CN114910953B - Method for explaining irregular section of complex fracture zone - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of seismic data processing, and particularly relates to an interpretation method of an irregular section of a complex fracture zone. The invention uses the analysis and test data of the drilled well logging, coring, well logging and stratum and the field outcrop data to establish the stratum framework and lithology combination relationship in the research area. And analyzing the structural development characteristics and the formation mechanism of the research area, and establishing a fault interpretation mode. A technical method for analyzing and judging the reliability of seismic data in a research area is provided. Under the condition that seismic data are reliable, a geological pattern is used as guidance, and on the basis of single well and well connection closed calibration, point, line, surface and bulk phase combined complex fracture zone fine interpretation is carried out. By adopting an irregular section interpretation technology based on mechanical analysis, the problem of the combination relation of faults of complex fault zones is solved, more importantly, the migration evolution process of high points of fault blocks of different layers is well described, so that the interpretation result accords with the movement rule and the sedimentation characteristic of a geological structure, and a basis is provided for well position deployment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of seismic data processing, and particularly relates to an interpretation method of an irregular section of a complex fracture zone.
Background
Fracture characteristic analysis and fracture research are important contents of oil-gas exploration, because fracture is not only a channel for oil-gas migration, but also an important condition for forming complex fault block trap and fault-lithologic trap, and the fracture has an important control effect on oil-gas migration and storage.
The Chinese patent application with application publication number CN104330825A discloses a slice interpretation processing method along the structure trend surface, which develops slice research along the rule of stratum development according to the stratum development characteristics of different regions, and determines the time range of a target layer by developing horizon grid interpretation on the target layer in seismic data to obtain the structure trend of the stratum; slicing is carried out in the three-dimensional seismic data body along the structure trend surface of the stratum, and the obtained slices can truly reflect the fault occurrence and trend in the period, so that the purpose of fault interpretation is achieved. The technology overcomes the defect that the traditional slice can not truly reflect the system spread of the fault bed along the structure trend, avoids the influence of human explanation factors on the result of the slice along the layer, effectively identifies the small fault, particularly the small fault between the layers, can make the seismic explanation more reasonable, provides reliable basis for the combination of the fault system, finely realizes the small fault block trap and provides basis for the well position deployment of the exploration and development of the oil field.
However, under the influence of various factors such as complex geological stress, stratum structure, stratum lithology heterogeneity and the like, the formed fault patterns are colorful and peculiar, and in the explanation process, the interpreter encounters a fault with a large fault distance in a shallow layer, a large fault distance in a deep layer, a small fault distance in a middle layer or even no fault distance on a section, so that the fault should be explained as one fault or a plurality of faults? The explanation work of people is always puzzled. Therefore, the identification description of the fault is always an important content of seismic data interpretation, and many geophysical researchers use the seismic data to interpret the fault for many years, so that various interpretation technologies and methods are formed in the actual work. However, during the fault interpretation process, the sectional interpretation of the fault plane is either interpreted from top to bottom as a very regular straight line or curved line, or the separate interpretation of the upper and lower layers. If the fault interpretation is carried out according to the linear interpretation mode, the phenomenon of cutting the seismic reflection event can often occur. If the fault is one fault, an interpreter gives a plurality of faults of an interpretation layer, so that the interpretation method cannot perform fine fault interpretation on regions with complex stratum structures, complex stratum lithology and complex fracture, and cannot describe the structural form of a complex oil reservoir. Is not beneficial to analyzing the control effect of the fracture on deposition and oil and gas accumulation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an interpretation method of an irregular section of a complex fracture zone, belongs to an irregular section interpretation technology based on mechanical analysis, not only solves the problem of the combination relation of faults of the complex fracture zone, but also better describes the migration evolution process of high points of fault blocks of different layers, enables the interpretation result to accord with the movement rule and the deposition characteristic of a geological structure and provides a basis for well position deployment.
