CN115008849A - Non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of porous materials, and particularly discloses a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-level structure micro-nano composite membrane and a preparation method thereof. The product loaded nano particles change the surface appearance and structure of the nano fibers, so that the performance of the final multi-level structure micro-nano composite film is changed; the two-component non-woven fabric is subjected to one-step hot pressing to form the micron fiber porous membrane, and meanwhile, the low-melting-point component in the two-component non-woven fabric melts at high temperature to play a role of a binder, so that the additional binder is omitted, the cost is saved, and the two materials are combined more uniformly.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of porous materials, and particularly relates to a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The porous membrane is based on a pore structure, can intercept substances with the appearance larger than a specific size, thereby playing a role in selective filtration, can be used as various products such as a wastewater filtration membrane, a protective mask, medical protective clothing, a battery diaphragm and the like, and plays a significant role in the fields of environmental protection, medical sanitation, new energy and the like. Since the fiber material is easy to be produced continuously, the commercially available porous membrane material is mainly a fiber porous membrane. Among the fiber porous membranes, the micro fiber porous membrane is most commonly used, but has poor filtering effect on micro particles (such as viruses and nano-scale substances); although the nanofiber porous membrane has excellent filtering performance, the nanofiber porous membrane is mainly prepared by electrostatic spinning, the nanofiber has poor mechanical properties and is easy to damage, the application field of the nanofiber porous membrane is limited, and meanwhile, the unmodified nanofiber porous membrane with a multi-stage structure has higher pressure drop and cannot meet the application requirements. Therefore, a multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane structure is constructed on the surface of the micro-fiber porous membrane, so that the prepared multi-level structure micro-nano composite porous membrane has a mechanical property similar to that of the micro-fiber porous membrane and excellent filtering performance of the multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane, and the research direction of porous membrane products is formed.
The method is the most commonly used method for constructing a nano porous membrane structure on the surface of a micron fiber porous membrane, collecting nano fibers in the processes of electrostatic spinning, liquid/melt-blown spinning and the like by taking the micron porous membrane as a substrate, and accumulating the nano fibers into a net porous membrane. In recent years, researchers have enriched the variety of nanofiber membranes and improved the production efficiency of nanofiber membranes by dispersing nanofibers into a suspension and depositing the nanofibers into a nanofiber membrane. The micro-nano composite porous membrane prepared by the two methods has the problems of poor durability and easy separation in the long-term use process. In order to improve the durability of the composite membrane, an adhesive is added between the micro-nanofiber membrane interfaces, but the method has the disadvantages of more complicated process and poor controllability, particularly, the pores at the interfaces of two layers of membranes are not easy to control, and the continuous preparation of the multilayer membrane with more than two layers faces a bottleneck. In recent years, due to the development of a two-component nonwoven fabric preparation technology, researchers begin to pay attention to the preparation of a surface porous multilayer film by using the two-component nonwoven fabric, and compared with a technology of additionally adding a binder and combining a multilayer single film, the technology can form the multilayer film by means of the physical characteristics of two components of the two-component nonwoven fabric, and the combination of a multilayer structure can be regulated and controlled by adjusting the proportion of the two components so that the use amount of the binder can be controlled.
In conclusion, the multilayer structure composite membrane prepared based on the materials and the technology is expected to be used for preparing a large amount of high-durability multilayer structure micro-nano composite porous membranes, expanding the application field of porous membrane materials, meeting the large and wide use requirements, and serving for high-end applications such as medical treatment, national defense and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage micro-nano composite film based on a non-woven material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the composite film is integrally formed by hot pressing, and the self-bonding and self-reinforcing characteristics are realized in one step.
In order to achieve the technical object, the present invention provides a nonwoven material-based self-bonding, self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane, which comprises a multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane and a microfiber porous membrane. The multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film comprises an outer layer and an inner layer: the outer layer is a micron fiber porous membrane material, and the inner layer is a multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane material; the two structural materials are formed by hot pressing.
