 0.05), the root N content of Example 2 and Example 3 increased significantly (P < 0.05); except that the leaf P content of Comparative Example 2 (as shown by the abscissa DS2) was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), The trend of P content in each organ was leaf>root>stem.
根据图7芦苇各器官CNP化学计量比可以看出,茎和根的C/N、C/P和N/P比在处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对比例1的叶(C/N 21.3,C/P361.7,N/P 16.9)相比,实施例1的叶C/N比(14.8)显著降低(P<0.05),而对比例2的叶C/P比(660.8)和N/P比(28.6)显著增加(P<0.05)。According to the CNP stoichiometric ratio of each organ of reed in Figure 7, it can be seen that the C/N, C/P and N/P ratios of stems and roots were not significantly different between treatments (P>0.05). Compared with the leaves of Comparative Example 1 (C/N 21.3, C/P 361.7, N/P 16.9), the leaf C/N ratio (14.8) of Example 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05), while the leaves of Comparative Example 2 The leaf C/P ratio (660.8) and N/P ratio (28.6) were significantly increased (P<0.05).
根据表2可以看出,通过生物量和植物各器官C、N、P含量计算出系统中植物的养分分配情况,各指标均表现出地下部分高于地上部分的量或基本相当。从生物量总量的平均值上来看,与对比例1相比,实施例1为降低趋势,实施例2~3为增加趋势,且实施例1差异显著(P<0.05),主要是茎生物量显著降低的影响。与对比例1相比,系统中植物C总量的处理间趋势与生物量趋势一致,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。系统中植物N总量的处理间趋势亦与生物量趋势一致,且实施例2和实施例3呈差异显著水平(P<0.05),与对比例1相比,实施例2的叶、茎、根C量均有增加趋势(P<0.05),而实施例3的叶和根C量显著增加,但茎C量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对比例1相比,实施例1~3以及对比例2中植物P总量有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。According to Table 2, it can be seen that the nutrient distribution of plants in the system is calculated from the biomass and C, N, and P contents of various plant organs. From the average of the total biomass, compared with Comparative Example 1, Example 1 showed a decreasing trend, Examples 2-3 showed an increasing trend, and Example 1 had a significant difference (P<0.05), mainly stem biomass significantly reduced impact. Compared with Comparative Example 1, the inter-treatment trend of total plant C in the system was consistent with the biomass trend, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The inter-treatment trend of the total amount of plant N in the system was also consistent with the biomass trend, and Example 2 and Example 3 showed a significant level of difference (P<0.05). Compared with Comparative Example 1, the leaves, stems, The amount of C in roots all increased (P<0.05), while the amount of C in leaves and roots of Example 3 increased significantly, but the amount of C in stems decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with Comparative Example 1, the total amount of plant P in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 2 had a decreasing trend, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).
表2系统中植物的养分分配(单位:g·pot-1)Table 2 Nutrient distribution of plants in the system (unit: g·pot -1 )
土壤-植物化学计量特征相关性分析:Soil-plant stoichiometric characteristics correlation analysis:
CNP化学计量特征可用作分析土壤-植物系统中元素之间的耦合关系及差异性的有效工具。根据图8中土壤和植物各器官化学计量特征之间的Pearson相关分析显示,土壤、叶、茎、根各组分内部养分含量和化学计量比的相关性更大。土壤与植物之间,土壤TC含量仅与根C含量相关(R=0.54,P<0.05);土壤TN含量与茎和根的N含量正相关,且与茎和根的C/N比负相关(P<0.05);土壤TP含量和C/P比与植物各器官化学计量特征的相关性均较小(P>0.05);土壤C/N比主要与茎的化学计量特征有相关性,与茎的N和P含量负相关、C/N和C/P比正相关(P<0.05);土壤N/P比也主要与茎相关,与N含量正相关、C/N比负相关(P<0.05)。CNP stoichiometric characteristics can be used as an effective tool to analyze the coupling relationships and differences between elements in soil-plant systems. According to the Pearson correlation analysis between the stoichiometric characteristics of soil and plant organs in Figure 8, the correlation between the nutrient content and stoichiometric ratio of soil, leaves, stems, and roots is greater. Between soil and plants, soil TC content was only correlated with root C content (R=0.54, P<0.05); soil TN content was positively correlated with stem and root N content, and negatively correlated with stem and root C/N ratio (P<0.05); the correlation between soil TP content and C/P ratio and the stoichiometric characteristics of plant organs was small (P>0.05); soil C/N ratio was mainly related to the stoichiometric characteristics of stems, and The N and P contents of the stem were negatively correlated, and the C/N and C/P ratios were positively correlated (P<0.05). <0.05).
植物各器官之间,仅根与叶有化学计量特征之间的相关性,根C含量与叶P含量正相关(P<0.05),与叶C/P和N/P比负相关(P<0.01);根C/P比与叶N/P比负相关(P<0.05)。Among plant organs, only roots and leaves have stoichiometric correlations, root C content is positively correlated with leaf P content (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with leaf C/P and N/P ratios (P<0.05). 0.01); root C/P ratio was negatively correlated with leaf N/P ratio (P<0.05).
根据图9中RDA分析显示,水质因子中的温度和pH对实验期间湿地脱氮效率的变化有影响,且温度呈负相关,pH呈正相关;一般来说,温度越高,湿地冬季脱氮效果越好,在本发明中,各实施例处理间的温度差异不大,说明基质改良不是通过影响温度来提高湿地冬季脱氮效果;基质改良处理的系统pH均显著增加,本发明研究表明,低温下在一定范围内的pH越高,脱氮效果越好;在pH偏碱的条件下,若有足够的NH4 +-N和良好的通气条件,NH4 +-N可通过硝化作用快速转化为NO3 --N,说明pH的增加可能是基质改良提高湿地脱氮效果的重要因素。According to the RDA analysis in Figure 9, the temperature and pH in the water quality factors have an impact on the change of the wetland denitrification efficiency during the experiment, and the temperature is negatively correlated, and the pH is positively correlated; generally speaking, the higher the temperature, the better the wetland denitrification effect in winter. The better, in the present invention, the temperature difference between the treatments in each example is not large, indicating that the substrate improvement does not improve the denitrification effect of wetlands in winter by affecting the temperature; the system pH of the substrate improvement treatment is significantly increased, and the present study shows that the low temperature The higher the pH within a certain range, the better the denitrification effect; under the condition of alkaline pH, if there is enough NH 4 + -N and good aeration conditions, NH 4 + -N can be rapidly converted by nitrification It is NO 3 - -N, indicating that the increase of pH may be an important factor for improving the denitrification effect of wetland by substrate improvement.
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principles of the present invention, several improvements and modifications can be made. It should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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