CN114971234A

CN114971234A - Novel technical method for soil general survey

Info

Publication number: CN114971234A
Application number: CN202210512271.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 马小计; 王洪林; 赵京黔; 张璐; 马腾飞; 张海瑞; 邹春花; 郭超; 杨康; 郭亚宁
Original assignee: Beijing Sino Color Surveying And Mapping Institute Co ltd
Current assignee: Beijing Sino Color Surveying And Mapping Institute Co ltd
Priority date: 2022-05-11
Filing date: 2022-05-11
Publication date: 2022-08-30
Anticipated expiration: 2042-05-11
Also published as: CN114971234B

Abstract

The invention discloses a new technical method for soil census, which relates to the technical field of the census, and comprises the following steps: s1, carrying out work preparation on the interior and the exterior of the soil general survey, carrying out task decomposition and linkage according to actual field survey work flows of different counties and regions, and training the exterior survey; s2, designing an interior distribution scheme by combining natural and socioeconomic data, and carrying out field investigation; s3, investigating and recording surface layer samples and section samples, and acquiring opposite condition information, the invention has the advantages that: according to the tone and color contrast of the images of the aerial and satellite films in the investigation region, the soil interpretation marks and the typical images are contrasted, the pre-judgment sketch is drawn indoors, and the images are checked outdoors, so that the working efficiency and the investigation quality can be greatly improved, the general investigation efficiency is improved, and the novel soil general investigation technical method for the output of the standard general investigation result and the long-term utilization of the general investigation data is provided.

Description

Novel technical method for soil general survey

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of soil census, in particular to a new technical method for soil census.

Background

The soil is a basic condition for clarifying cultivated land resources in China, the first soil general survey is developed in 1958-1960, the experience of farmers for identifying soil agricultural traits is summarized on the basis of the soil agricultural traits, and the first agricultural soil classification system in China is provided.

In 1979 of soil second general, China began to conduct second soil general survey historically, most areas basically complete general survey in the end of 1984 under unified organization and deployment of soil general survey offices, and a few areas continue to 1986, and the achievement summary work is completed in 1994. The second national land survey aims to comprehensively survey the national land utilization condition, grasp real land basic data, carry out informatization and networked management on survey results, establish and perfect land survey, a statistical system and a registration system, realize social service of land resource information and meet the requirements of economic and social development, land macroscopic regulation and control and land resource management.

The three general purposes of soil are that the original data can not completely reflect the current quality of soil due to the rapid change of soil, a new general investigation needs to be started, gardens, grasslands, woodlands and the like are also subjected to rapid changes in 40 years except for cultivated land, and the history from ecological destruction to ecological restoration is experienced, and the three general purposes are required to be clarified.

In order to ensure the normative and operability of the whole flow of the field work of 'Sanpu', the operation flow of field investigation is decomposed and explained in detail; meanwhile, the design of the operation flow and the selection of the technical method can be used for the output of the standard general survey result and the long-term utilization of the general survey data, and attach importance to the connection with the internal industry testing method.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above problems in the prior art, the present invention is directed to a new technical method for soil screening for the output of standard screening results and the long-term utilization of screening data.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:

a new technical method for soil census comprises the following steps:

s1, carrying out work preparation on the interior and the exterior of the soil general survey, carrying out task decomposition and linkage according to actual field survey work flows of different counties and regions, and training the exterior survey;

s2, designing an interior distribution scheme by combining natural and socioeconomic data, and carrying out field investigation;

s3, investigating and recording surface layer sample points and section sample points, and acquiring opposite condition information;

s4, recording the topographic features of the surveyed sampling points, classifying the levels, and reasonably utilizing land;

s5, shooting landscape photos in east, south, west and north directions by using a digital camera and taking a sampling point or a section position as a center;

s6, collecting surface soil samples by using a multipoint mixed sampling method;

s7, setting the section position, and carrying out mining sampling through the set section position;

and S8, transporting the samples after excavation and sampling, and carrying out sample butt joint on field operation and interior operation.

The actual field investigation workflow of different counties in the step S1 specifically includes a point arrangement scheme, sample point implementation, field survey, personnel allocation, sample handover, and result checking, and the step S1 is specifically configured to prepare the interior and exterior of the soil general survey, and includes the following steps:

s11, determining the task foundation of county soil survey, and learning the information of soil forming environment, soil type, characteristics and distribution condition of the survey area and land utilization condition of actual participants of field survey;

s12, developing the main soil forming conditions, the soil forming process, the soil types and division, the field soil investigation and sampling, the identification and description of main morphological characteristics, the classification method of the current land utilization situation, the training and learning of the agricultural utilization situation and the farmland construction situation of the investigation region based on the second soil general survey and various soil survey data needed by the general survey work practice;

s13, familiarizing the workflow and possible practical problems and solutions of the field practical operation level;

s14, performing soil occurrence and soil classification and equipment operation training in a targeted manner according to the professional knowledge level and the equipment operation skill level of county field investigation actual operation personnel.

Wherein, the natural and socioeconomic data in the step S2 specifically include a landform, a hydrogeology, meteorological data, and a land utilization status, and the step S2 specifically includes the following steps:

s21, approaching to a preset sampling point position through the App navigation of the handheld terminal, and performing local representative checking on the sampling point when the sampling point reaches the range of the preset sampling point electronic fence;

s22, field investigators enter a preset sampling point electronic fence range to determine whether the preset sampling points meet the requirements of target landscapes and types, and when surface layer samples are collected, field blocks with the preset sampling points as centers within a radius range of 20-50 m are located in the electronic fence range, so that artificial influences of building ditches, roads, motor-pumped wells and houses are avoided obviously, and the land utilization mode is representative; when the range does not meet the expectation, extending the radius range to a radius range of 100m by taking a preset sampling point as a center, and determining sampling points meeting the conditions;

s23, when collecting profile survey sampling points, in the electronic fence range, taking the preset sampling points as the center, the landform and the land utilization status and the utilization types thereof in the radius range of 50m are relatively consistent with the multiple planting mode and the soil type, and according to the actual survey requirements, in the electronic fence range, adjusting the area where the excellent landscape unit is located to sample; if the electronic fence is a plain, a basin or a slow sentry, the electronic fence can be properly extended to 100m but cannot be exceeded;

s24, a local representative sampling position cannot be found in the electronic fence of the preset sampling point, field adjustment is needed, the actual sampling point is inconsistent with the preset sampling point in the range of the electronic fence, adjustment is needed according to a fault tolerance standard, and sampling and information acquisition work is carried out after the sampling point is reached, representative verification is carried out, and necessary position adjustment is carried out.

