CN115029623B - 一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法 - Google Patents
一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
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Abstract
本发明提出一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法,采用EBT电弧炉‑LF炉精炼‑VD真空精炼‑模铸工艺路线进行钢锭的冶炼浇注。压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢锻件通过控制不同规格锻件的加热温度,将钢锭加热到一定温度进行锻造,并在锻件锻造成型后进行热处理,获得了良好的组织及综合力学性能。本发明通过优化成分配比和合理选择冶炼、锻造、热处理工艺而制造一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢锻件产品,所获材料具有较高的常温和高温拉伸强度、硬度、良好的低温冲击韧性、抗回火脆性及较高的蠕变强度和高温持久强度,本发明提高了产品的质量,降低了废品率,相对于现有技术,具有很大的实际应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及压力容器用耐热钢技术领域,具体涉及一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法。
背景技术
随着装备技术与装置正在逐步向大型化、高参数化方向发展,纵观炼油化工、核电压工业、煤化工的发展趋势,由于压力容器用结构件逐渐倾向于采用锻焊结构,同时,压力容器的高温、高压等苛刻的操作条件对材料的选择提出了更高要求。GB713-2014标准对12Cr2Mo1钢材料成分及性能有了明确规定,但是要想获得综合性能优异的12Cr2Mo1钢重型锻焊式压力容器锻件,需要对材料成分配比进行优化,并合理选择锻件的冶炼、锻造和热处理工艺。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的优选成分和冶炼及锻造热处理工艺,保证在强度、硬度、低温冲击韧性、抗回火脆性及高温持久强度等综合性能方面具有优势。
本发明的技术方案:一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法,12Cr2Mo1钢化学成分以重量百分比计由下列组份组成:C:0.08-0.15%、Si≤0.50%、Mn:0.40-0.50%、P:≤0.006%、S:≤0.006%、Cr:2.00-2.50%、Mo:0.90-1.10%、V:≤0.01%、Ti:≤0.030%、Nb:≤0.010%、Ni:≤0.20%、Al:0.010-0.040%、残余元素As≤0.010%、Sn≤0.004%、Sb≤0.003%、Cu≤0.13%,所含气体元素[H]≤1.6ppm、[O]≤18ppm、[N]≤80ppm,余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质,其特征在于:采用EBT电弧炉-LF炉精炼-VD真空精炼-模铸工艺路线冶炼浇注钢锭;钢锭经锻造成锻件,钢锭的初始加热温度定在1250℃,锻件锻造每一工序的终锻温度要求大于900℃,在最后一火的成形阶段,终锻温度大于850℃,锻造比大于4;锻件锻造成型后进行热处理,所述的热处理工艺包括如下步骤:
步骤一、预备热处理,正火+回火:450℃保温5h,以≤150℃/h速度加热至980±10℃保温10h;再以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温12h,以≤80℃/h随炉冷却到400℃出炉空冷;
步骤二、性能热处理,淬火+回火:≤400℃装炉,以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温2h,以≤80℃/h速度加热至950±10℃保温12h,出炉水冷;以≤400℃装炉,以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温15h,出炉空冷。
12Cr2Mo1钢的化学成分在GB713-2014标准要求范围基础上进行优化:C含量是保证强度满足规范要求的主要因素,C含量低,强度满足不了要求;C含量高,会降低12Cr2Mo1钢的低温韧性和焊接性。考虑到该钢种属于低合金钢,因此C含量控制在上限;Mn能提高钢的强度,能消弱和消除硫的不良影响,Ni既能提高钢的淬透性又能提高钢的低温韧性,因此Mn、Ni元素控制在中上限;Mo既能提高钢的淬透性,又可以减轻钢的回火脆性,所以Mo元素含量应控制在上限;V可以提高钢的淬透性和高温力学性能并能细化晶粒,且具有沉淀强化作用,但过多的V容易产生锻造裂纹,所以V控制在中限;Ti与V的作用类似,热处理后析出TiC稳定碳化物;Si元素是铁素体形成的主要元素,是强化因子也是促进脆化因子。Si自己不会引起脆化,而是对P的脆化起促进作用:当P高时,Si常会把P挤到晶界处(锻后热处理冷却速度慢时、回火次数多而造成回火参数Pt值大于某值时也会使脆化因子晶界析出);而O也会和Si结合成SiO2类氧化物夹杂而富集晶界处,导致晶界处脆化;适量的Si含量能降低奥氏体转变温度,从而抑制先共析铁素体的析出,有利于形成细小的贝氏体组织,从而提高钢的强度和韧性;Nb属于钢中的微合金元素,需要严格控制其含量,Nb含量过高会使钢锭心部偏析粗大,出现Nb的碳化物,从而导致韧性下降,所以控制Nb含量不宜过高;压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢对Cu、As、Sn、Sb等有害元素的限制极为严格,对上述有害元素提出了极为严格的控制要求。同时要求该材料具有良好的纯净度,并有良好的塑性、韧性,所以对S、P、H、O、N等有害元素和气体元素要求较严格。
本发明的有益效果:(1)本发明通过优化成分配比和合理选择冶炼、锻造及热处理工艺,使得12Cr2Mo1钢锻件具有较高的常温和高温强度、硬度、良好的低温冲击韧性、抗回火脆性及较高的蠕变强度和高温持久强度。经多次生产验证测定其强度、硬度满足NB/T47008-2017标准要求;同时,-30℃低温冲击韧性(Kv2)>300J,回火脆性敏感性评定VTr54+3.0ΔVTr54<-80℃,各项性能指标均具有较大的富余量。