In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for explaining irregular sections of a complex fracture zone is characterized in that in an area where a thick shale layer with the thickness of not less than 10m develops in a sand-shale interbedded layer, the regional structure moves to form the complex fracture zone, the complex fracture zone comprises shallow and deep fault layers with large fault distance, small middle fault distance or no fault distance, and the fault surface of each fault is the irregular section, and the method comprises the following steps of:
(1) Collecting well-drilled logging and coring data, lithology and field outcrop data in a research area, and determining the structure and lithology characteristics of the stratum;
(2) Calibrating and judging the amplitude preservation of the section by using a synthetic record layer position at a well point, wherein the amplitude preservation is evaluated according to a formula (2), and the consistency coefficient of the synthetic record and a seismic channel beside the well is ensured to be not less than 80%;
calibrating the drilling geological stratification on the seismic section for well connection explanation, and judging the authenticity of the structural form of the seismic section; the authenticity comprises evaluating the absolute error between the reflection time of the in-phase axis where the target layer is located and the conversion time of the corresponding geological stratification according to the formula (3), and evaluating the consistency coefficient of the layer according to the formula (4); controlling the absolute error between the reflection time of the in-phase axis of the target layer and the corresponding geological stratification conversion time within 30ms as accurate, wherein the consistency coefficient of the layer is not less than 80%;
judging the accuracy of fault homing of the seismic section according to the comparison of the position of a breakpoint encountered by well drilling and the position of a breakpoint of seismic data;
counting faults with the fault distance larger than 15m during drilling in a well, calculating the absolute error between the time value of the fault breakpoint interpreted by the seismic profile and the converted time value of the corresponding breakpoint during drilling according to the formula (5), and controlling the breakpoints with the absolute errors within 30ms as the breakpoints with accurate homing, wherein the number of the breakpoints with accurate homing accounts for more than 80%;
E a ＝|T in -T c | (3)；
E f ＝|T s -T f | (5)；
in formula (2): c con To a coefficient of agreement, E c The number of the same phase axes is correspondingly consistent; e s The number of the same-phase axes of the seismic channels beside the well; e syn Recording the number of the same phase axes for synthesis;
in formula (3): e a In order to explain the absolute error of the reflection time of the in-phase axis of the target layer and the corresponding geological stratification conversion time, the unit is ms; t is in To explain the reflection time of the destination layer, in ms; t is c Converting time for geological stratification corresponding to a certain well in unit of ms;
in formula (4): c hor For the coefficient of uniformity, H a To calibrate the number of levels within the error range in the hierarchy, the unit: a plurality of; h t For the total number of stratification used for calibration, the unit: a plurality of;
formula (5)The method comprises the following steps: e f The absolute error of the time value of the fault breakpoint and the converted time value of the corresponding breakpoint of the drilling well is explained for the seismic profile in unit ms; t is a unit of s The unit of the reflection time of the breakpoint on the seismic section is ms; t is a unit of c Converting time for a break point corresponding to a certain well in unit of ms;
(3) Interpreting the fault according to the seismic data determined in the step (2): firstly, determining the position of a breakpoint on a seismic section, analyzing the size of a vertical fault distance on the section, and then connecting the breakpoint of a large fault distance fault of an upper seismic reflection layer and a lower seismic reflection layer with the breakpoint of a small fault distance fault of a middle layer in the longitudinal direction to form an irregular section of the same fault; and identifying the translation fault, implementing the relation among the breakpoint position, the falling direction and the plane distribution of the interlayer translation fault, and performing section closure interpretation by utilizing the closure of the longitudinal and transverse sections.
The method for explaining the irregular section of the complex fracture zone is used for explaining the section by taking a geological mode as guidance and adopting an irregular section explaining technology based on mechanical analysis on the basis of geological stress, structural evolution and sediment filling analysis, so that the underground fracture structural characteristics are really described. The interpretation result accords with the movement rule and the sedimentation characteristic of the geological structure, and provides a basis for well position deployment.
Preferably, in the step (3), the position of the breakpoint on the seismic section is determined according to the phenomena of section reflection in-phase axis final break, in-phase axis bifurcation and combination.
Preferably, in step (3), the identifying the translation fault comprises performing the identifying using dip steering filtering and coherent slicing.
The fault distance of the translation fault shares partial fault distance due to horizontal sliding, so that the vertical displacement of the fault surface is reduced, and the fault sections with smaller scale are easily ignored due to less obvious wave group fault sections. The display function of the software can be fully utilized, and the identification precision of the interlayer translation fault is improved. Preferably, in step (3), the identifying the translation faults includes interpreting the faults using variable density profiles and coherence slices. Preferably, in step (3), the identifying the translation fault includes applying contrast polygon waveform sliding to perform contrast of reflection in-phase axes on both sides of the fault, and performing fault interpretation.
Further preferably, in step (3), the identifying the translation fault includes identifying an interlayer translation fault by using a continuous parallel multiline contrast method. The fracture point position of the seismic profile interlayer translation fault is difficult to determine. There is a thicker shale formation in the stratigraphic structure, the fault spacing is reduced over the seismic profile of this interval, and the fracture point of the fault is not apparent, possibly due to the amount of horizontal slip in the lateral direction. In order to realize the relation between the fault with smaller fault distance at the oblique slip section and the fault at the upper and lower layers, the profiles are pulled from different directions, after the direction of the vertical fault is found, the fault reflection of distortion, bifurcation or combination is accurately judged by adopting a continuous parallel multi-line comparison method, and the breakpoint position, the falling direction and the plane spreading relation of the interlayer translation small fault can be accurately and reasonably realized by the method.
Preferably, in the step (1), the deformation of the stratum is calculated by using the analytical test data of outcrop and well drilling, and the deformation is calculated by the formula (1); evaluating the deformation amount of a rigid stratum and a plastic stratum under the action of structural stress according to the formula (1);
in formula (1): def is the formation deformation, and the unit is m; σ is the stress generated in the formation by the tectonic movement, expressed in N/m 2 (ii) a E is the elastic modulus of the formation rock in N/m 2 (ii) a L is the unit length of the formation in m.
