CN115050964A - Preparation method of solid electrolyte binder, binder and battery - Google Patents

Preparation method of solid electrolyte binder, binder and battery Download PDF

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CN115050964A
CN115050964A CN202210784868.XA CN202210784868A CN115050964A CN 115050964 A CN115050964 A CN 115050964A CN 202210784868 A CN202210784868 A CN 202210784868A CN 115050964 A CN115050964 A CN 115050964A
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solid electrolyte
lithium
plasticizer
binder
electrolyte binder
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CN115050964B (en
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李彬
杨树斌
徐鸿飞
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Beihang University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
    • H01M10/0562—Solid materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a solid electrolyte binder, the solid electrolyte binder and a battery, and belongs to the field of solid lithium battery electrolytes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, dissolving lithium salt in liquid polyester polymer to form a mixture; and adding a plasticizer into the mixture, stirring and heating until the plasticizer is completely swelled, and cooling to obtain the solid electrolyte binder. The polyester adhesive disclosed by the invention can be converted into a viscous state from a solid state when being heated, can be spread along an interface under the action of a small external force or gravity, and can always keep common with the interface, so that the problem of overhigh impedance caused by point-to-point contact of the solid interface is solved, the polyester adhesive can obtain stable deposition of lithium metal by using no pressure or low pressure, and the technical problem of brittle fracture of a battery structure under the traditional high-pressure condition is solved.

Description

Preparation method of solid electrolyte binder, binder and battery
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of solid lithium battery electrolytes, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a solid electrolyte binder, the binder and a battery.
Background
In recent years, in order to further optimize the energy structure of countries and reduce the environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels such as petroleum, new energy vehicles are being developed in various countries. Solid-state electrolytes have been a focus of scientific research and commercial investment for the past decade or so. The main reason for this is that the solid electrolyte possesses high modulus and safety, enabling the use of alkali metal anodes. Solid-state electrolytes typically have high ionic conductivity (at room temperature)>0.1ms cm -1 ) High modulus (e.g., oxide solid electrolytes)>1GPa), excellent electrochemical stability window (measured by linear sweep voltammetry)>4.0V) and good thermal stability (stability above 100 ℃). However, it is still difficult to make a practical solid electrolyte, such as difficulty in manufacturing, fragility in a large area, poor interface charge transfer due to poor contact with electrodes, metal dendrite growth and diffusion along grain boundaries at low pressure or high current density, high cost, and poor environmental stability, compared to conventional liquid electrolytes. Particularly under low pressure conditions, the contact of lithium metal with the inorganic solid electrolyte is continuously deteriorated due to the volume change of lithium, forming defects and voids. Lithium ions tend to deposit more in areas still in contact with the solid electrolyte than in isolated areas, further creating uneven deposition at the interface, promoting nucleation and growth of dendrites, and causing short circuits in the solid-state battery.
To improve this situation, too high a pressure is often applied during the cell assembly, for example up to 5-10MPa, in order to compensate for the voids created by the peeling of the lithium metal by creep. However, such high assembly pressure cannot be applied to the current lithium ion battery operation platform (the assembly pressure is generally 0.1MPa-1 MPa).
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of high requirement on the installation pressure of a solid electrolyte and an electrode and poor installation effect in the existing preparation process of a solid electrolyte binder, and provides a preparation method of the solid electrolyte binder, the solid electrolyte binder and a battery.
The first aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a solid electrolyte binder, comprising the steps of:
under the protection of inert gas, dissolving lithium salt in liquid polyester polymer to form a mixture;
and adding a plasticizer into the mixture, stirring and heating until the plasticizer is completely swelled, and cooling to obtain the solid electrolyte binder.
The polyester polymer can be directly selected and used as a finished product, and can also be prepared by adding a catalyst into a polyester monomer. The catalyst is selected from one or more of stannous octoate, methyl fluorosulfonic acid, ethyl fluorosulfonic acid and tert-butyl lithium.
In some embodiments, the polyester-based polymer is polycaprolactone.
In some embodiments, the polyester caprolactone is selected from one or more of poly (γ -caprolactone), poly (ε -caprolactone), poly (δ -caprolactone), poly (γ -butyrolactone).
