CN115047362A - Online testing method for connectivity of battery pack charging and discharging loop - Google Patents
Online testing method for connectivity of battery pack charging and discharging loop Download PDFInfo
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- CN115047362A CN115047362A CN202210597438.7A CN202210597438A CN115047362A CN 115047362 A CN115047362 A CN 115047362A CN 202210597438 A CN202210597438 A CN 202210597438A CN 115047362 A CN115047362 A CN 115047362A
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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- G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing the connectivity of a battery pack charging and discharging loop on line, which is characterized in that a battery on-line monitoring system is arranged on the battery pack charging and discharging loop, a resistance checker is connected in series on the side of a direct current charger, when the resistance checker is regulated for 1 gear, a main control unit sends a single pulse discharging instruction to all battery sensors, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharging, and the main control unit reads voltage and current at set sampling intervals and calculates an inrush current energy value; 4 inrush current energy values are obtained after the 4-gear resistance value of the resistance checker is adjusted, and finally a characteristic equation of resistance increment is obtained; withdrawing the resistance checker, periodically sending a single-pulse discharge instruction to all the battery sensors by the main control unit, periodically calculating an inrush current energy value and a resistance increment, and periodically judging the loop connection state according to the resistance increment; the method has the advantages that the real-time test of the connectivity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack can be realized without adding additional testing and control devices, and the method is simple and safe in test, low in cost and high in reliability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for testing the electrical connection condition of a battery pack charge-discharge loop in operation, in particular to an online test method for the connectivity of the battery pack charge-discharge loop, which can automatically monitor the disconnection (non-connection) condition of the battery pack charge-discharge loop and the poor connection (connection, but overlarge contact resistance) condition of the battery pack charge-discharge loop on line on the premise of not changing the working state of equipment.
Background
In places with extremely high requirements on Power Supply reliability, such as Power substations, communication base stations, rail transit control stations, data center machine rooms, hospitals, chemical engineering and other fields, a direct-current Power Supply System or a UPS (Uninterruptible Power System)/EPS (Emergency Power Supply) System is often adopted for Power Supply, a battery pack (or called as a storage battery pack) is used as a backup Power Supply, once an alternating-current Power Supply loses Power, the battery pack immediately outputs current to provide Power for equipment, and the continuous work of the equipment is guaranteed.
The battery pack in the dc power system is usually composed of a plurality of batteries (or called as storage batteries) connected in series, and the whole circuit from the dc charger to the battery pack, i.e. the battery pack charging and discharging circuit, is shown in fig. 2, which includes a charging circuit breaker, a protection fuse, a connection cable, a battery, and a connection strip between the battery and the battery. Normally, the battery pack is in a trickle charge state (also referred to as a float charge state), and it is difficult to detect a virtual connection or "false open" of the battery pack due to individual degradation or aging of the batteries, loosening of the connecting strips between the batteries, and/or corrosion. When the alternating current power supply is powered off and the battery pack needs to output electric energy outwards, if a connecting strip between batteries is loosened, corroded and the like, or a joint of a connecting cable is loosened, corroded and the like, or a charging circuit breaker is in poor electric shock contact to cause increase of contact resistance, the output of the battery pack is seriously insufficient, even the battery pack is directly disconnected under the impact of large current, the direct current power supply system is completely powered off, and the safety of the direct current power supply system and equipment is endangered; moreover, for the defective position of the fault battery and the connecting strip, the temperature can be rapidly raised after the large current passes through, the connection characteristic is deteriorated while the temperature is raised, heat is accumulated, when the temperature is rapidly raised to a certain degree, the battery terminal can be caused to be heated and melted, the battery shell material is carbonized, even the battery can be exploded to cause an accident, and the greater economic loss and the personal safety casualty are caused.
In consideration of the importance of the battery pack, a battery online monitoring system is arranged on the battery pack to monitor the operation performance of the battery pack and give a fault alarm. At present, a common structure of a battery on-line monitoring system is shown in fig. 1, which includes:
the battery sensor is used for measuring the voltage and the internal resistance of the battery in real time;
a voltage sensor for measuring a voltage of the dc bus and a voltage of the battery pack;
the current sensor is used for measuring the current of a battery pack charge-discharge loop;
and the main control unit is used for acquiring data of the battery sensor, the voltage sensor and the current sensor, sending a control command, performing data calculation, identifying battery faults and the like.