Further preferably, the method also comprises the step (4): and compiling a structural diagram according to the interpretation result of the irregular section, analyzing the spreading and structural form of the fracture plane, and determining the high point positions of the broken nose and the broken block trap. Well location deployment provides the basis.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a technical flowchart of a method for explaining irregular cross-sections of complex fractured zones according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional fault interpretation;
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of an irregular fault based on mechanical analysis according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a vertical structural view of a walnut garden stratum unit in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of a B296 well seismic synthetic record versus a well-side seismic trace in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a plot of geologic stratification versus seismic reflection event correlation in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a comparison of well drilling encounter break points and seismic profile interpretation break points in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a structural diagram of a T56 seismic reflector in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to improve the rationality and the accuracy of geological interpretation of complex fracture zones, the invention strengthens the analysis of regional structural stress and the analysis of structural development history in fault identification and interpretation engineering, establishes a stratum structure frame by using outcrop data, well drilling data and the existing structural deposition research results, and analyzes the deposition characteristics in a research region. On the basis of analyzing the regional structural stress, the deposition evolution characteristics and the deposition environment, the structural deformation period is researched, a structural fracture mode is established, and the fracture fine interpretation work is guided.
The invention explains the fracture surface by taking the geological mode as guidance and adopting the irregular fracture surface explanation technology based on mechanical analysis on the basis of geological stress, structural evolution and sediment filling analysis, and truly describes the underground fracture structural characteristics. Specifically, the method utilizes the analysis and test data of the drilled well logging, coring and stratum and the field outcrop data to establish the stratum framework and lithology combination relationship in the research area. And analyzing the structural development characteristics and the formation mechanism of the research region, and establishing a fault interpretation mode. A technical method for analyzing and judging the reliability of seismic data in a research area is provided, and the amplitude preservation of a section is judged by calibrating a synthetic recording layer position at a well point. And (4) performing well connection explanation on the seismic profile through the drilling geological stratification to judge the authenticity of the structural form of the seismic profile. And judging the accuracy of fault homing of the seismic section according to the comparison of the positions of the well drilling break points and the seismic data break points. Under the condition that seismic data are reliable, a geological pattern is used as guidance, and on the basis of single well and well connection closed calibration, point, line, surface and bulk phase combined complex fracture zone fine interpretation is carried out. By adopting an irregular section interpretation technology based on mechanical analysis, the problem of the combination relation of faults of complex fault zones is solved, more importantly, the migration evolution process of high points of fault blocks of different layers is well described, so that the interpretation result accords with the movement rule and the sedimentation characteristic of a geological structure, and a basis is provided for well position deployment.
The technical principle of the mechanical analysis-based irregular section interpretation is as follows:
in the process of forming and evolving the oil-gas-containing basin, the oil-gas-containing basin is influenced by various factors such as structure movement, crust change, source direction, sediment velocity of sediment, lithology and diagenesis. Due to the movement of the regional structure and the variation of the earth crust, the extrusion and tension stress are generated. In the interaction process of various stresses, the magnitude and direction of the stresses are different at different depths, and the positions of different regions are changed. The lithology and thickness of the stratum deposited in different times of different generations are different, and even in the same time, the deposits in different areas are not as identical in the transverse direction. Rock compositions of different sediment formations have different fracture resistance, and when the generated extrusion force or tensile force exceeds the bearing force of a certain part of the formation, the part is fractured, so that the formation is dislocated along the fracture surface to form a fault. The spreading range of the fault fracture surface is also the release range of the destructive force, and the section form extends along the part with the smallest bearing force of the rock. Therefore, microscopically analyzing the fault plane is an irregular plane. This is the theoretical basis for the interpretation of irregular sections based on mechanical analysis.
In the process of forming the basin or the recess, the boundary and the base have rigid characteristics, the sediment in the recess has strong longitudinal and transverse heterogeneity due to the difference of the density, mineral composition and diagenetic property of the stratum, so that the capability of transferring stress between the stratums is different, the stress transfer of the structural stress field is mainly transferred through the rigid stratum, and the structural deformation is mainly limited by the rigid stratum.
The stratum sedimentated at different positions in the basin by the tectonic movement has different extrusion degrees to surrounding rock masses, and the force applied to the periphery of different unit bodies is different. There is a concentrated site of stress concentration in the formation rock, i.e., the site of occurrence of a fracture.
The method is characterized in that after the basin or the sunken sedimentary stratum is subjected to the action of external force and before the stratum is fractured, the stratum is subjected to plastic deformation, and the deformation amount is calculated by the formula (1).
In the formula: def is the formation deformation, and the unit is m; σ is the stress generated in the formation by the tectonic movement, expressed in N/m 2 (ii) a E is the elastic modulus of the formation rock in N/m 2 . L is the unit length of the formation in m.
Sandstone elastic modulus of 2.5-5.9 × 10 determined by laboratory analysis 4 MPa, shale elastic modulus of 1.2-4.1 x 10 4 MPa, marl elastic modulus of 0.3-0.7X 10 4 The elastic modulus of a sandstone stratum containing more brittle minerals such as quartz, feldspar and calcite is higher than that of mudstone and shale containing less brittle minerals such as quartz, feldspar and calcite under MPa.
The amount of plastic strain is inversely proportional to the elastic modulus of the rock for the same length of the formation and the same stress. Therefore, in the process of stratum fracture, the fracture surface in a plastic stratum such as shale, gypsum and the like has a longer inclined slip surface relative to a brittle stratum. That is, when subjected to a structural stress, the plastic formation fracture distance at and near the rigid formation is large when the stress reaches the formation fracture limit, and the fracture distance from the rigid plastic formation is relatively small. Therefore, irregular fault planes often appear near the complex stratigraphic structure, lithology and boundary fracture zones. This is the basis of irregular section interpretation techniques based on mechanical analysis.
