CN114914080B - High-low temperature impact heat treatment process for transformer coil - Google Patents
High-low temperature impact heat treatment process for transformer coil Download PDFInfo
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- CN114914080B CN114914080B CN202210581068.8A CN202210581068A CN114914080B CN 114914080 B CN114914080 B CN 114914080B CN 202210581068 A CN202210581068 A CN 202210581068A CN 114914080 B CN114914080 B CN 114914080B
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- PTBDIHRZYDMNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)C(O)=O PTBDIHRZYDMNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- JVYDLYGCSIHCMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butanoic acid Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)C(O)=O JVYDLYGCSIHCMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCO OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZFVMWEVVKGLCIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol AF Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZFVMWEVVKGLCIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric anhydride Chemical compound O=C1CCCC(=O)O1 VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013007 heat curing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- LSQARZALBDFYQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LSQARZALBDFYQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Insulating Of Coils (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for a transformer coil, which belongs to the technical field of transformer coil processing and comprises the steps of winding a copper core wire into a transformer coil and processing the copper core wire by coil processing equipment; firstly, placing a transformer coil on a storage plate, moving the storage plate to the middle part of a high-low temperature impact part, starting a heating assembly to perform high-temperature impact, annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, transferring the transformer coil into a low-temperature treatment box, and introducing liquid nitrogen to perform low-temperature impact treatment; reheating the low-temperature impacted transformer coil, transferring the low-temperature impacted transformer coil to a paint spraying part, spraying high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring the high weather-proof paint to a high-low-temperature impact part, and completing a high-low-temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil after heat curing; the internal stress generated in the winding process of the transformer coil is eliminated, the service life of the processed transformer coil is longer, and the method has higher economic value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of transformer coil processing, and particularly relates to a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for a transformer coil.
Background
The transformer is also commonly called as an instrument transformer, is a generic term of a current transformer and a voltage transformer, and can convert high voltage into low voltage, and large current into small current, for a measurement or protection system. The transformer generally isolates the instrument and the relay from the main circuit, expands the application range of the instrument and the relay, avoids the direct introduction of high voltage of the main circuit into the instrument and the relay, and avoids the faults of the instrument and the relay, thereby improving the respective safety and reliability of the instrument and the relay.
The coil in the mutual inductor generally uses copper core enameled wire, and the operational environment of some kinds of mutual inductors is comparatively abominable, and coil diameter wherein is generally great, often comparatively test the adhesive force of paint film, and the coil is ageing easily after long-time use, and the copper core probably warp or fracture, and the paint film of current enameled wire also can disintegrate and drop, seriously influences the life of mutual inductor and the security of equipment use. Therefore, a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for the transformer coil is needed, and the service life of the coil is prolonged.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for a transformer coil, which aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
The aim of the invention can be achieved by the following technical scheme: a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for a transformer coil comprises the following steps:
Step one: winding copper core wires into a transformer coil, wherein the distance between adjacent copper core wires is 3-5mm, and placing the transformer coil on a storage plate in coil processing equipment, so that a limiting rod penetrates through the center of the coil to limit; moving the object placing plate to the middle part of the high-low temperature impact part, starting the heating assembly, and impacting the transformer coil at a high temperature of 550-600 ℃ for 3-5min; cooling to 250-300 deg.C, and maintaining for 15-20min;
Step two: annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, and reducing the temperature of the high-low temperature impact part to 50-60 ℃ at a speed of 15-20 ℃/min; transferring the transformer coil into a low-temperature treatment box, and introducing liquid nitrogen to perform low-temperature impact for 3-5min;
Step three: and (3) reheating the low-temperature impacted transformer coil to 100-120 ℃, transferring to a paint spraying part, spraying high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring to a high-low temperature impact part, and thermally curing for 15-20min at 120-150 ℃ to complete the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil.