Wherein, the fault tolerance standard in step S24 specifically includes: when the construction occupation, the reclamation, the abandoned land or the map spot information is wrong, the deviation of the preset sample point does not refer to the map spot range of the soil map of the level of the Bipu county;

the preset sampling points have relatively small difference of soil types and spaces in plain, basin and slow-hillock areas, the difference of soil landscape, type and soil utilization mode is small, and the adjustment distance is generally within 200m of the boundary of the electronic fence;

the preset sampling points have larger soil type space difference along with the fluctuation change of land shape in hills, hills and fluctuating mountain areas than in plain areas, and the distance is adjusted to search for soil landscape units meeting the conditions within the range from the boundary of the electronic fence to 100 m.

Wherein, the step S3 specifically includes the following steps:

s31, recording the characteristic information of the sampling points;

s311, recording an administrative division, geographic coordinates, altitude, sampling date, weather conditions, investigators and affiliated units of the investigation sample points, uniformly assigning other necessary items except for the sampling date, the weather conditions, the investigators and the affiliated units which need field selection, and performing field approval;

s312, a sampling point code unified coding input system, wherein all the processes use the same code;

s313, recording the location of the sampling point according to the sequence of province (autonomous region, direct prefecture city), city-region (county), county (town) and administrative village; the code is executed according to ISO3166-2:2007 (latest edition);

s314, referring to a national grid reference system (CGCS2000 national geodetic coordinate system), wherein the longitude and latitude format adopts a decimal system, and each sampling point is automatically assigned by a positioning device after the position is determined;

s315, altitude unit: rice; collecting geographic coordinates and longitude and latitude by using a handheld terminal device embedded with a positioning system, and automatically assigning values after each sampling point is determined;

s316, automatically assigning values by adopting a format of XX month XX day in 202X year, such as 08 month 05 day in 2022;

s317, selecting the weather condition from options of 'fine or few clouds, partial clouds, overcast, rain, sleet or hail, snow';

s318, adopting by investigators and affiliated units: survey unit: XXXX; the investigator: XX, XX, XX;

s32, recording other information of the earth surface except the soil environment condition and the agricultural production condition of the earth surface characteristics;

s321, erosion describes the process that the soil and the matrix thereof are destroyed, degraded, transported and deposited under the action of water power, wind power, freeze thawing and gravity;

s322, in the landscape or field where the survey sampling point is located, bedrock and large rocks are exposed, direct influence is generated on farmland cultivation, and the exposed abundance and spacing information of the bedrock should be recorded;

s323, the ground surface gravels are generally gravels, stones and boulders which are distributed on the ground surface except for the exposed bedrock, influence the tiltability of a cultivation surface layer, and record abundance and size information;

s324, recording two indexes of abundance and thickness of grey-white or grey-black salt spots formed by cementing soluble salt on the surface salt spots;

s325, recording three indexes of width, length and interval, namely width, of a gap formed on the earth surface due to soil body shrinkage caused by alternate wetting and drying of soil with earth surface fractures rich in slime;

s33, recording the mature soil environment information;

s34, recording the type of the parent rock;

s35, recording the type of the mother substance;

s36, for the vegetable land in the cultivated land type, filling the agricultural condition of the vegetable land facility;

s37, recording the influence on agricultural production;

s38, recording garden production;

and S39, recording forest land production requirements.

Wherein the level classification in step S4 specifically includes: large terrain, medium terrain slope, slope type and slope direction; the large terrain is divided into: mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, basins; the medium topography is: extreme high, medium, low; high hills and low hills; marine product plain, alluvial product plain, lake product plain, foot plain, flood plain, and aeolian plain.

When the landscape photo in the step S5 is shot by the unmanned aerial vehicle, the landscape photos in the east, south, west, and north directions are shot at an oblique viewing angle and at a height of 30-50 m from the ground, the landscape photo is to embody a sampling point geographic landform, a vegetation landscape, a land utilization type, a surface feature, and a farmland facility feature, and the landscape photo is to be fused with a long-range view and a short-range view.

The multipoint mixed sampling method in step S6 specifically includes the following steps:

s61, adopting one of three ways of quincunx 5-10 sample mixing points, chessboard 10-15 sample mixing points and snake sample mixing 15-20 sample mixing points in the field range of the preset sample points or the range of the adjacent and similar landscape parts;

s62, removing surface straws, coarse roots and gravels by taking 1kg of sampling amount of each sample mixing point, fully and uniformly mixing all samples collected by the sample mixing points, then removing redundant samples by adopting a quartering method, reserving 3kg of samples, and taking 5kg of samples of the sample points needing to collect parallel samples;

s63, selecting three adjacent sample mixing points when collecting surface layer volume weight samples, and respectively collecting a volume weight repeated sample by using a ring cutter method, wherein the specific operation is as follows:

s631, determining three adjacent mixed sample points as volume weight sampling points, and removing foreign matters affecting volume weight acquisition and data precision of surface leaves and grass roots;

s632, selecting a ground surface leveling part, sleeving the cutting edge-free end of the cutting ring on the cutting ring in a sleeving manner, enabling the cutting edge of the cutting ring to face downwards, uniformly pressing the cutting ring into the soil vertically by virtue of the cutting ring handle and the rubber hammer, and stopping pressing the cutting ring when the soil surface just touches the top of the cutting ring support;

s633, excavating soil around the ring cutter by using a profile cutter, and cutting off the soil below the ring cutter;

s634, taking out the cutting ring cutter, cutting off redundant soil with the cutter, covering a top cover of the cutting ring cutter, turning over the cutting ring cutter, removing a support of the cutting ring cutter, cutting off the soil surface without the cutting edge end with the cutter, and covering a bottom cover;

and S635, three repeated samples, wherein each sample with volume weight is independently contained in a self-sealing bag, and the three repeated samples are collectively contained in the independent self-sealing bag, and are attached with sample labels and labeled with the sample with volume weight.