The polyester polymer matrix has a stable structure, and taking Polycaprolactone (PCL) as an example, the polycaprolactone has excellent stability and an electrochemical window, and the oxidation resistance voltage of the polycaprolactone is measured to be larger than 4.7V by using a linear voltammetry.
In some embodiments, the lithium salt is selected from one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bisoxalato borate.
In some embodiments, the concentration of the lithium salt is 1mol/L to 3 mol/L.
In some embodiments, the plasticizer is selected from one or more of propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate. The plasticizer mainly plays the following roles: firstly, the addition of a proper amount of plasticizer can improve the viscosity of the polymer matrix, so that the polymer matrix is rapidly converted from a solid state to a viscous state at the increased temperature, and the wettability of the electrolyte-electrode interface is improved. Secondly, the plasticizer can improve the solid state lithium ion conducting mechanism and improve the ionic conductivity. Because the plasticizer acts as a liquid small molecule, it is able to form fast-conducting ion regions in the polymer matrix, where the lithium ion transport rate is comparable to that in liquid electrolytes. Third, the plasticizer may reduce crystallinity and reduce internal friction between polymer matrix molecules. The plasticizer small molecules are inserted into the polymer matrix, and the strong interaction between the plasticizer small molecules and the polymer polar groups weakens and inhibits the group interaction of the polymer molecules per se, so that the growth of the polymer matrix crystals is hindered. Meanwhile, the polymer molecular chain polarity group interaction promotes the change of the polymer morphological structure, inhibits the crystallinity, promotes the movement of the polymer matrix chain segment, and reduces the glass transition temperature and the ion transfer activation energy of the system.
In some embodiments, the volume of the plasticizer is 5% to 35% of the total volume of the mixture and the plasticizer.
In some embodiments, the heating temperature is 80 ℃ C to 170 ℃, and the heating time is 5h to 20 h.
The second aspect of the present invention provides a solid electrolyte binder prepared by the above preparation method, wherein the room temperature ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte binder is 4 × 10 -6 S/cm-2.1×10 -3 S/cm, the oxidation resistance potential is more than 4.7V; the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte binder gradually increases as the content of the plasticizer increases.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a solid-state lithium ion battery, which is characterized by comprising the solid electrolyte binder obtained by any one of the above-mentioned preparation methods or the above-mentioned solid electrolyte binder.
Compared with the prior art, the invention achieves the following technical effects:
(1) the polyester adhesive disclosed by the invention can be converted into a viscous state from a solid state when being heated, can be spread along an interface under the action of a small external force or gravity, and can always keep common with the interface, so that the problem of overhigh impedance caused by point-to-point contact of the solid interface is solved, the polyester adhesive can obtain stable deposition of lithium metal by using no pressure or low pressure, and the technical problem of brittle fracture of a battery structure under the traditional high-pressure condition is solved.
(2) The polyester electrolyte has a wider HOMO/LUMO energy level orbit, can always keep the stability of components and structures, and cannot react with lithium metal or a positive active material to cause the decomposition of an electrolyte or form a poor inert interface layer, thereby solving the technical problems that the traditional liquid electrolyte can wet an electrolyte interface, but the liquid electrolyte can generate proton exchange on the surface of a solid electrolyte, and simultaneously the lithium metal can consume the liquid electrolyte.
(3) According to the invention, the adhesive with high ionic conductivity and high viscosity is obtained by mixing the polyester polymer and the plasticizer, and is coated on the surface of the inorganic solid electrolyte, so that the high interface impedance of solid-solid contact can be improved, the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be bonded, and the battery can run under no pressure or low pressure.
(4) In order to better infiltrate an electrolytic interface, ensure that the lamination is tighter and the interface impedance is lower, the invention can adopt the polyester monomer to be polymerized into the polyester adhesive in situ under the condition of the catalyst, and the proposal does not need solvent in the polymerization process, thereby avoiding unnecessary solvent volatilization compared with the traditional solution pouring method.