The high weather-resistant paint is prepared by the following steps:
Step S1: adding nano SiO 2 into a flask, then adding KH-550, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 20-30min, centrifuging, taking a precipitate, washing the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3-5 times, and performing suction filtration to remove the absolute ethanol to obtain modified nano SiO 2;
Step S2: under the protection of nitrogen, bisphenol AF and 4,4' -difluorobenzophenone are added into a flask, then potassium carbonate powder and sulfolane are added, the temperature is raised to 120-130 ℃ under the condition of magnetic stirring, the reaction is continued for 2-3h, and the reaction process is continuously dehydrated; heating to 220 ℃ for reaction for 2-3 hours, cooling the reaction system to 60 ℃, washing with absolute methanol for 2-3 times, and then drying for 6-8 hours at 80-120 ℃ to obtain hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone; sulfolane is used as a solvent;
Step S3: adding dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutyric acid, glutaric anhydride, phthalic anhydride and hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone into a flask, wherein the hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is used as a branching functional monomer; under the condition of magnetic stirring, carrying out gradient heating reaction, specifically: heating to 160 ℃, and reacting for 0.5h; heating to 180 ℃ and reacting for 1h; heating to 200 ℃, and reacting for 1.5h; heating to 220 ℃, and reacting for 1h; cooling to 50-60 ℃, adding diethylene glycol butyl ether for dilution, stirring for 0.5-1h, adding triethylamine as a neutralizer, and adding modified nano SiO 2 as a thickener; cooling to 20-30 ℃, adding polycarbodiimide as a curing agent, and stirring for 5-10min to prepare the high weather-proof paint.
Further, the dosage ratio of nano SiO 2 to KH-550 is 10g:25-30mL.
Further, the use amount ratio of bisphenol AF, 4' -difluorobenzophenone, potassium carbonate powder and sulfolane was 40g:22g:3g:200mL.
Further, the dosage ratio of dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutyric acid, glutaric anhydride, phthalic anhydride, hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone, diethylene glycol butyl ether, triethylamine, modified nano SiO 2 and polycarbodiimide is 6g:6g:10g:11g:8g:4.5g:2g:2.5g:16g.
The coil treatment equipment comprises a shell, wherein the shell has a heat insulation effect; a vertical partition board is fixedly arranged in the center of the shell, a high-low temperature impact part is arranged at the front side of the vertical partition board, and a paint spraying part is arranged at the rear side of the vertical partition board; the vertical partition plate is provided with a window, and an electric control door is fixedly arranged on the vertical partition plate corresponding to the window.
The high-low temperature impact part is provided with a first diaphragm plate, and the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with a transmission assembly; the transmission assembly comprises a motor, the motor is arranged at the top of the shell, and an output shaft of the motor penetrates through the shell and is fixedly connected with a double-groove belt wheel; the first slide bar and the second slide bar are fixedly arranged in the shell, the first transmission rod and the second transmission rod are rotationally connected with the shell, and the first transmission rod and the second transmission rod are rotationally connected with the first diaphragm plate; a first belt wheel is fixed at the position of the first transmission rod between the top of the shell and the first diaphragm plate, and a second belt wheel is fixed at the position of the second transmission rod between the top of the shell and the first diaphragm plate; the first belt wheel and the second belt wheel are respectively connected with the double-groove belt wheel in a transmission way through a first transmission belt and a second transmission belt;
The connecting table is in sliding connection with the first slide bar and the second slide bar, and is in threaded connection with the part, provided with the threads, of the first transmission bar and the second transmission bar; the bottom of the high-low temperature impact part is provided with a low-temperature treatment box, the bottom of the connecting table is provided with a limit bulge corresponding to the opening of the low-temperature treatment box, and a sealing gasket is arranged around the limit bulge; the lower ends of the limiting protrusions are symmetrically provided with connecting plates, sliding grooves are formed in the connecting plates, a storage plate is connected between the two connecting plates in a sliding mode through the sliding grooves, and limiting rods for penetrating the transformer coils are arranged on the storage plate.
The paint spraying part is provided with a second diaphragm plate, and the paint spraying part is also provided with a paint bucket and a liquid nitrogen bottle; the liquid nitrogen bottle is connected with a liquid nitrogen delivery pump, the liquid nitrogen delivery pump is connected with a plurality of branch air pipes through a main air pipe, the branch air pipes are connected with atomizing nozzles, and the atomizing nozzles are fixedly arranged on a plurality of inner walls of the low-temperature treatment box; the paint bucket is connected with an air pressure pump which is connected with a paint spray head through a conveying pipe; a waste tray is arranged on the second diaphragm plate; the shell corresponds the portion of spraying paint and articulates there are second sealing door and third sealing door, and the second sealing door is used for taking out the mutual-inductor coil after spraying paint, and the third sealing door is used for taking out the waste tray, and the portion of spraying paint still is provided with the frame plate, and the frame plate is located the waste tray top.