The outer layer of the invention is composed of two polymer materials of high melting point and low melting point, and the polymer material of high melting point is used as a supporting material; the low-melting-point polymer material is used as hot-melt adhesive and pore structure regulating material, and the main material of the low-melting-point polymer material is 10-90 wt% of high-melting-point polymer and 10-90 wt% of low-melting-point polymer. The porous nanofiber membrane with the multilevel structure is prepared by adding nanoparticles, including but not limited to titanium dioxide (TiO) 2 ) Alumina (Al) 2 O 3 ) Silicon dioxide (SiO) 2 ) And the like. The inner layer is a multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane material formed by stacking nanofibers, and the main material of the inner layer comprises but is not limited to aramid fibers, PA6, PVA and other polymer materials.
The inner layer and the outer layer are compounded by using a low-melting-point component of the double-component non-woven fabric as a bonding agent after being melted under the action of hot pressing and then being cooled and solidified. The high melting point polymer of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, PET and its derivatives, PP, PLA, PA6 and its derivatives, PPs, etc. The low melting point polymer of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, polyester copolymer such as PCTG, PE, PCL, PU, etc.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-level structure micro-nano structure composite membrane, which comprises the steps of preparing the polymer combined double-component non-woven fabric by a composite spinning method, preparing precursor liquid containing nano particles and used for preparing multi-level structure nano fibers, preparing a multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane by taking the double-component non-woven fabric as a substrate through a nano fiber stacking method, and finally preparing the multi-level structure micro-nano structure composite membrane through hot pressing.
The composite spinning method for preparing the bicomponent nonwoven fabric comprises, but is not limited to, a spunbond method, a melt-blown method and the like. The spunbond method of the invention comprises the following specific preparation steps: respectively feeding PET and PE into corresponding screw melting extruders to form a melt, spraying the melt through a spinneret plate, and forming a coarse two-component spun-bonded long fiber through cold air blowing; then forming double-component spun-bonded long fibers through an air drafting device and curling under the action of hot air flow; then the double-component spun-bonded long fibers crimped by hot air are uniformly distributed on a net forming curtain after being subjected to filament separation to form a fiber net, and the fibers are adhered and consolidated into a net by means of melting of low-melting-point components on the surfaces of the fibers; and finally, rolling the fibers stacked into a net into a roll. The melt-blowing method comprises the following specific preparation steps: respectively feeding a high-melting-point polymer material and a low-melting-point polymer material into corresponding screw melting extruders to form melts; then the melt is combined and distributed into melt trickle with a specific structure through a specific spinning component; then cooling and stretching the melt trickle with the help of airflow to form the fiber with a specific structure; and finally, rolling the fibers stacked into the net and having the specific structure into a roll.
The fibers of the bicomponent nonwoven fabric of the present invention include, but are not limited to, sheath-core, side-by-side, sea-island, and the like. The fiber of the bicomponent nonwoven fabric is a fiber with a sheath-core structure, the outer layer is made of a low-melting-point polymer material, and the inner layer is made of a high-melting-point polymer material.
The multistage structure nanofiber stacking method comprises but is not limited to electrostatic spinning, liquid/melt-blown spinning, vacuum filtration, phase separation and the like. The invention discloses a method for preparing a nano fiber porous membrane with a multilevel structure by liquid jet spinning, which is to stack nano fibers to form the nano fiber porous membrane with the multilevel structure by a liquid jet technology. The specific implementation method of the liquid jet spinning technology comprises the following steps: firstly, dissolving polymer short fibers in a solvent to prepare a multi-stage structure nanofiber dispersion liquid; then the prepared nano-fiber dispersion liquid with the multilevel structure is loaded into a spray gun connected with a pressure gas tank, the pressure of the gas tank, the caliber of the spray gun and the receiving distance are adjusted, and the nano-fibers with the multilevel structure are uniformly distributed on a receiving substrate; and finally, drying the collected nano-fiber with the multilevel structure in air or an oven to obtain the porous nanofiber membrane with the multilevel structure. The self-bonding and self-reinforcing hierarchical structure micro-nano composite film hierarchical structure nanofiber comprises aramid, PA6, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. The pressure of the gas tank is 0.05-10MPa, the caliber of the spray gun is 0.1-5mm, and the receiving distance is 5-50 cm.