The technical process of the irregular section interpretation technology based on mechanical analysis is executed according to a figure 1, and the figure 1 is an irregular section interpretation flow chart based on mechanical analysis. During the explanation, the well logging and coring data, lithology and field outcrop data are collected. And establishing stratum framework and lithology combination of the region, and determining the lithology of the main target layer. Determining the stratum structure of a research area, the lithology of a main target layer, the mineral composition of the main target layer, and the lithology characteristics of the stratum such as where a mudstone layer, a sandstone layer and a sand-mudstone interbed are developed. And establishing a fault interpretation mode. In areas where sedimentary earth formations are not complex in structure and lithology, fault interpretation is performed according to a mode one (figure 2), and figure 2 is a conventional fault interpretation mode diagram.
Determining the stratum structure and lithology combination relation according to logging, coring and analysis and test data of outcrop and well drilling in the research area, and analyzing whether the objective condition for forming the irregular section exists or not. If the cross section is irregular, the explanation is carried out.
In an area having objective conditions for forming an irregular cross section, the interpretation is performed according to an irregular cross section interpretation technique based on mechanical analysis. Fig. 3 is an irregular fault interpretation pattern diagram based on mechanical analysis.
After a fault interpretation mode is established, the reliability of the seismic data of the research area is judged, and the accuracy of the position of a breakpoint on a seismic data section and the accuracy of the characteristic space change of a seismic reflection wave group are judged. The technology is as follows:
(1) And (4) calibrating and judging the amplitude preservation of the section by synthesizing and recording the layer position at the well point.
(1) And making an accurate synthetic record, wherein the reflection wave system of the synthetic record has a coefficient at least 80% consistent with that of the seismic channel beside the well. The coincidence coefficient is calculated by the formula (2):
in the formula: c con To a coefficient of agreement, E c The number of the same phase axes is correspondingly consistent; e s The number of the same-phase axes of the seismic channels beside the well; e syn The number of in-phase axes was recorded for the synthesis.
If the coincidence coefficient of the synthetic record and the well side seismic channel is more than 80%, the seismic data is considered to be amplitude-preserved.
(2) And (5) well-connecting interpretation of the drilling geological stratification on the seismic section, and judging authenticity of the structural form of the seismic section.
(1) The top interface of a target layer encountered by a well exploration drill is marked on a seismic section, (2) through well connection section comparison analysis, geological stratification of the top interface of the drilled target layer is found to be marked on the seismic section, the geological stratification is on a corresponding unified homophase axis, the error of the geological stratification is within a half phase, namely the absolute error of the reflection time of the target layer is within 30 ms. The calculation is calculated according to formula (3):
E a ＝|T in -T c | (3)；
in the formula: e a In order to explain the absolute error of the reflection time of the in-phase axis of the target layer and the conversion time of the corresponding geological stratification, the unit is ms; t is a unit of in To explain the reflection time of the destination layer, in ms; t is a unit of c And (4) converting time in unit of ms for geological stratification corresponding to a certain well.
The consistency coefficient of the horizon is calculated according to the formula (4):
in the formula C hor For consistency coefficients, ha is the number of levels in the calibration level that are within the error range, in units: a plurality of; h t For the total number of stratification used for calibration, the unit: and (4) respectively. And if the consistency coefficient of the horizon is more than 80%, the structural morphology of the seismic section event is considered to be reliable.
(3) And judging the accuracy of fault homing of the seismic section according to the comparison of the positions of the well drilling break points and the seismic data break points.
(1) And marking the breaking point of the fault with the breaking distance of more than 15m encountered by the exploratory well drilling on the seismic section. (2) Analyzing whether the breakpoint of the fault encountered by the well drilling has the reflection characteristics of the fault on the seismic section: and (3) judging whether the absolute error between the time value of the fault breaking point explained by the seismic section and the converted time value of the breaking point corresponding to the drilling well is within 30ms, wherein the breaking point with the absolute error within 30ms is the accurate breaking point in homing, and the calculation is carried out according to a formula (5).
E f ＝|T s -T f | (5)；
In the formula: e f For breaking down earthquakeThe absolute error of the time value of the fault breakpoint and the converted time value of the corresponding breakpoint of the drilling well is explained in unit ms; t is s The time value of the fault breaking point on the seismic section is explained in unit ms; t is c The unit is ms of the conversion time of the fault break point corresponding to a certain well.
Calculating the E of the fault with the fault distance of more than 15m when drilling each well according to the formula (5) f Counting E of fault breakpoints with fault encountering distances larger than 15m in all well drilling in research area f Value of, handle E f And the ratio of the number of the breakpoints with the value less than 30ms to the total number of the breakpoints of the fault with the fault distance of more than 15m during well drilling is used as a consistency coefficient of the breakpoints, and if the consistency coefficient of the breakpoints is more than 80%, the fault of the seismic data is accurately restored.
Under the condition that seismic data are reliable, a geological mode is used as guidance, and on the basis of closed calibration of a single well and a connected well, an irregular section interpretation technology based on mechanical analysis is adopted to carry out fine interpretation on a point-line-plane-body combined complex fracture zone.