(5) The solid electrolyte binder disclosed by the invention can be obtained by simple stirring and heating equipment, the process has the characteristics of convenience in operation, simplicity in process and short time consumption, and the prepared binder is safe and environment-friendly, is nontoxic to organisms and can be naturally degraded.
(6) The polyester binder adopted by the invention can ensure that the battery obtains better high-temperature safety performance due to higher polymerization degree, and the battery is not easy to burn under flame broiling.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the ionic conductivity measurements at different temperatures for the binders, LLZO/binder obtained in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a comparative test of full cell cycle performance of example 5 and comparative example 2;
fig. 3 is a lithium/lithium symmetric cell impedance test at different pressures for example 6 and comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is explained below by specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that one or more of the steps referred to in the present application do not exclude the presence of other methods or steps before or after the combination of steps, or that other methods or steps may be intervening between those steps specifically referred to. It should also be understood that these examples are for illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, the numbering of the method steps is only for the purpose of identifying the method steps, and is not intended to limit the arrangement order of each method or the scope of the implementation of the present invention, and changes or modifications of the relative relationship thereof may be regarded as the scope of the implementation of the present invention without substantial technical change.
The raw materials and apparatuses used in the examples are not particularly limited in their sources, and may be purchased from the market or prepared according to a conventional method well known to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
Preparation method of high-conductivity ionic polyester-based solid electrolyte binder, namely polymer matrix directly selecting polymer finished product
Step one, heating 1g of polycaprolactone to 100 ℃ in an argon glove box to soften the polycaprolactone, then weighing 0.287g of lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonate, adding the lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonate into the polycaprolactone, uniformly mixing lithium salt and the polycaprolactone through manual stirring or mechanical shearing force, and preserving heat for 12 hours until the lithium salt is completely dissolved to obtain a uniform mixture;
and step two, adding 0.3mL of prepared propylene carbonate plasticizer with the concentration of 1M lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonate into the uniform mixture obtained in the step one in an argon glove box, adding the mixture three times, and stirring after each addition. After all the addition, the mixture was incubated at 80 ℃ for 5 hours. And cooling to room temperature to obtain the solid electrolyte binder.
It should be noted that, the lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate may be prepared by melting all of the liquid polycaprolactone, adding the plasticizer, and mixing uniformly.
Example 2
Preparation method of high-conductivity ionic polyester-based solid electrolyte binder, namely polymer matrix directly selecting polymer finished product
The lithium salt was 2M lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonate, and the plasticizer was an ethylene carbonate plasticizer, the other examples being the same.
The ionic conductivity of the polymer was 1.2X 10 as measured at room temperature -3 S/cm。
Example 3
Preparation method of high-conductivity ionic polyester-based solid electrolyte binder, namely polymer matrix directly selecting polymer finished product
The mass of the lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide added with polycaprolactone is 0.187g, the temperature is 170 ℃ after the plasticizer is added, and the time is 20h, and the rest is the same as that of example 1.
Example 4
Method for preparing in-situ high-conductivity ionic polymerization polyester-based solid electrolyte binder-preparation of polymer by monomer polymer Compound (I)
Step one, taking 1ml of caprolactone monomer in an argon glove box, then weighing 0.287g of lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonate, adding the lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonate into the caprolactone monomer, and uniformly mixing lithium salt and caprolactone through magnetic stirring;
and step two, adding 0.3mL of prepared propylene carbonate plasticizer with the concentration of 1M lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonate into the uniformly mixed solution obtained in the step one in an argon glove box. Finally adding 0.4 wt% of stannous octoate solution, heating to 130 ℃, and carrying out heat preservation for half an hour for prepolymerization;
and step three, in an argon glove box, dripping the solution obtained in the step two on the surface of an inorganic solid electrolyte (using LLZO solid electrolyte as an example), heating to 130 ℃, keeping the temperature for 3 hours, finally attaching positive and negative electrode materials, keeping the temperature for 3 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the battery with the solid electrolyte binder.