The invention relates to a self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film material prepared by hot pressing, which comprises the following specific steps: unreeling two-component non-woven fabrics with different components or different proportions according to requirements, then preparing a multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane on the non-woven fabrics according to requirements, treating the membrane by hot pressing equipment, and cooling to form the multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane material. The invention prepares the self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film material by hot pressing, and the specific principle comprises the following steps: adding a proper amount of nano particles into a precursor solution to construct multi-level structure nano fibers, preparing a multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane with nano-scale fibers on a double-component non-woven fabric by using a nano fiber stacking method, applying pressure and temperature to the double-component non-woven fabric and the multi-level structure nano fiber membrane by using hot pressing equipment according to the difference of physical properties of two components of the double-component non-woven fabric, and simultaneously controlling the hot pressing time to enable a low-melting-point polymer material with a skin structure of the double-component non-woven fabric to be molten and flow to a contact part of fibers in the non-woven fabric, a joint of the non-woven fabric and the multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane and a contact part of the fibers in the multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane; after cooling, the bicomponent nonwoven fabric and the multi-level structure nanofiber membrane form a micron fiber porous membrane and a multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane coexisting micron-nano composite membrane material, the low-melting-point component of the bicomponent nonwoven fabric plays a role of a binder, the respective mechanical properties of the two are improved by bonding fibers in the nonwoven fabric and the multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane, and meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the composite membrane are further improved due to the uniform bonding of the micron fiber porous membrane and the multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane; then, the aim of controlling the mechanical property, the abrasion resistance and the application property of the multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane can be achieved by controlling the proportion between two components of the bi-component non-woven fabric and the type of the multi-stage structure nano fiber membrane material, and the multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane can be prepared.
The method prepares nano-particles added into the nano-fibers with the multilevel structure, the particle size of the nano-particles is 10-200nm, and the mass fraction of the nano-particles in the precursor solution prepared by adding the nano-particles is 0.5-10%.
Has the advantages that: the invention provides a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multilevel structure micro-nano composite membrane and a preparation method thereof. The whole composite film material is formed by hot pressing, and the self-bonding and self-reinforcing characteristics are realized in one step. The composite membrane can be prepared and molded by the hot pressing technology according to the requirements and by the bicomponent nonwoven fabrics with different components and gram weights and the nanofiber porous membranes with different materials and gram weights, wherein the nanofiber porous membranes can be hybridized with nanofibers to obtain the nanofiber membranes with a multilevel structure, so that the performance of the nanofiber porous membranes is improved, the micro-nano composite membrane can be assembled in a multilayer structure without adding a binder, the size of the pore structure is uniform and controllable, the mechanical property of the nanofiber porous membranes with the multilevel structure is obviously improved, and meanwhile, the mechanical property of the composite membrane after hot pressing is further improved due to the existence of the substrate as a supporting layer. In addition, the reaction which may occur in the sample forming process can be regulated and controlled by controlling the air atmosphere of the space where the sample is located in the hot pressing process. The preparation method is simple to operate, unique in technology, low in cost, green and environment-friendly, and can be used for large-scale production.