The shell is hinged with a first sealing door corresponding to the high-low temperature impact part, a heating assembly is arranged on the first sealing door, the heating assembly comprises a fire-resistant cylinder, one end of the fire-resistant cylinder is fixedly connected with the first sealing door, and a plurality of electric furnace wires are arranged at the other end of the fire-resistant cylinder; the side wall of the shell is provided with a blower, the air outlet end of the blower is communicated with the fire-resistant cylinder through a corrugated pipe, so that hot air can be conveniently blown to the transformer coil on the object placing plate; the shell of the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with an air outlet.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
In the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process, the transformer coil is subjected to high-temperature impact treatment at 550-600 ℃, so that the internal stress generated in the winding process of the transformer coil can be eliminated, the grain size of copper is changed, the uniformity and consistency of the grain size are ensured, and the shape of the transformer coil is kept regular; then the mutual inductor coil is subjected to heat preservation treatment at the temperature of 250-300 ℃, and is cooled and annealed at the speed of 5-20 ℃/min, so that the residual stress of the mutual inductor coil is eliminated, and the conditions of softening or seasonal fragmentation and the like in the subsequent use process are avoided; the transformer coil can achieve a shaping effect by using liquid nitrogen for low-temperature impact, and the attached paint film is prevented from generating cracks due to deformation of the transformer coil; the transformer coil with a very small amount of cracks can be removed in the link, so that the quality of the produced transformer coil is guaranteed; the transformer coil subjected to high-low temperature impact is heated and then subjected to paint spraying operation, so that leveling and solidification of a paint surface are facilitated, and the prepared high-weather-resistance paint is added with modified nano SiO 2, so that the hydrophobic effect of the prepared paint film is improved, and the heat resistance of the prepared high-weather-resistance paint is also facilitated; hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is used as a branching functional monomer, so that the weather resistance of a paint film is greatly improved; the processed transformer coil has longer service life and higher economic value.
Drawings
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of a transformer coil of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a coil handling apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the front internal structure of the coil processing apparatus of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a side internal structure of the coil processing apparatus of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a housing; 2. a motor; 3. a connection station; 4. a low temperature treatment tank; 5. a paint bucket; 11. a first diaphragm; 12. a first sealing door; 121. a refractory cylinder; 122. a bellows; 123. a blower; 13. an air outlet; 14. a vertical partition board; 141. an electric control door; 15. a second sealing door; 16. a third sealing door; 17. a frame plate; 21. a double groove belt wheel; 22. a first transmission rod; 23. a first slide bar; 24. a second transmission rod; 31. a sealing gasket; 32. a limit protrusion; 33. a connecting plate; 34. a storage plate; 41. an atomizing nozzle; 42. a liquid nitrogen bottle; 43. a liquid nitrogen delivery pump; 44. a pressure release valve; 51. an air pressure pump; 52. a paint spray head; 53. a waste tray.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 2 to 4, the coil processing apparatus includes a housing 1, the housing 1 having a heat insulation effect; the center of the shell 1 is fixedly provided with a vertical partition plate 14, the front side of the vertical partition plate 14 is provided with a high-low temperature impact part, and the rear side of the vertical partition plate 14 is provided with a paint spraying part; the vertical partition plate 14 is provided with a window, and the electric control door 141 is fixedly arranged on the vertical partition plate 14 corresponding to the window.
The high-low temperature impact part is provided with a first diaphragm plate 11, and the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with a transmission assembly; the transmission assembly comprises a motor 2, the motor 2 is arranged at the top of the shell 1, and an output shaft of the motor 2 penetrates through the shell 1 and is fixedly connected with a double-groove belt pulley 21; a first slide bar 23 and a second slide bar are fixedly arranged in the shell 1, a first transmission rod 22 and a second transmission rod 24 are rotatably connected with the shell 1, and the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24 are rotatably connected with the first diaphragm 11; a first belt wheel is fixed at the position of the first transmission rod 22 between the top of the shell 1 and the first diaphragm 11, and a second belt wheel is fixed at the position of the second transmission rod 24 between the top of the shell 1 and the first diaphragm 11; the first belt wheel and the second belt wheel are respectively connected with the double-groove belt wheel 21 in a transmission way through a first transmission belt and a second transmission belt;
The part of the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24, which is positioned below the first diaphragm plate 11, is provided with threads, the connecting table 3 is arranged below the first diaphragm plate 11, the connecting table 3 is in sliding connection with the first slide rod 23 and the second slide rod, and the connecting table 3 is in threaded connection with the part of the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24, which are provided with threads; the bottom of the high-low temperature impact part is provided with a low-temperature treatment box 4, the bottom of the connecting table 3 is provided with a limit bulge 32 corresponding to the opening of the low-temperature treatment box 4, and a sealing gasket 31 is arranged around the limit bulge 32; the lower extreme symmetry of spacing arch 32 is provided with connecting plate 33, has seted up the spout on the connecting plate 33, has the thing board 34 of putting through spout sliding connection between two connecting plates 33, is provided with the gag lever post that wears to establish the mutual-inductor coil on putting the thing board 34 and uses.