The fault interpretation technique based on mechanical analysis is explained according to the technical flow of fig. 1. The process is as follows:
1. and collecting the well-drilled logging and coring data, lithology, logging, analysis and assay and field outcrop data of the research area.
2. And (3) calculating the deformation of the rock force of the stratum by utilizing the analytical test data of outcrop and well drilling, wherein the deformation of the stratum is calculated by a formula (1).
3. And determining the lithological structure of the stratum in the research area, the lithology of the main target layer, the mineral composition of the main target layer, and the lithological characteristics of the stratum such as the development of a mud rock layer, a sand-mud-rock interbed and the like.
4. And determining the lithology of the strata on two sides of the fault plane through stratum comparison and logging information. And analyzing which layers of the shale layer which develops thicker (not less than 10 m), the sandstone layer which develops thicker (not less than 10 m) and the thin interbed of the sand shale in which the sand shale develops in certain areas according to the shaft data.
5. And (5) counting lithology data of the geological stratification, the breakpoint and the stratum encountered by drilling. Calculating the breaking point of the well drilling fault with the fault distance larger than 15 m; and counting the mudstone and shale layers which are not less than 10m and meet the well drilling.
6. And calibrating the positions of the drilling geological stratification, the breakpoint and the top and the bottom of the thick mudstone layer obtained by statistics on the seismic section through seismic synthetic record calibration.
7. According to the horizon calibration result and seismic reflection characteristic analysis, reflection waves with continuous reflection in-phase axes and high signal-to-noise ratio are preferably selected on the continuous well seismic section for interpretation.
8. Analyzing the quality characteristics of the seismic data and judging the authenticity of the breaking point of the seismic data.
(1) And (4) calibrating and judging the amplitude preservation of the section by synthesizing and recording the layer position at the well point.
And making an accurate synthetic record, wherein the reflection wave system of the synthetic record has a coefficient of coincidence with that of the seismic channel beside the well by at least 80%. The coefficient of agreement is calculated by equation (2).
(2) And (4) the drilling geological stratification is explained in a well connection mode on the seismic section, and the authenticity of the structural form of the seismic section is judged.
(1) The top interface of a target layer encountered by a well exploration drill is marked on a seismic section, (2) through well connection section comparison analysis, geological stratification of the top interface of the drilled target layer is found to be marked on the seismic section on a corresponding unified homophase axis, and the error of the geological stratification is within half phase, namely the absolute error of the reflection time of the homophase axis of the target layer and the conversion time of the corresponding geological stratification is within 30 ms. The calculation is as in equation (3). The horizon consistency coefficient is calculated according to the formula (4).
(3) And judging the accuracy of fault homing of the seismic section according to the comparison of the positions of the well drilling break points and the seismic data break points.
(1) And marking the breaking point of the fault with the breaking distance of more than 15m encountered by the exploratory well drilling on the seismic section. (2) And (3) analyzing whether the breakpoint encountered by the well drilling has the reflection characteristics of the fault on the seismic section, wherein the time error of the breakpoint is within 30ms, and the calculation is calculated according to a formula (5). And calculating the consistency coefficient of the break points, and if the consistency coefficient of the break points is more than 80%, determining that the fault of the seismic data is accurately restored.
9. And interpreting the fault according to the seismic data. The connection is made strictly according to the breakpoint. A cross-sectional interpretation of the irregularity was performed.
(1) Determining the position of a breakpoint of a rigid stratum on a section, (2) determining the position of a shale layer on the seismic section; and (3) analyzing the size of the vertical fault distance on the section. (4) And (4) performing section closing explanation by utilizing the closing of the longitudinal and transverse sections and the verification of the existing well breakpoints.
10. Formation of figures and analysis
And analyzing the spreading and structural form of the fracture plane according to the fracture characteristics and the structural diagram of the section, and determining the high point positions of the broken nose and the broken block trap. Providing basis for well position deployment.
The following describes the practice of the present invention in detail with reference to specific examples.
The specific examples of the method for explaining the irregular cross section of the complex fractured zone of the invention are as follows:
the method for explaining the irregular fracture surface of the complex fractured zone in this example has the following research region profiles:
the research area is positioned in a fracture zone of the depressed east boundary, a plurality of fractures in the directions of near east and west and north east are developed in the area, the fracture distance is 10-240 m, and the micro-amplitude nose-shaped structure is cut into a plurality of nose breaking blocks by the fractures. The area is, from bottom to top, chalk line, old line of large warehouse group, walnut garden group, liao village group, recent line of phoenix town group and fourth line. The method mainly explores walnut garden groups of the target layer series which are ancient and close. The walnut garden group is divided into a first kernel section, a second kernel section and a first kernel section from bottom to top.
The hydrocarbon source rock in the research area is a sunk nucleus three-section lake phase mudstone, the oil and gas reservoir mainly comes from northern near source delta and eastern small-sized gravel rock mass, and the reservoir forming condition is good.
The area is influenced by continuous sedimentation of east boundary fracture in the early nuclear three-section stage, is deposited in deep lake phase mainly comprising dark shale with thin layer powder and fine sandstone, forms a reverse traction nose-shaped structure with the same sedimentation in a local area, is influenced by regional structure movement in the late stage of the sedimentation of a Liao village group, is subjected to stronger extrusion, forms an obvious nose-shaped structure from bottom to top, gradually increases the amplitude from bottom to top, is a wide and slow nose-shaped structure which inclines and declines to the northeast and the southeast, mainly develops northeast and northeast faults in the area, is configured with the nose-shaped structure, forms complex broken nose and broken block groups, and is a favorable place for gathering oil and gas.