Compared with the micro-nano composite membrane prepared in the prior art, the performance of the micro-nano composite membrane is improved by constructing the multi-stage structure nanofiber membrane through hybridization of the nanofibers, and meanwhile, the combination between the micro-fiber porous membrane and the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane can be realized without additionally adding an adhesive; the proper amount of nano particles are added into the precursor liquid, the surface structure of the nano fibers can be changed to construct a multi-stage structure nano fiber membrane, the mechanical property of the multi-stage structure nano fiber porous membrane can be changed by hot-pressing self-bonding, and the mechanical property of a substrate framework can be improved, so that the mechanical property of the composite membrane is further improved, meanwhile, the composition or the composition proportion of the bi-component non-woven fabric can be adjusted according to the actual requirement, and the mechanical property and the abrasion resistance of the membrane can be controllably adjusted; the preparation method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, high feasibility of large-scale production and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the structure of a self-bonding, self-reinforced multi-stage micro-nano composite film made of a nonwoven material according to example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The above-mentioned solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film based on non-woven materials is characterized in that formed micro fibers are PLA/PCL parallel structure double-component melt-blown non-woven fabrics, and multi-stage structure nano fibers are polyacrylonitrile (PAN @ TiO 2) loaded with TiO2 nano particles 2 ). The PLA/PCL parallel structure bicomponent melt-blown non-woven fabric has 50 wt% of PLA and PCL, 21 mu m of fiber diameter, 106 mu m of non-woven fabric thickness and 22g/m of gram weight 2 (ii) a The PAN @ TiO 2 The multi-stage structure nanofiber is a continuous fiber with the diameter of about 210 nm. The preparation method of the non-woven material based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) melt-blowing preparation of PLA/PCL parallel structure two-component non-woven fabric:
firstly, respectively feeding PLA and PCL into corresponding screw melt extruders to form melts; then conveying the melt to a parallel spinning assembly, and distributing the melt into melt trickles with parallel structures for extrusion; then drawing the extruded melt trickle by means of air flow, and finally cooling and drawing the fluid to form fibers with a parallel structure and a diameter of 21 mu m; and finally, winding the stacked fibers in the parallel structure into a roll to obtain the PA66/PA6 parallel structure bicomponent nonwoven with the thickness of 106 mu m.
(2)PAN@TiO 2 Preparing a nanofiber precursor with a multilevel structure:
1g of PAN powder having an average molecular weight of 150000 and 0.5g of TiO having a particle size of 100nm were weighed out separately 2 Placing the nano particles into 8.5mLN, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a solvent, and stirring for 24 hours at room temperature by using an electromagnetic stirrer to obtain PAN and TiO 2 Solution of nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in DMF.
(3) Preparation of PAN @ TiO by electrostatic spinning technology 2 Porous nanofiber membrane with multilevel structure:
the two-component non-woven fabric is used as a receiving substrate, and PAN @ TiO @ is processed by an electrostatic spinning technology 2 PAN @ TiO prepared by uniformly attaching multistage structure nanofiber to double-component non-woven fabric 2 The porous nanofiber membrane has a multilevel structure. The electrostatic spinning process comprises the following steps:
voltage: 17KV
Spinning speed: 1mL/h
Receiving distance: 15cm
Ambient humidity: 50 percent of
(4) Preparing a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano structure composite membrane material by hot pressing:
unreeling the bicomponent non-woven fabric and the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane according to the required size, and carrying out hot pressing treatment through continuous hot pressing equipment. The hot pressing treatment process comprises the following steps:
spatial atmosphere: air (a)
Hot pressing temperature: 65 deg.C
Hot pressing time: 20s
Applying pressure: 0.1MPa
The prepared non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane has the maximum load of 26N in a mechanical test, the filtering efficiency of NaCl particles with the particle size of 0.3 mu m can reach 97.58 percent, the outer layer is a non-woven fabric porous membrane with micro fibers, and the inner layer is a multi-stage structure nano fiber porous membrane with multi-stage structure nano fibers, as shown in figure 1.
Example 2
A self-binding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film based on non-woven material is composed of a two-component spun-bonded non-woven fabric with a sea-island structure and PA66/PA6 as micro fibers, and SiO-loaded nano fibers as multi-stage structure nano fibers 2 Nanoparticulate polyacrylonitrile (PAN @ SiO) 2 ). The PA66/PA6 sea-island structure bicomponent spunbonded nonwoven fabric comprises 70 wt% and 30 wt% of PA66 and PA6, the fiber diameter is 21 mu m, the thickness of the nonwoven fabric is 98 mu m, and the gram weight is 19g/m 2 (ii) a The PAN @ SiO 2 The multi-stage structured nanofibers are continuous fibers having a diameter of about 185 nm.