The paint spraying part is provided with a second diaphragm plate, and is also provided with a paint bucket 5 and a liquid nitrogen bottle 42; the liquid nitrogen bottle 42 is connected with a liquid nitrogen delivery pump 43, the liquid nitrogen delivery pump 43 is connected with a plurality of branch air pipes through a main air pipe, the branch air pipes are connected with an atomizing nozzle 41, and the atomizing nozzle 41 is fixedly arranged on a plurality of inner walls of the low-temperature treatment box 4; the paint bucket 5 is connected with an air pressure pump 51, and the air pressure pump 51 is connected with a paint spray head 52 through a conveying pipe; a waste tray 53 is placed on the second diaphragm; the shell 1 is hinged with a second sealing door 15 and a third sealing door 16 corresponding to the paint spraying part, the second sealing door 15 is used for taking out a painted transformer coil, the third sealing door 16 is used for taking out a waste disc 53, the paint spraying part is also provided with a frame plate 17, and the frame plate 17 is positioned above the waste disc 53; the bottom of the cryogenic treatment tank 4 is also provided with a pressure relief valve 44.
The shell 1 is hinged with a first sealing door 12 corresponding to the high-low temperature impact part, a heating component is arranged on the first sealing door 12, the heating component comprises a fire-resistant barrel 121, one end of the fire-resistant barrel 121 is fixedly connected with the first sealing door 12, and a plurality of electric furnace wires are arranged at the other end of the fire-resistant barrel 121; the side wall of the shell 1 is provided with a blower 123, and the air outlet end of the blower 123 is communicated with the refractory cylinder 121 through a corrugated pipe 122, so that hot air can be conveniently blown to the transformer coil on the object placing plate 34; the shell 1 of the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with an air outlet 13.
Example 1
The preparation method of the high weather-resistant paint comprises the following steps:
Step S1: adding 100g of nano SiO 2 into a flask, then adding 250-mLKH-550, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 20min, centrifuging, taking a precipitate, washing the precipitate with absolute ethyl alcohol for 3 times, and performing suction filtration to remove the absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain modified nano SiO 2;
Step S2: under the protection of nitrogen, 400g of bisphenol AF and 220g of 4,4' -difluorobenzophenone are added into a flask, then 30g of potassium carbonate powder and 2L of sulfolane are added, the temperature is raised to 120 ℃ under the condition of magnetic stirring, the reaction is continued for 2 hours, and the reaction process is continuously dehydrated; heating to 220 ℃ for reaction for 2 hours, cooling the reaction system to 60 ℃, washing with absolute methanol for 2 times, and then drying for 6 hours at 80 ℃ to obtain hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone; sulfolane is used as a solvent;
step S3: adding 60g of dimethylolpropionic acid, 60g of dimethylolbutyric acid, 100g of glutaric anhydride, 110g of phthalic anhydride and 80g of hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone into a flask, wherein the hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is used as a branching functional monomer; under the condition of magnetic stirring, carrying out gradient heating reaction, specifically: heating to 160 ℃, and reacting for 0.5h; heating to 180 ℃ and reacting for 1h; heating to 200 ℃, and reacting for 1.5h; heating to 220 ℃, and reacting for 1h; cooling to 50 ℃, adding 45g of diethylene glycol butyl ether for dilution, stirring for 0.5h, adding 20g of triethylamine as a neutralizer, and adding 25g of modified nano SiO 2 as a thickener; and cooling to 20 ℃, adding 160g of polycarbodiimide as a curing agent, and stirring for 5min to prepare the high weather-proof paint.
Example 2
The preparation method of the high weather-resistant paint comprises the following steps:
Step S1: adding 100g of nano SiO 2 into a flask, then adding 280-mLKH-550, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 25min, centrifuging, taking a precipitate, washing the precipitate with absolute ethyl alcohol for 4 times, and performing suction filtration to remove the absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain modified nano SiO 2;
Step S2: under the protection of nitrogen, 400g of bisphenol AF and 220g of 4,4' -difluorobenzophenone are added into a flask, then 30g of potassium carbonate powder and 2L of sulfolane are added, the temperature is raised to 125 ℃ under the condition of magnetic stirring, the reaction is continued for 2.5h, and the reaction process is continuously dehydrated; heating to 220 ℃ for reaction for 2.5 hours, cooling the reaction system to 60 ℃, washing with absolute methanol for 2 times, and drying for 7 hours at 100 ℃ to obtain hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone; sulfolane is used as a solvent;
Step S3: adding 60g of dimethylolpropionic acid, 60g of dimethylolbutyric acid, 100g of glutaric anhydride, 110g of phthalic anhydride and 80g of hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone into a flask, wherein the hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is used as a branching functional monomer; under the condition of magnetic stirring, carrying out gradient heating reaction, specifically: heating to 160 ℃, and reacting for 0.5h; heating to 180 ℃ and reacting for 1h; heating to 200 ℃, and reacting for 1.5h; heating to 220 ℃, and reacting for 1h; cooling to 55 ℃, adding 45g of diethylene glycol butyl ether for dilution, stirring for 0.8h, adding 20g of triethylamine as a neutralizer, and adding 25g of modified nano SiO 2 as a thickener; and cooling to 25 ℃, adding 160g of polycarbodiimide as a curing agent, and stirring for 8min to prepare the high weather-proof paint.