Wherein, the step S7 specifically includes the following steps:

s71, confirming the sampling position of the section sampling point, wherein the section position is in the field, the sample area and the landscape unit;

s72, setting the observation section in the process of selecting and confirming the soil type;

s73, taking a standard section picture as an identity certificate picture of a single soil body of the soil;

s74, after the section is excavated and photographed, dividing soil occurrence layers and naming each occurrence layer;

s75, recording the morphological characteristics of each soil occurrence layer in field investigation;

s76, recording the occurrence layer properties;

s77, recording and dividing soil types;

s78, collecting a profile soil sample, wherein the collecting of the profile soil sample specifically comprises the following steps: collecting a generation layer sample, a paper box sample, a whole section sample, a soil volume weight sample and a soil large aggregate sample;

s79, sample labeling and packaging.

Wherein, the step S76 of recording the occurrence layer characters specifically comprises the thickness, the boundary, the color, the morphological characteristics, the texture and the structure of the root system, gravels in soil bodies, gaps in pore soil substances, the tightness of soil structure bodies, and products of re-leaching, deposition and aggregation of substances in the soil development process;

the thickness is used for recording the depth of an upper boundary and a lower boundary of each occurrence layer;

the boundary is used for recording the transition condition between adjacent generation layers;

the color is characterized by using a Monser color system;

the morphological characteristics of the root system are the thickness condition and the abundance condition of the root system;

the texture is determined by depending on the proportion of three-phase components of soil sand, powder and clay calculated in a soil laboratory and the texture classification;

the structure is a soil block formed by arrangement and combination of soil particles;

the gravels in the soil body are rocks and mineral debris which can be separated from the soil and are larger than 2 mm.

The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects: the comprehensive, scientific and professional principles of soil general survey are followed, the existing results are linked, and the past experience method is used for reference. Six combinations are achieved: the soil quality is found and the soil type is perfected; the general investigation of soil properties is combined with the investigation of soil utilization; the field survey observation and the interior test are combined; combining soil surface layer sampling and key profile sampling; the soil obstacle factor is found out and the measures of improving and fertilizing are provided;

according to the tone and color contrast of the images of the aerial and satellite films in the investigation region, the soil interpretation mark and the typical image are contrasted, the pre-judgment sketch is drawn indoors, and the images are checked outdoors, so that the working efficiency and the investigation quality can be greatly improved, and the general investigation efficiency is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a standard soil according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a transition pattern between soil layers according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a soil structure shape of the present invention;

fig. 4 is a soil pore shape of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and specific examples.

As shown in fig. 1 to 4: the novel technical method for soil general survey provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:

s3, surveying and recording the surface layer sampling points and the section sampling points, and simultaneously acquiring opponent condition information;

s7, setting the section position, and excavating and sampling according to the set section position;

The actual field survey work flow of different counties in the step S1 specifically includes a point arrangement scheme, sample point implementation, field survey, personnel allocation, sample handover and result check, and the step S1 specifically includes the following steps of performing work preparation on internal and external industries of soil general survey:

s12, developing main soil forming conditions of investigation areas, soil forming processes, soil types and division, field soil investigation and sampling, identification and description of main morphological characteristics, classification methods of current land utilization situations, training and learning of agricultural utilization situations and farmland construction situations, filling vegetable land facility agricultural situations in farmland types, filling facility agricultural options of vegetable land, and filling facility agricultural categories, wherein the investigation areas are required by general survey work practices and based on second soil general survey and various soil survey data: open vegetable fields, plastic greenhouses and glass greenhouses, wherein the planting age of vegetables is filled in the years of continuously planting vegetables; the conditions of agricultural planting system in the field, garden or forest land where the planting system sampling points are located mainly comprise crop rotation system and multiple planting type information. Changing the rotation system, and recording abandoned land (perennial and seasonal) for 5 years; ploughing sample points: including rice-rice, wheat-rice, rape-rice, sweet potato-early rice-late rice, rice-vegetable, rice-peanut, rice-tobacco, rape-cotton, wheat-beans, wheat-potatoes, wheat-corn, wheat-spring corn/sweet potato, spring wheat, sweet potato-corn (drought), cotton, potato, wheat-corn-potato, peanut-sweet potato, vegetable; multiple types of ploughing sample points: one-year-one-ripe, two-year-two-ripe, two-year-three-ripe and one-year-three-ripe; filling the crop type with the specific crop type; the specific yield of grain, cotton and oil crops is preferably reported in the yield level, namely kg/mu; the fertilization management text describes the types (commercial organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and soil miscellaneous fertilizer), the dosage and the application mode of the fertilizer of the field where the survey sampling point is located. Recording soil fertility improvement measures, which specifically comprise: straw returning, no need of minimal tillage and the age limit thereof, fallow and the age limit thereof, green manure planting variety and season information, concrete description, recording soil fertility treatment measures, and concrete steps of: straw returning, no need of minimal tillage and the age limit thereof, fallow and the age limit thereof, green manure planting variety and season information;