Example 5
In an argon glove box, the polyester-based solid electrolyte binder prepared in example 1 is heated to 80 ℃, then a proper amount of binder is taken to be blade-coated on the surface of the inorganic solid electrolyte, and is pressed to be smooth and flat, finally, the metal lithium and the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode are attached to two sides of the inorganic solid electrolyte, an aluminum plastic film is used for packaging and vacuumizing, and the cycle performance and the rate capability under the condition that the packaging pressure is one atmosphere are tested at room temperature (25 +/-4 ℃).
A Lithium Lanthanum Zirconium Oxygen (LLZO) solid electrolyte is used here as an example. The manufacturing method of the lithium iron phosphate anode comprises the following steps: and grinding and uniformly mixing 24mg of lithium iron phosphate anode material, 3mg of super P Li conductive agent and 3mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to prepare uniform slurry, coating the uniform slurry on an aluminum foil, and then drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the anode plate.
Example 6
The polyester-based binder prepared in example 3 was heated to 80 ℃ in an argon glove box, then an appropriate amount of the binder was knife-coated on the surface of an inorganic solid electrolyte (where an LLZO solid electrolyte was used as an example), and was pressed to be smooth and flat, and finally two pieces of lithium metal were attached to both sides of the inorganic solid electrolyte to assemble a symmetrical battery, which was tested for impedance at room temperature (25 ± 4 ℃) with the battery in comparative example 1.
Example 7
A lithium ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte, wherein the two sides of the solid electrolyte are coated with the binder prepared in the embodiment 1, and the negative electrode and the positive electrode are respectively bound to the two sides of the solid electrolyte through the binder.
Comparative example 1
Using solely an inorganic solid electrolyte (here, LLZO solid electrolyte was used as an example), two lithium sheets were attached to both sides of the binderless LLZO electrolyte, and the symmetrical cell impedance was tested at different pressures at room temperature (25 ± 4 ℃).
Comparative example 2
Using only an inorganic solid electrolyte (here, an LLZO solid electrolyte is used as an example), a lithium sheet and a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode were attached to both sides of the binder-free LLZO electrolyte, and the full battery performance was tested at room temperature (25 ± 4 ℃).
Testing
The binders, LLZO/binders prepared in example 1 were tested for ionic conductivity at different temperatures
As shown in FIG. 1, the ionic conductivity was 1.03X 10 as measured at room temperature (25. + -. 4 ℃ C.) -3 S/cm, coating on the surface of Lithium Lanthanum Zirconium Oxygen (LLZO) solid electrolyte, wherein the conductivity is 2.1 × 10 -4 Lifting S/cm to 3 x 10 -4 S/cm。
Full cell cycle performance comparative test of example 5 and comparative example 2
The battery with the binder obtained in example 5 was subjected to a full cell cycle performance test with the binder-free battery of comparative example 2. As shown in fig. 2, the capacity retention of the all-solid-state battery with the binder is much higher than that of the solid-state battery without the binder.
Example 6 lithium/lithium symmetric cell impedance testing at different pressures than comparative example 1
As shown in fig. 3 below, the impedance of the bonded symmetric cell is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the unbonded cell under the same pressure conditions.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (10)

1. A method for preparing a solid electrolyte binder, comprising the steps of:
under the protection of inert gas, dissolving lithium salt in liquid polyester polymer to form a mixture;
and adding a plasticizer into the mixture, stirring and heating until the plasticizer is completely swelled, and cooling to obtain the solid electrolyte binder.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyester-based polymer is polycaprolactone.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the polyester caprolactone is selected from one or more of poly (gamma-caprolactone), poly (epsilon-caprolactone), poly (delta-caprolactone) and poly (gamma-butyrolactone).
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, lithium tetrafluoroborate and lithium bisoxalatoborate.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the lithium salt is 1mol/L to 3 mol/L.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is one or more selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume of the plasticizer is 5 to 35% of the total volume of the mixture and the plasticizer.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the heating temperature is 80 ℃ C to 170 ℃ and the heating time is 5h to 20 h.
9. A solid electrolyte binder obtained by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the room-temperature ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte binder is 4 x 10 -6 S/cm-2.1×10 -3 The oxidation resistance potential is more than 4.7V between S/cm.
10. A solid-state lithium ion battery comprising the solid electrolyte binder obtained by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or the solid electrolyte binder according to claim 9.
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