Example 3
The preparation method of the high weather-resistant paint comprises the following steps:
Step S1: adding 100g of nano SiO 2 into a flask, then adding 300-mLKH-550, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 30min, centrifuging, taking a precipitate, washing the precipitate with absolute ethyl alcohol for 3-5 times, and performing suction filtration to remove the absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain modified nano SiO 2;
Step S2: under the protection of nitrogen, 400g of bisphenol AF and 220g of 4,4' -difluorobenzophenone are added into a flask, then 30g of potassium carbonate powder and 2L of sulfolane are added, the temperature is increased to 130 ℃ under the condition of magnetic stirring, the reaction is continued for 3 hours, and the reaction process is continuously dehydrated; heating to 220 ℃ for reaction for 3 hours, cooling the reaction system to 60 ℃, washing with absolute methanol for 3 times, and then drying for 8 hours at 120 ℃ to obtain hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone; sulfolane is used as a solvent;
Step S3: adding 60g of dimethylolpropionic acid, 60g of dimethylolbutyric acid, 100g of glutaric anhydride, 110g of phthalic anhydride and 80g of hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone into a flask, wherein the hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is used as a branching functional monomer; under the condition of magnetic stirring, carrying out gradient heating reaction, specifically: heating to 160 ℃, and reacting for 0.5h; heating to 180 ℃ and reacting for 1h; heating to 200 ℃, and reacting for 1.5h; heating to 220 ℃, and reacting for 1h; cooling to 60 ℃, adding 45g of diethylene glycol butyl ether for dilution, stirring for 1h, adding 20g of triethylamine as a neutralizer, and adding 25g of modified nano SiO 2 as a thickener; and (3) cooling to 30 ℃, adding 160g of polycarbodiimide as a curing agent, and stirring for 10min to prepare the high weather-resistant paint.
Example 4
Referring to fig. 1, the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil comprises the following steps:
Step one: winding copper core wires into a transformer coil, wherein the distance between adjacent copper core wires is 3mm, placing the transformer coil on an object placing plate 34 in coil processing equipment, enabling a limiting rod to pass through the center of the coil for limiting, and then closing the first sealing door 12; the starting motor 2 drives the double-groove belt pulley 21, the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24 synchronously move through the transmission of the first transmission belt and the second transmission belt, and the first sliding rod 23 and the second sliding rod play a limiting role and control the connecting table 3 to move up and down; the object placing plate 34 is moved to the middle part of the high-low temperature impact part, the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire is controlled, the air is blown by the air blower 123, the hot air with the temperature of 550 ℃ is blown out, and the high temperature impact is carried out on the transformer coil for 3min; reducing the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire, blowing hot air at 250 ℃, and carrying out heat preservation treatment on the transformer coil for 15min;
Step two: annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, reducing the temperature of the high-low temperature impact part to 50 ℃ at the speed of 15 ℃/min, and then moving the connecting table 3 downwards to enable the limit bulge 32 to be embedded into the low-temperature treatment box 4, and enabling the sealing ring to prop against the upper edge of the low-temperature treatment box 4 to have a sealing effect; the liquid nitrogen is conveyed into the branch air pipe through the liquid nitrogen conveying pump 43, the branch air pipe contacts with the residual temperature in the high-low temperature impact part, the liquid nitrogen is gasified partially to increase the pressure, and then the liquid nitrogen is sprayed out through the atomizing nozzle 41, so that the coil of the transformer is cooled rapidly, the low-temperature impact is carried out, and the pressure relief opening plays roles of reducing the air pressure and protecting the safety;
Step three: raising the connecting table 3 after low-temperature impact to enable the transformer coil to be located in the middle of a high-low temperature impact part, reheating to 100 ℃, then opening the electric control door 141 and the second sealing door 15, holding the object placing plate 34 by pliers and pulling the object placing plate onto the frame plate 17, adding the high weather-proof paint prepared in the embodiment 1 into the paint bucket 5, pressurizing by the air pressure pump 51, spraying the high weather-proof paint through the paint spray head 52, coating a layer of high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring to the high-low temperature impact part, heating to 120 ℃, and thermally curing for 15min to complete the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil.