The natural and socioeconomic data in step S2 specifically include a landform, a hydrogeology, meteorological data, and a current state of land utilization, and step S2 specifically includes the following steps:

s21, approaching a preset sampling point position through the handheld terminal App navigation, reaching the range of the preset sampling point electronic fence, and carrying out local representative checking on the sampling point;

s23, when collecting profile survey sampling points, in the electronic fence range, taking the preset sampling points as the center, the landform and the land utilization status and the utilization types thereof in the radius range of 50m are relatively consistent with the multiple planting mode and the soil type, and according to the actual survey requirements, in the electronic fence range, adjusting the area where the excellent landscape unit is located to sample; if the electronic fence is a plain, a basin or a slow sentry, the electronic fence can be properly extended to 100m but cannot be crossed, and the information which is relatively consistent and does not represent the preset sampling point is completely consistent with the actual situation; starting from the goal of three-common work, the method can be used for ensuring that the soil utilization mode (farming mode and crop type) and the landscape combination (mother matter type, topographic characteristics and hydrological conditions) meet or are close to meet the characteristics of a preset sampling point; the area where the optimal landscape unit is located can be reasonably adjusted to carry out sampling within the range of the electronic fence according to the requirement of actual investigation;

The fault tolerance criterion in step S24 specifically includes: when the construction occupation, the reclamation, the abandoned land or the map spot information is wrong, the deviation of the preset sample point does not refer to the map spot range of the soil map of the level of the Bipu county;

Step S3 specifically includes the following steps:

s31, recording the characteristic information of the sampling points;

s313, recording the location of the sampling point according to the sequence of province (autonomous region, direct prefecture city), city-region (county), county (town) and administrative village; code is executed as specified in ISO3166-2:2007 (latest edition);

s316, automatically assigning values according to a format of XX month XX day in 202X, such as 08 month 05 day in 2022;

s318, the investigators and the affiliated units adopt the following steps: survey unit: XXXX; the investigator: XX, XX, XX;

s322, in a landscape or a field where an investigation sample point is located, bedrock and large rocks are exposed and directly affect farmland cultivation, information of exposed abundance and spacing of the bedrock is recorded, the bedrock and the large rocks are rooted in deep soil and cannot move and affect soil cultivation, the abundance is the ratio of the exposed area of the bedrock in the whole soil, the section point is taken as the center, the specific data or the data range is determined in a range of about 100 meters, and the specific data or the data range is recorded;

s325, recording three indexes of width, length and interval, width, recording three indexes of width, length and interval, and width (millimeter) of the soil with earth surface cracks rich in slime due to soil body shrinkage caused by alternation of dryness and wetness: record specific data or data range, length (cm): specific data or data ranges are recorded. Abundance (described): record specific description information, spacing (cm): recording specific data or data ranges;

s33, recording the mature soil environment information;

s34, recording the type of the parent rock;

s35, recording the type of the mother substance;

s37, recording the influence on agricultural production;

s38, recording garden production;

and S39, recording forest land production requirements.

The level classification in step S4 specifically includes: large terrain, medium terrain slope, slope type and slope direction; the large terrain comprises: mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, basins; the intermediate terrain is divided into: extreme high, medium, low; high hills and low hills; marine product plain, alluvial product plain, lake product plain, foot plain, flood plain, and aeolian plain.

When the landscape photo in the step S5 is shot by the unmanned aerial vehicle, the landscape photos in east, south, west and north directions are shot at an inclined viewing angle and at a height of 30-50 meters from the ground, the landscape photo is to embody the geographic and geomorphic features, the vegetation landscape, the land utilization type, the surface features and the farmland facility features of a sampling point, and the landscape photo is to be fused with a long shot and a short shot.

s634, taking out the cutting edge upwards, cutting off redundant soil by using a cutter, covering a top cover of the cutting edge, turning over the cutting edge, detaching a cutting edge support, flattening the soil surface without the cutting edge end by using the cutter, and covering a bottom cover;

and S635, three repeated samples, wherein each sample with volume weight is independently contained in a self-sealing bag, three repeated samples are intensively contained in the independent self-sealing bag, sample labels are attached and the sample with volume weight is marked, and a conventional analysis index sample is collected by using a common shovel and a soil drill. Collecting environmental analysis index samples by using stainless steel and bamboo tools, wherein the collection depth is 0-40 cm for field collection, and 0-20cm for other types; if the effective soil thickness is less than 20cm, digging to the plough bottom layer by taking the actual soil thickness as a standard, and measuring and recording the thickness of the plough layer; without a significant plough base, the survey asks the farmer the actual depth of cultivation. In a unit cm, a saline soil area, during field investigation, inserting a conductivity meter probe into soil of a sampling point to a specified depth (generally three depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm), and reading and recording a numerical value and a unit after the instrument displays a stable numerical value (generally displaying a 'Ready' character); when recording, the numerical unit shown is noted, when the salinization is light, the unit is generally us/cm, and when the salinization degree is high, the unit is changed into ms/cm.

Step S7 specifically includes the following steps:

s72, setting the observation section in the process of selecting and confirming the soil type; the observation profile is mainly used for checking

Consistency of soil type, checking the change of characteristic of typical section, and studying the change of soil characteristic

S73, taking a standard section picture as an identity certificate picture of a single soil body of the soil; the picture is used as an identity certificate picture of a single soil body of the soil, reflects the occurrence layer and morphological characteristics of the soil and is a direct evidence for knowing and understanding the soil occurrence process and the soil type in the field. Therefore, the standard section photograph should clearly, truly and completely present the soil morphology description characteristics and make the description record correspond to the same, and the specific requirements of the standard section photograph are as follows:

after the section is excavated, the natural structural surface is trimmed from top to bottom by a section cutter from the left side 1/3-1/4, and the right part is kept as a smooth surface. The rugged natural surface visually reflects the soil structure, texture, new organism type and difference thereof formed at different development stages of the soil, as well as the abundance of root systems, the pore conditions and the animal traces of the soil; correspondingly, the right smooth surface more clearly reflects the thickness of the soil generating layer, the boundary transition characteristics, the color difference and the compaction condition characteristics; the canvas staff gauge is vertically arranged and fixed from top to bottom, and the lens is as vertical as possible to the observation surface during the section photography. The photographer may need to lie on the ground to take a picture, keeping the angle of view of the lens and the direction of the cross section horizontal and centered.