The preparation method of the non-woven material based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a PA66/PA6 sea-island structure bicomponent nonwoven fabric by a spunbonding method:
feeding PA66 and PA6 into corresponding screw melt extruders respectively to form melts; then the melt is conveyed to a sea-island spinning assembly, and the melt which is distributed into a sea-island structure is extruded out in a trickle way; then, forming a sea-island structure thick two-component spun-bonded long fiber by blowing cold air; then forming the double-component spunbond long fiber with the sea-island structure and the diameter of 21 mu m by an airflow drafting device and forming curls under the action of hot airflow; then the double-component spun-bonded long fibers crimped by hot air are uniformly distributed on a net forming curtain after being subjected to filament separation to form a fiber net, and the fibers are adhered and consolidated into a net by means of melting of low-melting-point components on the surfaces of the fibers; and finally, winding the sea-island structure fibers stacked into a net into a roll to obtain the PA66/PA6 sea-island structure bicomponent nonwoven fabric with the thickness of 98 mu m.
(2)PAN@TiO 2 Preparing a nanofiber precursor with a multilevel structure:
1g of PAN powder having an average molecular weight of 150000 and 0.2g of TiO having a particle size of 50nm were weighed out separately 2 Placing the nano particles into 8.8mLN, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a solvent, and stirring for 24 hours at room temperature by using an electromagnetic stirrer to obtain PAN and SiO 2 Solution of nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in DMF.
(3) Preparation of PAN @ SiO by electrostatic spinning technology 2 Porous nanofiber membrane with multilevel structure:
the two-component non-woven fabric is used as a receiving substrate, and PAN @ SiO is processed by the electrostatic spinning technology 2 Preparation of PAN @ SiO by uniformly attaching multistage-structure nano-fibers on double-component non-woven fabric 2 The porous nanofiber membrane has a multilevel structure. The electrostatic spinning process comprises the following steps:
voltage: 17KV
Spinning speed: 1mL/h
Receiving distance: 15cm
Ambient humidity: 50 percent of
(4) Preparing a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film material by hot pressing:
unreeling the bicomponent non-woven fabric and the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane according to the required size, and carrying out hot pressing treatment through continuous hot pressing equipment. The hot pressing treatment process comprises the following steps:
spatial atmosphere: nitrogen gas
Hot pressing temperature: 225 ℃ C
Hot pressing time: 1min
Applying pressure: 0.5MPa
The prepared non-woven material based self-bonding and self-reinforced multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane has the maximum load of 23N in a mechanical test, has the filtration efficiency of 96.88% for NaCl particles with the particle size of 0.3 mu m, and is provided with a non-woven porous membrane with micro fibers on the outer layer and a multi-stage structure nano fiber porous membrane with multi-stage structure nano fibers on the inner layer.
Example 3
A self-binding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film based on non-woven materials is characterized in that formed micro fibers are PET/PE skin-core structure two-component melt-blown non-woven fabrics, and multi-stage structure nano fibers are aramid fibers. The PET/PE sheath-core structure bicomponent melt-blown non-woven fabric has the PET and PE content of 50 wt%, the fiber diameter of 15 mu m, the thickness of 120 mu m and the gram weight of 24g/m 2 (ii) a The aramid fiber multi-stage structure nano-fiber is discontinuous fiber, the length of the aramid fiber multi-stage structure nano-fiber is about 6 mu m, and the diameter of the aramid fiber multi-stage structure nano-fiber is about 12 nm.
The preparation method of the non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano structure composite film mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) melt-blown preparation of PET/PE sheath-core structure two-component non-woven fabric:
respectively feeding PET and PE into corresponding screw melting extruders to form melts; then conveying the melt to a sheath-core spinning assembly, and distributing the melt into a sheath-core structure melt trickle for extrusion; then drawing the extruded melt trickle by means of air flow, and finally cooling and drawing the fluid to form a sheath-core structure fiber with the diameter of 15 mu m; and finally, winding the skin-core structure fibers stacked into a net into a roll to obtain the PET/PE skin-core structure double-component non-woven fabric with the thickness of 120 mu m.
(2) Preparing an aramid fiber multi-stage structure nanofiber dispersion liquid:
weighing 1.5g of KOH solid, putting the KOH solid into 500mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a solvent, weighing 1g of aramid fiber with the length of 2mm, putting the aramid fiber into the prepared solvent, stirring at room temperature for 7 days, and finally preparing the aramid fiber multi-level structure nanofiber dispersion liquid with the length and the diameter of 6 micrometers and 12nm respectively.