Example 5
Referring to fig. 1, the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil comprises the following steps:
Step one: winding copper core wires into a transformer coil, wherein the distance between adjacent copper core wires is 4mm, placing the transformer coil on an object placing plate 34 in coil processing equipment, enabling a limiting rod to pass through the center of the coil for limiting, and then closing the first sealing door 12; the starting motor 2 drives the double-groove belt pulley 21, the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24 synchronously move through the transmission of the first transmission belt and the second transmission belt, and the first sliding rod 23 and the second sliding rod play a limiting role and control the connecting table 3 to move up and down; the object placing plate 34 is moved to the middle part of the high-low temperature impact part, the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire is controlled, the air is blown by the air blower 123, the hot air at 580 ℃ is blown out, and the high temperature impact is carried out on the transformer coil for 4min; reducing the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire, blowing hot air at 280 ℃, and carrying out heat preservation treatment on the transformer coil for 18min;
Step two: annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, reducing the temperature of the high-low temperature impact part to 55 ℃ at the speed of 18 ℃/min, and then moving the connecting table 3 downwards to enable the limit bulge 32 to be embedded into the low-temperature treatment box 4, and enabling the sealing ring to prop against the upper edge of the low-temperature treatment box 4 to have a sealing effect; the liquid nitrogen is conveyed into the branch air pipe through the liquid nitrogen conveying pump 43, the branch air pipe contacts with the residual temperature in the high-low temperature impact part, the liquid nitrogen is gasified partially to increase the pressure, and then the liquid nitrogen is sprayed out through the atomizing nozzle 41, so that the coil of the transformer is cooled rapidly, the low-temperature impact is carried out, and the pressure relief opening plays roles of reducing the air pressure and protecting the safety;
step three: raising the connecting table3 after low-temperature impact to enable the transformer coil to be located in the middle of a high-low temperature impact part, reheating to 110 ℃, then opening the electric control door 141 and the second sealing door 15, holding the object placing plate 34 by pliers and pulling the object placing plate onto the frame plate 17, adding the high weather-proof paint prepared in the embodiment 2 into the paint bucket 5, pressurizing by the air pressure pump 51, spraying the high weather-proof paint through the paint spray head 52, coating a layer of high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring to the high-low temperature impact part, heating to 130 ℃, and thermally curing for 18min to complete the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil.
Example 6
Referring to fig. 1, the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil comprises the following steps:
step one: winding copper core wires into a transformer coil, wherein the distance between adjacent copper core wires is 5mm, placing the transformer coil on an object placing plate 34 in coil processing equipment, enabling a limiting rod to pass through the center of the coil for limiting, and then closing the first sealing door 12; the starting motor 2 drives the double-groove belt pulley 21, the first transmission rod 22 and the second transmission rod 24 synchronously move through the transmission of the first transmission belt and the second transmission belt, and the first sliding rod 23 and the second sliding rod play a limiting role and control the connecting table 3 to move up and down; the object placing plate 34 is moved to the middle part of the high-low temperature impact part, the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire is controlled, the air is blown by the air blower 123, the hot air at 600 ℃ is blown out, and the high temperature impact is carried out on the transformer coil for 5min; reducing the heating temperature of the electric furnace wire, blowing out hot air at 300 ℃, and carrying out heat preservation treatment on the transformer coil for 20min;
Step two: annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, reducing the temperature of the high-low temperature impact part to 60 ℃ at the speed of 20 ℃/min, and then moving the connecting table 3 downwards to enable the limit bulge 32 to be embedded into the low-temperature treatment box 4, and enabling the sealing ring to prop against the upper edge of the low-temperature treatment box 4 to have a sealing effect; the liquid nitrogen is conveyed into the branch air pipe through the liquid nitrogen conveying pump 43, the branch air pipe contacts with the residual temperature in the high-low temperature impact part, the liquid nitrogen is gasified partially to increase the pressure, and then the liquid nitrogen is sprayed out through the atomizing nozzle 41, so that the coil of the transformer is cooled rapidly, the low-temperature impact is carried out, and the pressure relief opening plays roles of reducing the air pressure and protecting the safety;
Step three: raising the connecting table3 after low-temperature impact to enable the transformer coil to be positioned in the middle of a high-low temperature impact part, reheating to 120 ℃, then opening the electric control door 141 and the second sealing door 15, holding the object placing plate 34 by pliers and pulling the object placing plate onto the frame plate 17, adding the high weather-proof paint prepared in the embodiment 3 into the paint bucket 5, pressurizing by the air pressure pump 51, spraying the high weather-proof paint through the paint spray head 52, coating a layer of high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring to the high-low temperature impact part, heating to 150 ℃, and thermally curing for 20min to complete the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil.