The connectivity status of the battery pack charge-discharge circuit includes two aspects, namely disconnection (disconnection) of the battery pack charge-discharge circuit on one hand, and poor connection (connection, but excessive contact resistance) of the battery pack charge-discharge circuit on the other hand. The poor connection is reflected by the index of loop impedance, and the loop impedance comprises the internal resistance of the battery, the resistance of all connecting cables and connecting bars, the contact resistance of the charging circuit breaker, the contact resistance of the protection fuse and the contact resistance of the connecting bars and the battery poles. The on-line testing technology of the internal resistance of the battery is mature and widely applied, and the method for testing the connectivity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) a charger voltage regulation method: the output voltage of the direct current charger is remotely adjusted by connecting the direct current monitoring host, the voltage change of the battery pack and the current magnitude and direction of the battery pack charging and discharging loop are detected, and whether the battery pack is separated from the direct current bus or not is judged, but the poor connection condition in the whole loop cannot be reflected.
(2) Adopt return circuit resistance testing arrangement: the testing device is connected in series on the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, the whole battery pack is periodically discharged in a short time, the voltage and current changes are measured, the loop resistance is calculated, the accuracy is good, the installation place of the testing device is required to be close to the direct current charging motor side, the whole loop can be calculated, the cost is high, the discharging is needed under the conditions of high voltage and large current, a complex control circuit needs to be designed, the complexity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is increased, meanwhile, the loop can be disconnected in a short time, and the influence on the safe operation of the battery pack is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing an online testing method for the connectivity of a charging and discharging loop of a battery pack, which can realize the real-time testing of the connectivity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack without adding an additional testing device and a control device, and has the advantages of simple testing, safety, low cost and high reliability.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: an online test method for connectivity of a battery pack charging and discharging loop is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: the battery on-line monitoring system of the distributed measurement structure adopted by the method comprises a battery sensor, a voltage sensor, a current sensor and a main control unit, wherein the battery sensor is configured for each battery in a battery pack and used for measuring the voltage of the battery, the voltage sensor used for measuring the voltage of the battery, the current sensor used for measuring the current in a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, the current sensor used for measuring the current in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, the main control unit is used for reading the voltage of the battery pack, the current in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack and the voltage of each battery, and calculating the read data to realize the operation management function of the battery pack, and a function model relation between an inrush current energy value and a resistance increment in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack in a test period is established in the main control unit and is described as follows: the battery sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication or bus communication, the voltage sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication, and the current sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication; wherein, Δ R represents resistance increment, w represents an inrush current energy value, a, b, c and d are all characteristic coefficients of the battery pack, and exp () represents an exponential function with a natural base number e as a base;
step 2: assembling a battery on-line monitoring system on the battery pack: each battery sensor is connected to one battery in the battery pack, the voltage sensor is connected to the direct current bus, and the current sensor is sleeved on the connecting cable;
and step 3: a resistance checker with 4-gear resistance value is connected in series with the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop; when the battery pack is in a trickle charge state (also called a floating charge state), the main control unit sends a single-pulse discharge instruction to all the battery sensors when the resistance checker regulates 1 step, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1 discharge after receiving the single-pulse discharge instruction, and after sending the single-pulse discharge instruction, the main control unit reads voltage from the voltage sensors at set sampling intervals, reads current from the current sensors and calculates an inrush current energy value corresponding to the resistance value of the step; after the 4-level resistance value of the resistance checker is adjusted, 4 inrush current energy values are obtained in total, the main control unit calculates and obtains respective optimal values of a, b, c and d according to the 4 inrush current energy values and delta R (a × exp (-b × w) + c × exp (-d × w), and then obtains a characteristic equation of resistance increment in a battery pack charging and discharging loop in a test period, and the characteristic equation is described as follows: Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w); the maximum resistance value of the resistance checker is not more than 500m omega, the set sampling interval is less than or equal to 10ms, a 'represents the optimal value of a, b' represents the optimal value of b, c 'represents the optimal value of c, and d' represents the optimal value of d;
and 4, step 4: withdrawing the resistance checker from the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop; then, a battery online monitoring system is used for online testing the connectivity condition of a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 4_ 1: the main control unit sends a single-pulse discharging instruction to all the battery sensors periodically, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharging after receiving the single-pulse discharging instruction, and after the main control unit sends the single-pulse discharging instruction, the main control unit reads the voltage from the voltage sensor and the current from the current sensor at the same sampling interval and calculates the current inrush current energy value which is recorded as w cur ；
Step 4_ 2: will w cur The current incremental resistance is calculated by substituting Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w)Is denoted as Δ R cur ；
Step 4_ 3: according to Δ R cur The current communication state of the charge-discharge circuit of the battery pack is judged if the value of delta R is larger than the preset value cur If the voltage is larger than 1 omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be disconnected; if Δ R is cur If the current value is less than 100m omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be well communicated; if Δ R cur And if the voltage is greater than or equal to 100m omega and less than or equal to 1 omega, the connection of the charging and discharging circuit of the battery pack is judged to be poor.