In order to implement the structural fracture characteristics of the zone, the fracture fine interpretation is compared with the target layer, the broken nose trap high points of different target layer systems are found, and a basis is provided for well position deployment.
The specific implementation steps are as follows:
1. collecting the well-drilled logging, coring data, logging, analysis and test and field outcrop data of the area. And establishing stratum framework and lithologic combination of the region, and determining the lithologic structure of the main target layer.
Fig. 4 is a vertical structure of the walnut garden stratum unit, and it is seen from the figure that a thicker shale interlayer exists between the developed shale interbedded layers of the H3 section and the H2 section.
2. The elastic modulus of the sandstone formation in the area is 3.6-5.2 multiplied by 10 by utilizing the analysis and test data of the wells B197, B296 and the like 4 Mpa, shale stratum elastic modulus 1.5-3.1 x 10 4 Mpa, marl formation elastic modulus 0.4-0.6X 10 4 MPa. Under the condition that the length of the stratum sequence in the research area and the received structural stress are fixed, calculating the rock force deformation of the stratum according to the formula (1):
in the formula, def is the formation deformation and the unit is m; σ is the stress generated in the formation by the tectonic movement, expressed in N/m 2 (ii) a E is the elastic modulus of the formation rock in N/m 2 . L is the unit length of the formation in m.
The results show that the deformation of shale formation is 2-7 times of the deformation of sandstone formation. The sandstone stratum is proved to be large in brittleness, and when the sandstone stratum is subjected to strong external force, the sandstone stratum is immediately broken, and a fault with a steep dip angle is generated. The shale stratum contains relatively few brittle minerals and is a flexible stratum, when the shale stratum is subjected to an external force for fracturing the sandstone stratum, the shale stratum is not immediately fractured but is subjected to plastic deformation along the stress direction, and low-angle fracture is generated in the shale stratum along with the increase of the external force.
3. Determining the stratum structure of a research area, the lithology of a main target layer, the mineral composition of the main target layer, and the lithology characteristics of the stratum such as where a mudstone layer, a sandstone layer and a sand-mudstone interbed are developed.
The method is explained by a three-dimensional seismic section reflection interface and a fault on the basis of comprehensively analyzing data such as earthquake, well logging, rock core and the like and calibrating the horizon. In the time fault interpretation process, when some faults are encountered, such as large fault distances at the beginning and the end of the fault, small middle fault distances, and even no fault distances, then the fault should be interpreted as 1 fault or multiple faults? A comparative analysis interpretation of the seismic section is required.
The mechanical mechanism of the formation of the structural fracture in the area is researched, so that the area has geological conditions forming irregular sections. Because this zone is lithologic with a set of mudstone-sandwiched thin sand layers on top of the H34 oil pack and the H35 oil pack, the fault trajectory across this interval has a relatively smooth signature. In the process of forming the fault, the fault section slides relatively in a mud-rock thin sand layer, the inclination angle is slow, the sandstone or sand-mud-rock mutual layer section on the fault section is steep, and the fault section distance is large. The fault has the characteristics of large fault distance at two ends and small fault distance in the middle.
4. Analyzing the quality characteristics of the seismic data, judging the accuracy of the position of a breakpoint on a seismic data section and the accuracy of the characteristic space change of a seismic reflection wave group.
4.1, judging the authenticity of the structural form of the section according to the horizon calibration.
(1) Making an accurate synthetic record, wherein a B296 well seismic synthetic record and a well-side seismic trace contrast relation graph are shown in a figure 5, the reflection wave group characteristics of the synthetic record are compared with the well-side seismic trace wave group, 15 reflection event axes are similar, and the consistency coefficient is calculated to reach 83% according to a formula (2).
In the formula: c con To a coefficient of agreement, E c The number of the same phase axes is correspondingly consistent; e s The number of the well-side seismic channel event axes; e syn The number of the in-phase axes was recorded synthetically.
(2) The bottom interfaces of target layers such as H31, H33, H34, H36, H37 and H38 encountered by exploration drilling are calibrated on a seismic section through synthetic recording layer position calibration, FIG. 6 is a drilling geological layer and seismic reflection in-phase comparison relation diagram, the bottom interfaces of the drilled target layers are calibrated on the seismic section through well-connecting section comparison analysis, the geological layers of the H31, H33, H34 and H36 are basically on corresponding unified in-phase axes, the geological layers of only 1 point of 15 layer points have a deviation of 35ms with the corresponding deviation, and the absolute errors of the rest 14 layer points and the reflection in-phase axes are within 20 ms. The calculation is calculated according to the formula (3), and the coincidence rate reaches 93 percent.
E a ＝|T in -T c | (3)
In the formula: e a Explaining the absolute error of the reflection time of the target layer in unit ms; t is a unit of in Interpreting the reflection time of the destination layer in ms; t is a unit of c And converting time of geological stratification corresponding to a certain well in unit of ms.