S74, after the section is excavated and photographed, the soil generation layer is divided, the generation layer divides the soil generation layer, the soil development layer is a soil layer which is formed by leaching, depositing and scattering substances and has certain morphological characteristics, and the observation of the morphological characteristics of the section is mainly carried out from two angles of visual characteristics and tactile characteristics:

visual characteristics: macroscopic differences of soil morphology, including color, root system, gravel, rust spot-nodule-glue film new organism differences, soil structure type and size, difference of invasion of tile ceramic artificial objects, difference of lime reaction strength and weakness and difference of ferrous reaction strength;

tactile features: the difference of soil texture, soil body and soil structure body hardness or tightness and soil moisture condition can be sensed through hand touch.

Dividing each soil occurrence layer and naming each occurrence layer, wherein the capital letters of the main occurrence layer types correspond to the basic soil layers and represent the leaching, precipitation and scattering processes of main substances of the soil; the additional characteristics of the stratum refer to the characteristics of the soil stratum in terms of the nature of the stratum. The characteristics of the generation layer are indicated by lower case letters in english juxtaposed behind upper case letters (not subscripts) of the main generation layer. Examples are: ah represents a humus layer of natural soil, Ap represents a plough layer, and Bt represents a conglutination layer; the plough layer is a soil surface layer formed under the influence of cultivation for a long time; the plough layer thickness refers to the thickness of the surface soil layer formed by cultivating and curing, the general thickness is 10-20cm, after partial deep ploughing, the thickness can reach 25-30cm, and the plough layer thickness is obviously distinguished from the underlying soil layer. The nutrient content is rich, and the soil is in a granular, agglomerate or broken block structure. The physical properties of water and the content of available nutrients in the cultivated layer are changed seasonally due to the influence of the disturbance of the activities of the farm works and the external natural factors. Various soil layers within the frequent cultivation depth can form cultivation layers, and are marked as 'Ap 1'; the plough bottom layer, which is usually called as a 'cultivation surface lower layer or cultivation sub-layer', is a relatively compact soil layer which is positioned below a cultivation surface layer, is extruded by a plough for a long time and is formed by clay grains along with irrigation and deposition, is commonly found in paddy field soil and part of dry farming soil, has the thickness of 3-5 cm generally and is marked as 'Ap 2'; continuation/subdivision of the occurrence layer or occurrence characteristics: the main generation layer may be further subdivided into several sub-layers depending on the difference in the degree of its generation. All expressed in Arabic numerals in juxtaposition with capital letters, e.g., C1, C2, Bt1, Bt2, Bt 3;

s75, recording the morphological characteristics of each soil occurrence layer in field survey;

s76, recording the occurrence layer properties;

s77, recording and dividing soil types;

s79, sample label and package, and the section digging should follow the following principle: the section excavation site confirmed based on repeated checking of a plurality of observation sections should be representative in landscape parts, soil types and land utilization, and the observation surface should face the direction of sunlight irradiation, so that shadow shielding is avoided; the upper part of the observation surface strictly prohibits people from walking or stacking objects so as to prevent the interference of observation and sampling caused by soil compaction or displacement of soil substances; the dug surface soil and core soil are separately piled on the left side and the right side of the soil pit, and backfilled according to the original sequence of the soil layers after observation is finished so as to keep the surface soil fertility.

Step S76, recording the occurrence layer properties including thickness, boundary, color, morphological characteristics, texture, structure of root system, gravel in soil body, gaps in pore soil material, tightness of soil structure body, and product of re-leaching deposition and accumulation of material in soil development process;

the thickness is used for recording the upper bound and the lower bound depth of each generation layer;

the color is characterized by using a Monser color system;

gravel in the soil body is more than 2 mm's rock and mineral piece that can separate out with soil in the soil body, thickness: recording the depth of an upper boundary and a lower boundary of each generation layer, such as 0-15 cm and 15-32 cm; if the thickness is a dry branch and fallen leaf layer, the thickness is expressed by negative number, such as "-3-0 cm"; boundary: refers to the transition between adjacent occurring layers. Recording two indexes of transition shape and significance; soil color is characterized by a Monel color system, laboratory standard Monel card color comparison is carried out, and in field investigation, a color comparison module provided by a handheld terminal App is used for carrying out simple color comparison. If two substances in the same soil layer are mixed with each other and more than two soil ground colors exist, respectively describing different ground colors; describing and recording morphological characteristics of plant (including crops) roots in soil, including thickness and abundance conditions; size: the diameter (mm) can be divided into superfine, thin, medium, thick and very thick; abundance: grade 5-none, no root system; rarely, every 100cm2 contains 1-20 of superfine roots or thin roots or 1-2 of medium, coarse and very coarse roots; less, wherein each 100cm2 contains 20-50 of superfine roots or fine roots or 2-5 of medium, coarse and very coarse roots; wherein each 100cm2 contains 50-200 of superfine roots or medium, coarse and very coarse roots at least 5; more, each 100cm2 contains at least one fine root; root system properties: judging and recording the root system of woody or herbaceous plants, live roots or rotten roots; root depth: recording the depth of concentrated distribution of root systems in the occurrence layer and the maximum depth which can be reached by the main root or the fibrous root; the soil texture with accurate texture is determined by measuring and calculating the proportion of three-phase components of sand, powder and clay of the soil and the texture classification in a soil laboratory; structure refers to the soil mass formed by the arrangement and combination of soil particles (including agglomerates). In field investigation, the type, size and development degree of soil structure are mainly recorded, and the following points should be noted during observation: observing the soil structure preferably under the condition of soil water content, and spraying water with a watering can in a proper amount; when there are two or more structures, they should be recorded separately; at the time of observation, attention should be paid to the type of cementitious substance (humus cementation, carbonate cementation, iron-aluminium oxide cementation, silicic acid cementation); paying attention to the structural difference between the upper part and the lower part of a section generation layer, the gravels in the soil body refer to rocks and mineral debris which can be separated from the soil and are larger than 2 mm.