Comparative example 1
On the basis of the embodiment 6, the transformer coil is directly sprayed with high weather-proof paint without high and low temperature impact treatment, then is transferred to a high and low temperature impact part, is heated to 150 ℃, and is thermally cured for 20min, so that the treatment of the transformer coil is completed.
Comparative example 2
On the basis of the embodiment 6, the transformer coil after high-low temperature impact is sprayed with commercially available polyimide paint, and the rest steps are kept unchanged, so that the treatment of the transformer coil is completed.
Comparative example 3
And (5) taking commercially available polyimide enameled wires with copper cores of the same specification, and winding the commercially available polyimide enameled wires into a transformer coil.
Performance tests were performed on examples 4-6 and comparative examples 1-3 by: placing the treated groups of transformer coils in an oven, placing for 3h, 6h, 12h and 24h at 180 ℃, and observing the morphology of the transformer coils, wherein the results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, the transformer coils processed in examples 4-6 have better heat-resistant effect, which is beneficial to prolonging the service life in high temperature environment.
It should be noted that in this document, terms such as "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. The high-low temperature impact heat treatment process for the transformer coil is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
Step one: winding the copper core wire into a transformer coil, and processing the transformer coil by using coil processing equipment; firstly, placing a transformer coil on a storage plate (34), moving the storage plate (34) to the middle part of a high-low temperature impact part, starting a heating assembly, and impacting the transformer coil at a high temperature of 550-600 ℃ for 3-5min; cooling to 250-300 deg.C, and maintaining for 15-20min;
Step two: annealing the coil after heat preservation treatment, and reducing the temperature of the high-low temperature impact part to 50-60 ℃ at a speed of 15-20 ℃/min; transferring the transformer coil into a low-temperature treatment box (4), and introducing liquid nitrogen to perform low-temperature impact for 3-5min;
Step three: reheating the low-temperature impacted transformer coil to 100-120 ℃, transferring to a paint spraying part, spraying high weather-proof paint on the surface of the transformer coil, transferring to a high-low temperature impact part, and thermally curing for 15-20min at 120-150 ℃ to complete the high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil;
The coil treatment equipment comprises a shell (1), wherein the shell (1) has heat insulation effect; a vertical partition board (14) is fixedly arranged in the center of the shell (1), a high-low temperature impact part is arranged at the front side of the vertical partition board (14), and a paint spraying part is arranged at the rear side of the vertical partition board (14); a window is arranged on the vertical partition plate (14), and an electric control door (141) is fixedly arranged on the vertical partition plate (14) corresponding to the window;
The high-low temperature impact part is provided with a first diaphragm plate (11), and the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with a transmission assembly; the transmission assembly comprises a motor (2), the motor (2) is arranged at the top of the shell (1), and an output shaft of the motor (2) penetrates through the shell (1) and is fixedly connected with a double-groove belt wheel (21); a first sliding rod (23) and a second sliding rod are fixedly arranged in the shell (1), a first transmission rod (22) and a second transmission rod (24) are rotationally connected with the shell (1), and the first transmission rod (22) and the second transmission rod (24) are rotationally connected with the first diaphragm plate (11); a first belt wheel is fixed at the position of the first transmission rod (22) between the top of the shell (1) and the first diaphragm plate (11), and a second belt wheel is fixed at the position of the second transmission rod (24) between the top of the shell (1) and the first diaphragm plate (11); the first belt wheel and the second belt wheel are respectively connected with the double-groove belt wheel (21) in a transmission way through a first transmission belt and a second transmission belt;
The part of the first transmission rod (22) and the second transmission rod (24) below the first diaphragm plate (11) is provided with threads, the connecting table (3) is arranged below the first diaphragm plate (11), the connecting table (3) is in sliding connection with the first sliding rod (23) and the second sliding rod, and the connecting table (3) is in threaded connection with the part of the first transmission rod (22) and the second transmission rod (24) provided with threads; the bottom of the high-low temperature impact part is provided with a low-temperature treatment box (4), the bottom of the connecting table (3) is provided with a limit bulge (32) corresponding to the opening of the low-temperature treatment box (4), and a sealing gasket (31) is arranged around the limit bulge (32); the lower ends of the limiting bulges (32) are symmetrically provided with connecting plates (33), the connecting plates (33) are provided with sliding grooves, a storage plate (34) is connected between the two connecting plates (33) in a sliding manner through the sliding grooves, and the storage plate (34) is provided with a limiting rod for penetrating through a transformer coil;