And 4.2, judging the reliability of the breakpoint position of the seismic data according to well seismic contrast. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of well drilling breakpoints versus seismic profile interpretation, with the breakpoints encountered by exploratory well drilling marked on the seismic profile. Analyzing whether the breakpoint encountered by the well drilling has the fault reflection characteristic on the seismic section, wherein the number of the breakpoints encountered by the well drilling in the figure is 5, the F1 fault distance is 103m, and the time depth is 1255ms; f2, the fault distance is 121m, and the time depth is 1700ms; f3, the fault distance is 20m, and the time depth is 1813ms; f4, the fault distance is 16m, and the time depth is 1992ms; f5, distance of break 41m and time depth 1755ms. And (4) calculating the error of the well drilling break point and the seismic profile interpretation fault within 20ms according to the formula (4). The seismic data imaging is proved to be accurate and the fidelity is good.
In the formula C hor Is a system of consistencyNumber, H a To calibrate the number of slices within the error range in a slice, the unit: a plurality of; h t For the total number of stratification used for calibration, the unit: and (4) respectively. And if the consistency coefficient of the horizon is more than 80%, the structural form of the seismic section homophase axis is considered to be reliable.
5. And (3) carrying out point, line, surface and volume phase full three-dimensional seismic data fine interpretation on the basis of closed calibration of a single well and a connected well by taking a geological pattern as guidance.
5.1 Fine interpretation of horizons
Because the research area is influenced by the east object source of the braided river delta in the north and the underwater fan near the east, the seismic reflection has larger change in the transverse direction, the horizon tracking interpretation is carried out by adopting an automatic and manual combined method, the place with good data quality is interpreted by adopting an automatic tracking method, and the place with poor data is interpreted by adopting a manual method, so that the accuracy of the horizon interpretation is ensured. The method completes the fine explanation of H3I, HIII, H3 IV, H3 VI and H3 VII, simultaneously projects the mudstone, shale layer and geological layer of the drilling tool meeting with not less than 10m onto the earthquake section of the well passing, determines the positions of the top and the bottom of the geological layer and the thick mudstone layer on the earthquake section and explains the positions.
5.2 interpretation of the fracture System
(1) And determining the position of a breakpoint on the seismic section according to the phenomena of section reflection homophase axis final break, homophase axis bifurcation, merging and the like.
(2) And controlling the stratum structure and fault distance analysis and research by using the interpretation horizon of the seismic data. If the fault distance of the shallow layer on the seismic section is large, the fault distance of the deep layer near the same section is also large, the fault distance of the layer between the shallow layer and the deep layer is small, and the section characteristics of the fault are not obvious, whether a thick shale stratum exists or not is judged according to the lithological structure of the bottom layer of the area, and if the thick shale stratum exists, the horizontal sliding and vertical dislocation of the fracture surface shale after the stratum is stressed is judged, so that the fault distance is reduced. Therefore, the breakpoints with large fault distance at the upper layer and the lower layer are connected with the breakpoints with small fault distance at the middle layer to form the irregular section of the same fault.
(3) Identification of translation faults (translation faults refer to faults with small vertical offset (less than or equal to 15 m) and small section inclination angle (the included angle between the horizontal plane and the fault is less than or equal to 10 degrees)
a. And identifying the small fault by using the dip angle oriented filtering coherent slice.
b. The display function of software is fully utilized, and the identification precision of the interlayer translation fault is improved
The fault distance of the translation fault shares partial fault distance due to horizontal sliding, so that the vertical displacement of the fault surface is reduced, and the fault with smaller scale is easily ignored due to the fact that wave group fault sections are not obvious. Faults are interpreted using variable density profiles and coherence slices. And (4) applying the comparative polygon waveform sliding to carry out the comparison of reflection homophase axes at two sides of the fault and carry out fault interpretation.
c. Continuous multi-line contrast identification interlayer translation fault
The fracture point position of the seismic profile interlayer translation fault is difficult to determine. There is a thicker shale formation in the stratigraphic structure, the fault spacing is reduced over the seismic profile of this interval, and the fracture points of the fault are not apparent, possibly due to the amount of horizontal slip in the lateral direction. In order to realize the relation between the fault with smaller fault distance at the oblique slip section and the fault at the upper and lower layers, the profiles are pulled from different directions, after the direction of the vertical fault is found, the fault reflection of distortion, bifurcation or combination is accurately judged by adopting a continuous parallel multi-line comparison method, and the breakpoint position, the falling direction and the plane spreading relation of the interlayer translation small fault can be accurately and reasonably realized by the method.
5.3 construction mapping and analysis
And analyzing the spreading and structural form of the fracture plane according to the fracture characteristics and the structural diagram of the section, and determining the high point positions of the broken nose and the broken block trap. FIG. 8 is a survey area T56 seismic reflector configuration. The region develops a plurality of fault in the northeast direction, the fault fall is 20-240 m, and the inclination angle of the fault is about 40-60 degrees. The structural appearance of the area on the plane is a wide and gentle nose-shaped structure, the axial direction of the nose-shaped structure is in the northwest direction, the nose-shaped structure is cut by a northeast fault to form a plurality of broken nose traps with different sizes, and the trapping area is 0.1km 2 -1.2km 2 The trap closing height is 20m-150m from shallow to deep, the stratum is gradually lifted from south, west to north east to be lifted from south to north, and the inclination angle of the stratum is 8-13 degrees. Irregularity by mechanical analysisThe fault interpretation technology is applied to implement the fracture spread characteristic of the area, a plurality of broken nose traps are found, the high point positions of the broken nose traps are cleared, and 5 deployed exploratory wells are drilled in oil layers, so that a better exploration effect is achieved.