Specifically, when the system is used, the interior and the exterior of the soil general survey are prepared, tasks are decomposed and linked according to actual field survey work flows of different counties, and the field survey is trained, the actual field survey work flows of the different counties specifically comprise a stationing scheme, sample spot implementation, on-site survey, personnel allocation, sample handover, result check, the county soil survey work task basis is defined, study on the soil environment information, the soil type, the characteristics and the distribution condition of a survey area and the land utilization condition of actual participants of the field survey work is carried out, and the main soil forming conditions, the soil forming process, the soil type and the division, the field soil survey and the sampling, the identification and the description of the main morphological characteristics of the survey area, which are required by the practice of the general survey work and are based on the second soil general survey and various soil survey data bases, are carried out, The classification method of the land utilization current situation, the training and the learning of the agricultural utilization situation and the farmland construction situation are familiar with the basic working process of the field practical operation layer and the possible practical problems and solutions, the professional knowledge level and the equipment control skill level of county field survey practical operators are used for carrying out soil generation, soil classification and equipment practical operation training in a targeted manner, the design of an interior distribution scheme is carried out by combining the terrain, landform, hydrology, meteorological data and the land utilization current situation, the field survey is carried out, the preset sampling point points are approached by the aid of App navigation of a handheld terminal, the sampling point reaches the range of a preset sampling point electronic fence, the local and ground representativeness of the sampling point is checked, the field surveyor enters the range of the preset sampling point electronic fence to determine whether the preset sampling points meet the requirements of target landscape and type, and when a surface layer sample is collected, the range of the electronic fence, the method has the advantages that the field blocks with the preset sampling points as the centers and within the radius range of 20-50 m have no obvious artificial influence on building of ditches, roads, motor-pumped wells and houses, and the land utilization mode is representative; when the range does not meet the expectation, the radius range is extended to the radius range of 100m by taking the preset sampling point as the center, sampling points meeting the conditions are determined, when the sampling point is investigated on the acquisition profile, the landform, the land utilization current situation, the utilization type, the multiple planting mode and the soil type are relatively consistent in the radius range of 50m by taking the preset sampling point as the center in the electronic fence range, and the area where the excellent landscape unit is located is adjusted to sample in the electronic fence range according to the requirement of actual investigation; if the sample point is a plain, a basin or a slow sentry, the sample point can be properly extended to 100m but cannot exceed the electronic fence, a local representative sampling position cannot be found in the preset sample point electronic fence, the field adjustment is needed, the actual sample point is inconsistent with the preset sample point within the electronic fence range and needs to be adjusted according to a fault tolerance standard, the sample point reaches the sample point, the sampling and information acquisition work is carried out after the representative checking and the necessary position adjustment are carried out, the fault tolerance standard is that the deviation of the preset sample point can not refer to the range of the map spots of the soil in the level of Bipu county when the building occupies, develops, wastes or the map spots has wrong information, the preset sample point has relatively small difference in soil type space in the plain, basin or slow sentry areas, the difference in soil landscape, type and soil utilization mode is small, the adjustment distance is generally within the range of the boundary of the electronic fence, and the preset sample point is within the range of the sentry, the local representative sampling position cannot be found in the basin or the slow sentry areas, the field adjustment is not limited by the boundary of the preset sample point, and the sample point is within the range of the boundary of the electronic fence, or the field, the sample point is not limited by the sample point, or, The method comprises the steps of adjusting the distance between hills and undulating mountain areas to search soil landscape units meeting conditions within the range from the boundary of an electronic fence to 100m, investigating and recording surface layer sample points and profile sample points, simultaneously acquiring opposite place condition information, recording sample point characteristic information, recording administrative divisions, geographic coordinates, altitude, sampling date, weather conditions, investigators and affiliated units of the investigation sample points, uniformly assigning other necessary items except for field check of the sampling date, the weather conditions, the investigators and the affiliated units, performing field verification, uniformly coding and recording the sample point codes into a system, uniformly coding all processes by using the same code, and performing verification according to the sequence of' autonomous region, direct district, city, county, and recording the location of the sampling point. The code is executed according to the specification of ISO3166-2:2007 (latest edition), the longitude and latitude format adopts decimal according to the national grid reference system (CGCS2000 national geodetic coordinate system), each sampling point is automatically assigned by a positioning device after the positioning is determined, and the altitude unit is as follows: and (4) rice. The geographic coordinates and the longitude and latitude are collected by a handheld terminal device of an embedded positioning system, each sampling point is automatically assigned after the positioning is determined, the date is in a format of XX month XX day in 202X years, such as 08 month 05 in 2022, the automatic assignment is carried out, the weather condition is selected from options of 'fine or few clouds, partial clouds, cloudy, rain, sleet or hail, snow', and the surveyor and the affiliated units adopt the following steps: survey unit: XXXX; the investigator: XX, XX, XX, recording other information of the earth surface except the environment condition of the earth surface and the agricultural production condition, eroding the process that the earth and the matrix thereof are destroyed, degraded, transported and deposited under the action of the external force of water power, wind power, freeze thawing and gravity, in the landscape or field where the survey sampling point is located, bedrock and large rock are exposed, which directly affects the farmland cultivation, the information of the exposed abundance and the interval of the bedrock should be recorded, the earth surface gravels generally refer to gravels, stones and boulders which are distributed on the earth surface except the exposed bedrock, which affect the tiltability of the cultivation surface layer, the information of the abundance and the size is recorded, the earth surface salt spots are gray white or gray black salt spots formed by the glue of the soluble salt, the two indexes of the abundance and the thickness are recorded, the earth with the earth surface cracks rich in the glutinous particles shrinks to form gaps on the earth surface due to the alternate dry and wet, recording three indexes of width, length and space, width, recording soil forming environment information, recording a mother rock type, recording a mother material type, filling vegetable land in a cultivated land type with facility agricultural conditions of the vegetable land, recording the influence of agricultural production, recording garden production, recording forest production requirements, recording the topography and features of sample points of investigation and carrying out grade classification, and dividing into a large terrain, a medium terrain slope, a slope type and a slope direction, wherein the large terrain is divided into: mountain region, hills, plain, plateau, basin, well topography divide into: extreme high, medium, low; high hills and low hills; the method comprises the steps of carrying out reasonable land utilization on Hai ji plain, Choi ji plain, Hui ji plain, hillside plain, Hongdan plain and Feng ji plain, utilizing a digital camera to shoot landscape photos in east, south, west and north directions by taking a sampling point or a section position as a center, shooting the landscape photos in the east, south, west and north directions at an inclined visual angle by 30-50 m away from the ground when shot by an unmanned aerial vehicle, wherein the landscape photos show geographical landform, vegetation landscape, land utilization type, surface characteristics and farmland facility characteristics of sample points, are fused with a long view and a short view, and one