(2)利用本发明所述的12Cr2Mo1钢采用目前普遍的冶炼浇注工艺,本发明的锻造热处理工艺容易实施。本发明提高了产品的质量,降低了废品率,相对于现有技术,具有很大的实际应用价值。
说明书附图
图1是实施例1锻件形状尺寸;
图2是实施例1淬火+回火后的金相显微图;
图3是实施例1淬火+回火+PWHT.min后的金相显微图;
图4是实施例1淬火+回火+PWHT.max后的金相显微图;
图5是实施例2锻件形状尺寸;
图6是实施例2淬火+回火后的金相显微图;
图7是实施例2淬火+回火+PWHT.min后的金相显微图;
图8是实施例2淬火+回火+PWHT.max后的金相显微图。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
实施例1
压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢,该12Cr2Mo1钢的化学成分以质量百分比计由下列组份组成:C:0.08;Si:0.50;Mn:0.40;P:0.006;S:0.006;Cr:2.00;Mo:0.90;V:0.01;Ti:0.030;Nb:0.010;Ni:0.20;Al:0.010;残余元素As:0.010;Sn:0.004;Sb:0.003;Cu:0.13;气体元素[H]:1.6ppm;[O]:18ppm;[N]:80ppm;余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。
压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢冶炼工艺,上述的12Cr2Mo1钢包括以下制造工序:
(1)配料,炉料采用As含量较低的优质碳素废钢和压力容器类高铬钼废钢,合金料采用低碳锰铁、低碳铬铁、镍板、钼铁、钒铁、铌铁,合金提前烘烤干燥。
(2)冶炼浇注:采用EBT电弧炉-LF炉精炼-VD真空精炼-模铸工艺进行钢锭的制造。
采用得到的钢锭进行锻件锻造,所述的锻造工艺包括以下步骤:
以尺寸为外径D=∅675、内径d=∅230、长L=831mm筒体锻件为例进行说明。锻件重量采用6T规格的钢锭开坯至直径Φ640,用Φ640圆钢下料锻造,始锻温度:1250℃,终锻温度:900℃,锻造火次:2次,锻后进行炉冷,如图1所示。
对上述锻件进行热处理,所述的热处理工艺包括如下步骤:
步骤一、预备热处理,正火+回火:450℃保温5h,以150℃/h速度加热至980±10℃保温10h;再以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温12h,以80℃/h随炉冷却到400℃出炉空冷;
步骤二、性能热处理,淬火+回火:400℃装炉,以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温2h,以80℃/h速度加热至950±10℃保温12h,出炉水冷;以400℃装炉,以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温15h,出炉空冷。
对利用上述冶炼、锻造及热处理工作所制备的压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢锻件进行性能检测:锻件分别经淬火+回火+性能热处理690℃保温29h(PWHT.max)和淬火+回火+性能热处理720℃保温8h(PWHT.min)后,取样做力学性能、显微组织、非金属夹杂物及晶粒度检测,检测结果完全满足NB/T 47008-2017要求。如图2、图3、图4所示,金相显微组织为贝氏体回火组织。12Cr2Mo1钢经回火脆性敏感性评定试验得到,vTr54前=-90℃,vTr54后=-87℃,从而vTr54+3.0△vTr54=-90+3.0×3=-81℃(<0℃),符合技术要求。
淬火(950℃保温12h水冷)+回火(720℃保温12h)Rel/MPa=411,Rm/MPa=555,A%=27,Z%=82,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥54,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=147(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=350,显微组织为贝氏体回火组织,晶粒度等级为7.5级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
淬火+回火+Min.PWHT(690℃保温8h)Rel/MPa=405,Rm/MPa=540,A%=29.5,Z%=84,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥54,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=161(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=360,显微组织为贝氏体会或组织,晶粒度等级为7.5级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
淬火+回火+Max.PWHT(690℃保温26h)Rel/MPa=381,Rm/MPa=532,A%=29.5,Z%=84,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥54,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=178(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=330,显微组织为贝氏体回火组织,晶粒度等级为8级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
实施例2