(3) Preparing the aramid fiber multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane by a gas-phase liquid-jet technology:
the two-component non-woven fabric is used as a receiving substrate, and the dispersion liquid of the aramid fiber multi-stage structure nano-fiber is uniformly sprayed on the two-component non-woven fabric by utilizing a gas-phase liquid spraying technology to prepare the aramid fiber multi-stage structure nano-fiber porous membrane. The gas-phase liquid spraying process comprises the following steps:
solution spraying: nano-fiber suspension with aramid fiber multi-stage structure prepared by using dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent
Gas pressure: 0.5MPa
Ambient temperature: 25 deg.C
Receiving distance: 15cm
(4) Preparing a non-woven material-based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film material by hot pressing:
unreeling the bicomponent non-woven fabric and the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane according to the required size, and carrying out hot pressing treatment through continuous hot pressing equipment. The hot pressing treatment process comprises the following steps:
spatial atmosphere: vacuum
Hot pressing temperature: 130 deg.C
Hot pressing time: for 1min
Applying pressure: 0.1MPa
The maximum load of the prepared non-woven material based self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano composite membrane in the outer layer mechanical test is 25N, the filtering efficiency of NaCl particles with the particle size of 0.3 mu m can reach 95.24 percent, the outer layer is a non-woven porous membrane with micro fibers, and the inner layer is a multi-stage structure nano fiber porous membrane with multi-stage structure nano fibers.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and amendments can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and amendments should also be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A non-woven material-based self-bonding, self-reinforcing multi-stage micro-nano composite film, characterized in that it comprises an outer layer and an inner layer: the outer layer is a micron fiber porous membrane material, and the inner layer is a multi-level structure nano fiber porous membrane material; the two structural materials are formed by hot pressing.
2. The self-bonding, self-reinforcing multi-stage micro-nano composite film material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layer is composed of two polymer materials of high melting point and low melting point, and the high melting point polymer material is used as a supporting material; the low-melting-point polymer material is used as a hot-melt adhesive and a pore structure regulating material, and the main material of the low-melting-point polymer material is 10-90 wt% of high-melting-point polymer and 10-90 wt% of low-melting-point polymer;
the inner layer is a multi-level structure nanofiber porous membrane material formed by stacking nanofibers, and the main material of the inner layer comprises aramid fibers, PA6 or PVA polymer materials.
3. The self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage micro-nano composite film material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer are compounded by melting a low-melting-point component of a bicomponent nonwoven fabric under the action of heat and pressure and then cooling and solidifying the low-melting-point component as a bonding agent.
4. The method for preparing a self-bonding and self-reinforcing multi-stage structure micro-nano structure composite membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polymer-combined two-component non-woven fabric is prepared by a composite spinning method, a precursor solution containing nanoparticles for preparing multi-stage structure nanofibers is prepared, the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane is prepared by a nanofiber stacking method by using the two-component non-woven fabric as a substrate, and finally the multi-stage structure micro-nano structure composite membrane is prepared by hot pressing.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the bicomponent nonwoven fabric is produced by a composite spinning process including a spunbond process or a melt-blown process.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the multistage nanofiber stacking comprises electrospinning, liquid/melt-blown spinning, vacuum filtration or phase separation.
7. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein the particle size of the added nanoparticles for preparing the nano-fibers with the multi-stage structure is 10-200nm, and the mass fraction of the nanoparticles in the precursor liquid prepared by adding the nanoparticles is 0.5-10%.
8. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein the multi-stage structure nanofiber porous membrane material is prepared by liquid jet spinning, the gas tank pressure is 0.05-10MPa, the caliber of the spray gun is 0.1-5mm, and the receiving distance is 5-50 cm.
9. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein the multi-stage structure micro-nano composite film material is prepared by hot pressing at a temperature of 70-150 ℃, for a time of 0.5-5min and under a pressure of 0.1-5 MPa.
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