In the step 1, when serial port communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, a communication port of the battery sensor is connected with a 485 serial communication port of the main control unit, when bus communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, the communication port of the battery sensor is connected to a 485 serial bus, and the 485 serial bus is connected to the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; the communication port of the voltage sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; and the communication port of the current sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit.
In step 3, the process of calculating the inrush current energy value corresponding to the resistance value after the main control unit sends the single pulse discharge instruction is as follows: w ═ Σ u t ×i t X T, wherein u t Representing the voltage, i, read by the master control unit from the voltage sensor at each sampling instant t Representing the current read by the master control unit from the current sensor at each sampling instant, and T represents the sampling interval.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1) during testing, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack does not need to be disconnected, and the safe operation of the battery pack is not influenced.
2) Each battery sensor discharges independently, the discharge energy is dispersed on each battery sensor, the discharge is low-voltage and low-power, and the battery sensors do not generate heat and do not damage the batteries.
3) And additional testing devices and control devices are not required to be added.
4) On the premise of not changing the working state of the equipment, the disconnection (disconnection) condition of the battery pack charge-discharge loop, the poor connection (connection, but overlarge contact resistance) condition of the battery pack charge-discharge loop and the good connection condition of the battery pack charge-discharge loop can be automatically monitored on line.
5) The method has the advantages of simple test process, low cost and high reliability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional battery online monitoring system;
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a battery pack charging and discharging circuit;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the circuit principle after a resistance checker is connected in series on the basis of fig. 2.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying examples.
The invention provides an online testing method for connectivity of a battery pack charging and discharging loop, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: the battery on-line monitoring system with a distributed measurement structure adopted by the method is shown in fig. 1, and comprises a battery sensor which is configured for each battery in a battery pack and is used for measuring the voltage of the battery, a voltage sensor for measuring the voltage of the battery pack, a current sensor for measuring the current in a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, and a main control unit which is used for reading the voltage of the battery pack, the current in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack and the voltage of each battery and calculating the read data to realize the operation management function of the battery pack, wherein a function model relation of an inrush current energy value and a resistance increment in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack in a test period is established in the main control unit and is described as follows: the battery sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication or bus communication, the voltage sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication, and the current sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication; where Δ R represents an increase in resistance, w represents an inrush current energy value, a, b, c, and d are all characteristic coefficients of the battery pack, exp () represents an exponential function based on a natural base number e, and e is 2.71 ….
In this embodiment, in step 1, when serial port communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, the communication port of the battery sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit, when bus communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, the communication port of the battery sensor is connected to the 485 serial bus, and the 485 serial bus is connected to the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; the communication port of the voltage sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; and the communication port of the current sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit.
The structure of the battery on-line monitoring system adopted in this embodiment is the structure shown in fig. 1, and may also be other similar structures, and the basic elements include: 1 battery sensor configured for each battery in the battery pack, the battery sensor for measuring a voltage of the battery; the voltage sensor can measure the voltage at the outlet of the direct current charger (direct current bus voltage) and the voltage of the battery pack (voltage at the inlet wire of the battery pack); a current sensor capable of measuring current in a battery pack charge-discharge loop.
In this embodiment, the amplitude of the discharge current of the discharge circuit of the battery sensor is 0.1 times of the rated capacity of the battery, the discharge circuit of the battery sensor is expanded, the amplitude of the discharge current is increased, the amplitude of the discharge current reaches 0.1 times of the rated capacity of the battery, the mainly changed element is a discharge resistor for discharging in the discharge circuit, the discharge resistor with a smaller resistance value is changed according to the capacity of the application battery pack, the other aspects of the discharge circuit do not need to be changed, in addition, the amplitude of the discharge current is increased in direct proportion to the rated capacity of the battery, the battery pack is not damaged, and the measurement accuracy of the internal resistance of the battery can be improved.
In this embodiment, the measurement accuracy of the voltage sensor is required to be not less than 0.5%; the measurement accuracy of the current sensor is not lower than 1%.