of three methods of 5-10 mixed sample points in a quincunx shape, 10-15 mixed sample points in a chessboard shape and 15-20 mixed sample points in a snake shape are adopted in a field block range or an adjacent and similar landscape position range of the preset sample points, every sample point's sampling volume 1kg that mixes gets rid of earth's surface straw, thick root and gravel, and the sample that will all mix the sample point and gather is abundant mixed, then takes "quartering method" and rejects unnecessary sample, reserves 3kg, to the sample point that needs the parallel appearance of gathering, sampling volume 5kg, when gathering top layer unit weight sample, selects and closes on three sample point that mixes, uses "cutting ring method", gathers a unit weight duplicate sample respectively, and concrete operation is as follows: determining three adjacent mixed sample points as volume weight sampling points, removing foreign matters affecting volume weight acquisition and data precision of leaves and grass roots on the earth surface, selecting a flat part on the earth surface, sleeving a cutting edge-free end of a cutting ring on the cutting ring, pressing the cutting ring into the earth uniformly by means of a cutting ring handle and a rubber hammer, stopping pressing the cutting ring downwards when the earth surface just touches the top of the cutting ring support, slightly digging out the soil around the cutting ring by using a section cutter, cutting off the soil below the cutting ring, taking out the cutting ring with the cutting edge upwards, cutting off redundant soil by using a cutter, covering a cutting ring top cover and turning over the cutting ring, detaching the cutting ring support, flattening the soil surface without the cutting edge end by using the cutter, covering a bottom cover, and taking three repeated samples, wherein each sample is independently contained in a self-sealing bag, the three repeated samples are collectively contained in an independent self-sealing bag, and a sample label and a volume weight sample are attached to acquire a surface soil sample, the method comprises the following steps of setting a section position, excavating and sampling the section position through the set section position, confirming the sampling position of a section sampling point, enabling the section position to be in a field, a sampling area and a landscape unit where the section is located, observing the section setting in the process of selecting and confirming the soil type, taking a standard section picture as an identity certificate picture of a single soil body of the soil, dividing the soil occurrence level after excavating and photographing the section, and subdividing a characteristic occurrence layer: some of the property generating layers (p, r, s) are further subdivided by differences in their generating properties. For example, the Ap layer (surface layer affected by cultivation) was divided into Ap1 layer (cultivation layer) and Ap2 layer (plough layer), the Br layer (rice soil retention layer) was divided into Br1 layer (iron deposition layer) and Br2 layer (manganese deposition layer), and the Bs layer (autotype earth iron manganese deposition layer) was divided into Bs1 layer (iron deposition layer) and Bs2 layer (manganese deposition layer). Note that small arabic numerals are juxtaposed with english lowercase letters; when the subdivision characteristic generation layer can divide a plurality of sub-layers according to the development degree or the development sequence, small Arabic numerals are juxtaposed behind English lowercase letters and the small Arabic numerals which represent the subdivision characteristic generation layer, and the heterologous mother soil layer represents: represented by arabic numerals placed in front of the symbols of the generation layer. For example, in the following sequence of generation layers of binary matrix soil profiles (A-E-Bt1-Bt2-2Bt3-2C-2R), A-E-Bt1-Bt2 is a generation layer (Arabic numeral 1 may be omitted) developed by the substance "1", and 2Bt3-2C-2R is a soil layer developed by the substance "2"; of which 3 lake layers still have to be represented continuously, transition layers represent: the capital letters representing the upper and lower occurrence layers are used for writing together, and the soil layer letters representing the main characteristics are placed in front. Such as an AB layer. Two generation layers with tongue-shaped and finger-shaped soil layer boundary lines are arranged between the two generation layers by using slash separating marks (/), and the upper capital letters represent that the generation layers are mainly arranged in the whole finger-shaped soil layer. E.g., an E/B layer; the B/D layer, the common combination of the generation layer type and the additional characteristic, from the view point of professionality and convenience for serving the national soil general survey work, the standard provides 'national soil main generation layer naming and symbol standard' for field description and naming of each generation layer on the basis of the generation layer description and naming rule, the field investigation should record the morphological characteristics of each soil generation layer and record the generation layer properties, the record specifically comprises the thickness, the boundary, the color, the morphological characteristics, the texture and the structure of a root system, gravels in soil bodies, gaps in pore soil substances, the tightness of a soil structural body and the products of re-eluviation deposition and aggregation of the substances in the soil development process, the thickness is the record of the upper bound and the lower bound depth of each generation layer, the boundary is the record of the transition condition between the adjacent generation layers, the color is characterized by using a Monser color system to represent the color of the soil, the morphological characteristics of the root system are the thickness condition and the abundance condition of the root system, the texture is determined by depending on the proportion and the texture classification of three-phase components of soil sand, powder and clay calculated in a soil laboratory, the field investigation generally adopts a 'finger measuring method' to carry out simple judgment, and the method comprises the following steps: sand and soil: loose single grain particles, single sand grains can be seen or felt. If the dry powder is held in the hand, the powder can be scattered after being slightly loosened, and the powder can be in a lump when being moistened, but can be scattered after being collided; sandy loam: when the paste is dry, the paste is held into a ball by hand, but the paste is easy to scatter, and when the paste is wet, the paste is carefully picked up by hand and cannot scatter; loam: soft and gritty, smooth, slightly sticky. When the dried product is dry, the product is held into a ball by hand and cannot be scattered when carefully taken up by hand; when the paste is moistened, the paste is held into a ball, and is generally touched to not disperse; powder loam: the powder is easy to be broken when dried, and is soft and powdery after being crushed. When moistened, the product is formed into a mass which is plastic daub. When dry and moist, the formed lumps can be taken up conveniently without being dispersed. Twisting with thumb and forefinger to form broken strips when wet; clay loam: the soil is in a block shape after being crushed, and the soil is hard when being dried. Wet soil can be twisted into strips with the thumb and forefinger, but often cannot withstand its own weight. The soil is plastic when moist, is held into a ball by a hand, is not easy to be scattered when being taken up by the hand, and is changed into a solid soil ball; clay: dry often becomes a hard clod, and wet is extremely plastic. The plastic soil strips are usually adhesive, the structure is a soil block formed by arranging and combining soil particles, and the holding property refers to the hardness and tightness of the soil structure. In field investigations, the ease of crushing when squeezed in the hand. The method mainly comprises the following steps: loosening: the soil substances have no adhesiveness (after the two fingers are mutually extruded, no soil substances are attached to hands); softening: crushing under the action of slight pressure between thumb and forefinger; slightly solid: the soil substance has certain compressive resistance and is easy to crush between the thumb and the forefinger; hard: the soil substance has medium compression resistance, is extremely difficult to crush between the thumb and the forefinger, but can be crushed when being squeezed by the whole hand; is very hard: the soil substance has strong compression resistance and is easy to crush only when the soil substance is fully stressed by hand; extremely hard: it cannot be crushed in the hand. The gravel in the soil body is rocks and mineral debris which can be separated from the soil and are larger than 2mm, the soil type is recorded and divided, and a profile soil sample is collected, wherein the profile soil sample collection specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of generation layer sample collection, paper box sample collection, whole section sample collection, soil volume weight sample collection and soil macro aggregate sample collection, wherein a sample label and a package are used for transporting a sample after excavation and sampling and carrying out sample butt joint on field operation and interior operation.