The paint spraying part is provided with a second diaphragm plate, and the paint spraying part is also provided with a paint bucket (5) and a liquid nitrogen bottle (42); the liquid nitrogen bottle (42) is connected with a liquid nitrogen delivery pump (43), the liquid nitrogen delivery pump (43) is connected with a plurality of branch air pipes through a main air pipe, the branch air pipes are connected with an atomizing nozzle (41), and a plurality of inner walls of the low-temperature treatment box (4) are fixedly provided with the atomizing nozzle (41); the paint bucket (5) is connected with an air pressure pump (51), and the air pressure pump (51) is connected with a paint spray head (52) through a conveying pipe; a waste tray (53) is arranged on the second diaphragm plate; the shell (1) is hinged with a second sealing door (15) and a third sealing door (16) corresponding to the paint spraying part, the second sealing door (15) is used for taking out a painted transformer coil, the third sealing door (16) is used for taking out a waste disc (53), the paint spraying part is further provided with a frame plate (17), and the frame plate (17) is positioned above the waste disc (53); the bottom of the low-temperature treatment box (4) is also provided with a pressure release valve (44);
The shell (1) is hinged with a first sealing door (12) corresponding to the high-low temperature impact part, a heating component is arranged on the first sealing door (12), the heating component comprises a fireproof barrel (121), one end of the fireproof barrel (121) is fixedly connected with the first sealing door (12), and a plurality of electric furnace wires are arranged at the other end of the fireproof barrel (121); the side wall of the shell (1) is provided with a blower (123), and the air outlet end of the blower (123) is communicated with the fireproof barrel (121) through a corrugated pipe (122), so that hot air can be conveniently blown to the transformer coil on the object placing plate (34); the shell (1) of the high-low temperature impact part is also provided with an air outlet (13);
The preparation method of the high weather-resistant paint comprises the following steps: adding dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutyric acid, glutaric anhydride, phthalic anhydride and hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone into a flask, and carrying out gradient heating reaction under the condition of magnetic stirring; cooling to 50-60 ℃, adding diethylene glycol butyl ether for dilution, stirring for 0.5-1h, adding triethylamine and modified nano SiO 2, cooling to 20-30 ℃, adding polycarbodiimide as a curing agent, and stirring for 5-10min to prepare the high weather-resistant paint;
The gradient temperature-rising reaction is as follows: heating to 160 ℃, and reacting for 0.5h; heating to 180 ℃ and reacting for 1h; heating to 200 ℃, and reacting for 1.5h; heating to 220 ℃, and reacting for 1h.
2. The high and low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil according to claim 1, wherein the distance between adjacent copper core wires of the transformer coil wound in the first step is 3-5mm.
3. The high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil according to claim 1, wherein the dosage ratio of dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutyric acid, glutaric anhydride, phthalic anhydride, hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone, diethylene glycol butyl ether, triethylamine, modified nano SiO 2 and polycarbodiimide is 6g:6g:10g:11g:8g:4.5g:2g:2.5g:16g.
4. The high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the modified nano SiO 2 is as follows: adding nano Si O 2 into a flask, adding KH-550, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 20-30min, centrifuging, collecting precipitate, washing the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3-5 times, and filtering to remove absolute ethanol to obtain modified nano Si O 2.
5. The high and low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil according to claim 4, wherein the dosage ratio of nano Si O 2 to KH-550 is 10g:25-30mL.
6. The high-low temperature impact heat treatment process of the transformer coil according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone is as follows: under the protection of nitrogen, bisphenol AF, 4' -difluorobenzophenone, potassium carbonate powder and sulfolane are added into a flask, the temperature is raised to 120-130 ℃ under the condition of magnetic stirring, the reaction is carried out for 2-3 hours, and the reaction process is continuously dehydrated; heating to 220 ℃ for reaction for 2-3 hours, cooling the reaction system to 60 ℃, washing with absolute methanol for 2-3 times, and drying to obtain the hydroxyl-terminated fluorine-containing polyether ketone.
7. The high and low temperature impact heat treatment process for the transformer coil according to claim 6, wherein the dosage ratio of bisphenol AF, 4' -difluorobenzophenone, potassium carbonate powder and sulfolane is 40g:22g:3g:200mL.
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