In the embodiment, the sampling interval of the main control unit for reading data from the voltage sensor and the current sensor is controlled to be less than or equal to 10 ms; the data reading rate of the main control unit from the voltage sensor and the current sensor is designed to be not less than 50ms, the data density during measuring inrush current can be increased, and the calculation error is reduced, because serial port communication is generally adopted to transmit data, the sampling rate (the data reading rate) is improved to a limited extent, so that under special conditions, a direct-current voltage and current comprehensive sensor managed by a single chip microcomputer can be independently developed, voltage and current are directly collected, the inrush current energy value is calculated, a faster sampling rate (10ms) period is obtained, and higher measurement accuracy is obtained; the process of the main control unit performing calculation according to the read data adopts the prior art.
Step 2: assembling a battery on-line monitoring system on the battery pack: as shown in fig. 1, each battery sensor is connected to one battery in the battery pack, the voltage sensor is connected to the dc bus, and the current sensor is sleeved on the connection cable.
And step 3: a resistance checker with 4-gear resistance value is connected in series with the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop, as shown in fig. 3; when the battery pack is in a trickle charge state (also called a floating charge state), the main control unit sends a single-pulse discharge instruction to all the battery sensors every time the resistance checker adjusts 1 gear, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharge after receiving the single-pulse discharge instruction, and after sending the single-pulse discharge instruction, the main control unit reads voltage from the voltage sensors at set sampling intervals, reads current from the current sensors and calculates an inrush current energy value corresponding to the gear resistance value; after the 4-level resistance value of the resistance checker is adjusted, 4 inrush current energy values are obtained in total, the main control unit calculates and obtains respective optimal values of a, b, c and d according to the 4 inrush current energy values and delta R (a × exp (-b × w) + c × exp (-d × w), and then obtains a characteristic equation of resistance increment in a battery pack charging and discharging loop in a test period, and the characteristic equation is described as follows: Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w); the maximum resistance value of the resistance checker is not more than 500m omega, the set sampling interval is less than or equal to 10ms, a 'represents the optimal value of a, b' represents the optimal value of b, c 'represents the optimal value of c, d' represents the optimal value of d, different combinations of direct current chargers and battery packs are adopted, and the respective optimal values of a, b, c and d have different values and need to be determined through experiments.
In the embodiment, the resistance checker adopts the prior art; according to the 4-level resistance value and the 4 inrush current energy values of the resistance checker, the optimal values of a, b, c and d can be calculated by substituting Δ R into a × exp (-b × w) + c × exp (-d × w).
In this embodiment, in step 3, the process of calculating the inrush current energy value corresponding to the resistance value after the main control unit issues the single pulse discharging instruction is as follows: w ═ Σ u t ×i t X T, wherein u t Representing the voltage, i, read by the master control unit from the voltage sensor at each sampling instant t And the current read from the current sensor by the main control unit at each sampling moment is represented, T represents a sampling interval, and if T is 10ms, the sampling duration is controlled within 1-2 s.
And 4, step 4: withdrawing the resistance checker from the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop; and then, testing the connectivity condition of a charge-discharge loop of the battery pack on line by using an on-line battery monitoring system, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
step 4_ 1: the main control unit sends a single-pulse discharging instruction to all the battery sensors periodically, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharging after receiving the single-pulse discharging instruction, and after the main control unit sends the single-pulse discharging instruction, the main control unit reads the voltage from the voltage sensor and the current from the current sensor at the same sampling interval and calculates the current inrush current energy value which is recorded as w cur . The connectivity condition of a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack can be regularly tested on line, and the test period can be set by self; the current inrush energy value is calculated in the same manner as in step 3.
Step 4_ 2: will w cur The current resistance increase is calculated by substituting Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w), and is expressed as Δ R cur 。
Step 4_ 3: according to Δ R cur The current communication state of the charge-discharge circuit of the battery pack is judged if the value of delta R is larger than the preset value cur If the voltage is larger than 1 omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be disconnected; if Δ R cur If the current value is less than 100m omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be well communicated; if Δ R is cur And if the voltage is greater than or equal to 100m omega and less than or equal to 1 omega, the connection of the charging and discharging circuit of the battery pack is judged to be poor.
The method can realize the real-time test of the connectivity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack and determine the disconnection or poor connection or good connection of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack.