压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢,该12Cr2Mo1钢的化学成分以质量百分比计由下列组份组成:C:0.15;Si:0.50;Mn:0.50;P:0.006;S:0.006;Cr:2.50;Mo:1.10;V:0.01;Ti:0.030;Nb:0.010;Ni:0.20;Al:0.040;残余元素As:0.010;Sn:0.004;Sb:0.003;Cu:0.13;气体元素[H]:1.6ppm;[O]:18ppm;[N]:80ppm;余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。
压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢冶炼工艺,上述的12Cr2Mo1钢包括以下制造工序:
(1)配料,同实施例1。
(2)冶炼浇注,同实施例1。
采用得到的钢锭进行锻件锻造,所述的锻造工艺包括以下步骤:
以尺寸为外径D=∅1220、内径d=∅613、长L=902mm筒体锻件为例进行说明。锻件重量采用10T规格的钢锭开坯至直径Φ1220,用Φ600圆钢下料锻造,始锻温度:1250℃,终锻温度:900℃,锻造火次:2次,锻后进行炉冷,如图5所示。
对上述锻件进行热处理,所述的热处理工艺包括如下步骤:
步骤一、预备热处理,正火+回火:450℃保温5h,以150℃/h速度加热至980±10℃保温10h;再以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温12h,以80℃/h随炉冷却到400℃出炉空冷;
步骤二、性能热处理,淬火+回火:400℃装炉,以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温2h,以80℃/h速度加热至950±10℃保温12h,出炉水冷;以400℃装炉,以150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温15h,出炉空冷。
对利用上述冶炼、锻造及热处理工作所制备的压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢锻件进行性能检测:锻件分别经淬火+回火+性能热处理690℃保温29h(PWHT.max)和淬火+回火+性能热处理720℃保温8h(PWHT.min)后,取样做力学性能、显微组织、非金属夹杂物及晶粒度检测,检测结果完全满足NB/T 47008-2017要求。如图6、图7、图8所示,金相显微组织为贝氏体回火组织。12Cr2Mo1钢经回火脆性敏感性评定试验得到,vTr54前=-87℃,vTr54后=-85℃,从而vTr54+3.0△vTr54=-87+3.0×3=-78℃<0℃,符合技术要求。
淬火(950℃保温12h水冷)+回火(720℃保温12h)Rel/MPa=405,Rm/MPa=542,A%=23,Z%=81,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥51,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=151(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=350,显微组织为贝氏体回火组织,晶粒度等级为7.5级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
淬火+回火+Min.PWHT(690℃保温8h)Rel/MPa=408,Rm/MPa=542,A%=23,Z%=80,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥54,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=171(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=360,显微组织为贝氏体会或组织,晶粒度等级为7.5级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
淬火+回火+Max.PWHT(690℃保温26h)Rel/MPa=393,Rm/MPa=547,A%=28.3,Z%=81,Akv2(-20℃)/J≥54,侧向膨胀率/mm=90,硬度(HB)=164(≤220),PρO2(350℃)=330,显微组织为贝氏体回火组织,晶粒度等级为8级,非金属夹杂物等级满足均不大于1.5级,且A+C≤2.0,B+D≤2.0,总数A+B+C+D+Ds≤4.5。
Claims (1)
1.一种压力容器用12Cr2Mo1钢的冶炼及锻造热处理工艺方法,12Cr2Mo1钢化学成分以重量百分比计由下列组份组成:C:0.08-0.15%、Si≤0.50%、Mn:0.40-0.50%、P:≤0.006%、S:≤0.006%、Cr:2.00-2.50%、Mo:0.90-1.10%、V:≤0.01%、Ti:≤0.030%、Nb:≤0.010%、Ni:≤0.20%、Al:0.010-0.040%、残余元素As≤0.010%、Sn≤0.004%、Sb≤0.003%、Cu≤0.13%,所含气体元素[H]≤1.6ppm、[O]≤18ppm、[N]≤80ppm,余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质,其特征在于:采用EBT电弧炉-LF炉精炼-VD真空精炼-模铸工艺路线冶炼浇注钢锭;钢锭经锻造成锻件,钢锭的初始加热温度定在1250℃,锻件锻造每一工序的终锻温度要求大于900℃,在最后一火的成形阶段,终锻温度大于850℃,锻造比大于4;锻件锻造成型后进行热处理,所述的热处理工艺包括如下步骤:
步骤一、预备热处理,正火+回火:450℃保温5h,以≤150℃/h速度加热至980±10℃保温10h;再以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温12h,以≤80℃/h随炉冷却到400℃出炉空冷;
步骤二、性能热处理,淬火+回火:≤400℃装炉,以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温2h,以≤80℃/h速度加热至950±10℃保温12h,出炉水冷;以≤400℃装炉,以≤150℃/h速度加热至720±10℃保温15h,出炉空冷。
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