Finally, it should be noted that: the above-mentioned embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A new technical method for soil census is characterized by comprising the following steps:

2. The new technical method for soil general survey as claimed in claim 1, wherein the actual field survey work flow of different counties in step S1 includes spot arrangement, spot implementation, field survey, personnel allocation, sample handover, and result check, and the step S1 of preparing the interior and exterior work of soil general survey includes the following steps:

3. The new technical method for soil screening as claimed in claim 2, wherein the natural and socioeconomic data of step S2 include landform, hydrogeology, meteorological data, and land utilization status quo, and the step S2 includes the following steps:

4. The new soil screening technique method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fault tolerance criteria in step S24 specifically include: when the construction occupation, the reclamation, the abandoned land or the map spot information is wrong, the deviation of the preset sample point does not refer to the map spot range of the soil map of the level of the Bipu county;

5. The new soil screening technology method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step S3 specifically comprises the following steps:

s31, recording the characteristic information of the sampling points;

s322, in the landscape or field where the survey sampling point is located, bedrock and large rock blocks are exposed, direct influence is caused on farmland farming, and the exposed abundance and spacing information of the bedrock are recorded;

s33, recording the mature soil environment information;

s34, recording the type of the parent rock;

s35, recording the type of the mother substance;

s37, recording the influence on agricultural production;

s38, recording garden production;

and S39, recording forest land production requirements.

6. The new soil screening technique method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the classification of the levels in step S4 includes: large terrain, medium terrain slope, slope type and slope direction; the large terrain comprises: mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, basins; the medium topography is: extreme high, medium, low; high hills and low hills; sea area plain, alluvial plain, lake area plain, foot plain, Hongshan plain, Fengcheng plain.

7. The new technical method for soil investigation of claim 6, wherein the landscape photo in step S5 should be shot at an oblique angle from 30-50 m above the ground when being shot by the unmanned aerial vehicle, and the landscape photo in east, south, west and north directions should show the geographic landform, vegetation landscape, land utilization type, surface feature and farmland facility feature of the sampling point, and the landscape photo should be fused with a long-range view and a short-range view.

8. The new soil screening technique method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the multipoint mixed sampling method in step S6 specifically includes the following steps:

s61, in the field range of the preset sampling points or the adjacent and similar landscape position range, adopting one of three ways of 5-10 quincunx sample mixing points, 10-15 chessboard-shaped sample mixing points and 15-20 snake-shaped sample mixing points;

9. The new soil screening technique method according to claim 8, wherein the step S7 specifically includes the steps of:

s76, recording the occurrence layer properties;

s77, recording and dividing soil types;

s78, collecting a section soil sample, wherein the section soil sample collection specifically comprises the following steps: collecting a generation layer sample, a paper box sample, a whole section sample, a soil volume weight sample and a soil large aggregate sample;

s79, sample labeling and packaging.

10. The new technical method for soil screening as claimed in claim 9, wherein the step S76 of recording the occurrence layer properties includes thickness, boundary, color, morphological feature of root system, texture, structure, gravel in soil body, void in porous soil material, tightness of soil structure, and product of re-leaching deposition and accumulation of material during soil development;

the color is characterized by using a Monser color system;

the texture is determined by depending on the proportion of three-phase components of soil sand, powder and clay calculated by a soil laboratory and the classification of the texture;