Claims (3)
1. An online test method for connectivity of a battery pack charging and discharging loop is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: the battery on-line monitoring system of the distributed measurement structure adopted by the method comprises a battery sensor, a voltage sensor, a current sensor and a main control unit, wherein the battery sensor is configured for each battery in a battery pack and used for measuring the voltage of the battery, the voltage sensor used for measuring the voltage of the battery, the current sensor used for measuring the current in a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, the current sensor used for measuring the current in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, the main control unit is used for reading the voltage of the battery pack, the current in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack and the voltage of each battery, and calculating the read data to realize the operation management function of the battery pack, and a function model relation between an inrush current energy value and a resistance increment in the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack in a test period is established in the main control unit and is described as follows: the battery sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication or bus communication, the voltage sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication, and the current sensor and the main control unit adopt serial port communication; wherein, Δ R represents resistance increment, w represents an inrush current energy value, a, b, c and d are all characteristic coefficients of the battery pack, and exp () represents an exponential function with a natural base number e as a base;
step 2: assembling a battery on-line monitoring system on the battery pack: each battery sensor is connected to one battery in the battery pack, the voltage sensor is connected to the direct current bus, and the current sensor is sleeved on the connecting cable;
and step 3: a resistance checker with 4-gear resistance value is connected in series with the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop; when the battery pack is in a trickle charge state, the resistance checker sends a single-pulse discharge instruction to all the battery sensors every time the resistance checker adjusts 1 gear, all the battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharge after receiving the single-pulse discharge instruction, and after the main control unit sends the single-pulse discharge instruction, the main control unit reads voltage from the voltage sensors at set sampling intervals, reads current from the current sensors and calculates the inrush energy value corresponding to the gear resistance value; after the 4-level resistance value of the resistance checker is adjusted, 4 inrush current energy values are obtained in total, the main control unit calculates and obtains respective optimal values of a, b, c and d according to the 4 inrush current energy values and delta R (a × exp (-b × w) + c × exp (-d × w), and then obtains a characteristic equation of resistance increment in a battery pack charging and discharging loop in a test period, and the characteristic equation is described as follows: Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w); the maximum resistance value of the resistance checker is not more than 500m omega, the set sampling interval is less than or equal to 10ms, a 'represents the optimal value of a, b' represents the optimal value of b, c 'represents the optimal value of c, and d' represents the optimal value of d;
and 4, step 4: withdrawing the resistance checker from the direct current charging motor side of the battery pack charging and discharging loop; then, a battery online monitoring system is used for online testing the connectivity condition of a charging and discharging loop of the battery pack, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 4_ 1: the method comprises the steps that a main control unit sends single-pulse discharging instructions to all battery sensors at regular intervals, all battery sensors simultaneously execute 1-time discharging after receiving the single-pulse discharging instructions, after the main control unit sends the single-pulse discharging instructions, the main control unit reads voltage from a voltage sensor and current from a current sensor at the same sampling interval and calculates the current inrush current energy value, and the current inrush current energy value is recorded as w cur ；
Step 4_ 2: will w cur The current resistance increase is calculated by substituting Δ R ═ a '× exp (-b' × w) + c '× exp (-d' × w), and is expressed as Δ R cur ；
Step 4_ 3: according to Δ R cur The current communication state of the charge-discharge circuit of the battery pack is judged if the value of delta R is larger than the preset value cur If the voltage is larger than 1 omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be disconnected; if Δ R cur If the current is less than 100m omega, the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack is judged to be well communicated; if Δ R cur And if the voltage is greater than or equal to 100m omega and less than or equal to 1 omega, the connection of the charging and discharging circuit of the battery pack is judged to be poor.
2. The on-line testing method for the connectivity of the charge-discharge loop of the battery pack according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, a communication port of the battery sensor is connected with a 485 serial communication port of the main control unit when serial communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, the communication port of the battery sensor is connected to the 485 serial bus when bus communication is adopted between the battery sensor and the main control unit, and the 485 serial bus is connected to the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; the communication port of the voltage sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit; and the communication port of the current sensor is connected with the 485 serial communication port of the main control unit.
3. The online testing method for the connectivity of the charging and discharging loop of the battery pack according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step 3, the process of calculating the inrush current energy value corresponding to the resistance value after the main control unit sends out the single pulse discharging instruction is as follows: w ═ Σ u t ×i t X T, wherein u t Representing the voltage, i, read by the master control unit from the voltage sensor at each sampling instant t Representing the current read by the master control unit from the current sensor at each sampling instant, and T represents the sampling interval.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202111614481.1A CN114509686A (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2021-12-27 | Online testing method for connectivity of battery pack charging and discharging loop |
| CN2021116144811 | 2021-12-27 |
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