Claims (8)
1. The method for explaining the irregular cross section of the complex fracture zone is characterized in that in a region where a thick mudstone layer with the thickness of not less than 10m develops in a sand-mudstone interbed, a region structure moves to form the complex fracture zone, the complex fracture zone comprises shallow and deep fault layers with large fault distance and small or no fault distance in the middle, and the fault surface of the fault layer is the irregular cross section, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Collecting well-drilled logging and coring data, lithology and field outcrop data in a research area, and determining the structure and lithology characteristics of the stratum;
(2) Calibrating and judging the amplitude preservation of the section by using a synthetic record layer position at a well point, wherein the amplitude preservation is evaluated according to a formula (2), and the consistency coefficient of the synthetic record and a seismic channel beside the well is ensured to be not less than 80%;
calibrating the drilling geological stratification on the seismic section for well connection explanation, and judging the authenticity of the structural form of the seismic section; the authenticity comprises evaluating the absolute error between the reflection time of the in-phase axis where the target layer is located and the conversion time of the corresponding geological stratification according to the formula (3), and evaluating the consistency coefficient of the layer according to the formula (4); controlling the absolute error between the reflection time of the in-phase axis of the target layer and the corresponding geological stratification conversion time within 30ms to be accurate, wherein the consistency coefficient of the horizon is not less than 80%;
judging the accuracy of fault homing of the seismic section according to the comparison of the position of a breakpoint encountered by well drilling and the position of a breakpoint of seismic data;
counting faults with the fault distance larger than 15m in a drilling process, calculating the absolute error between the time value of the earthquake section interpretation fault breakpoint and the converted time value of the corresponding breakpoint of the drilling according to the formula (5), and controlling the breakpoints with the absolute error within 30ms as the breakpoints with accurate homing, wherein the number of the breakpoints with accurate homing is more than 80%;
E a ＝|T in -T c | (3)；
E f ＝|T s -T f | (5)；
in formula (2): c con To a coefficient of uniformity, E c The number of the same phase axes is correspondingly consistent; e s The number of the event axes of the seismic channels beside the well; e syn Recording the number of the same phase axes for synthesis;
in formula (3): e a In order to explain the absolute error of the reflection time of the in-phase axis of the target layer and the corresponding geological stratification conversion time, the unit is ms; t is in To explain the reflection time of the destination layer, in ms; t is c Converting time in units of ms for geological stratification corresponding to a certain well;
in formula (4): c hor For the coefficient of uniformity, H a To calibrate the number of levels within the error range in the hierarchy, the unit: a plurality of; h t For the total number of stratification used for calibration, the unit: a plurality of;
in formula (5): e f The absolute error of the time value of the fault breakpoint and the converted time value of the corresponding breakpoint of the drilling well is explained for the seismic profile in unit ms; t is s The reflection time of a breakpoint on a seismic section is unit ms; t is c Converting time for a break point corresponding to a certain well in unit of ms;
(3) Interpreting the fault according to the seismic data determined in the step (2): firstly, determining the position of a breakpoint on a seismic section, analyzing the size of a vertical fault distance on the section, and then connecting the breakpoint of a large fault distance fault of an upper seismic reflection layer and a lower seismic reflection layer with the breakpoint of a small fault distance fault of a middle layer in the longitudinal direction to form an irregular section of the same fault; and identifying the translation fault, implementing the relation among the breakpoint position, the falling direction and the plane distribution of the interlayer translation fault, and performing section closure interpretation by utilizing the closure of the longitudinal and transverse sections.
2. The method for interpreting an irregular section of a complex fractured zone as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the position of the breakpoint on the seismic section is determined according to the phenomena of section reflection homophase axis final fracture, homophase axis bifurcation and combination.
3. The method for interpreting irregular sections in complex fault zones as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (3), the identifying of the translation fault comprises performing the identifying by using dip-oriented filtering and coherent slicing.
4. The method for interpreting complex fault zone irregular sections according to claim 3, wherein in step (3), the identifying translation faults comprises interpreting faults by using a variable density profile and a coherent slice.
5. The method for interpreting irregular cross-sections of complex fault zones as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (3), the step of identifying the translation fault includes applying a contrast polygon waveform sliding to perform contrast of reflection homophase axes at two sides of the fault for fault interpretation.
6. The method for interpreting complex fault zone irregular sections as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein in step (3), the identifying translation faults includes identifying interlayer translation faults by using a continuous parallel multiline contrast method.
7. The method for interpreting an irregular fracture surface of a complex fracture zone as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the deformation of the formation is calculated by the formula (1) by using the analytical test data of outcrop and well drilling; evaluating the deformation amount of a rigid stratum and a plastic stratum under the action of structural stress according to the formula (1);
in formula (1): def is the formation deformation, and the unit is m; σ is the stress induced in the formation by tectonic movement, expressed in N/m 2 (ii) a E is the elastic modulus of the formation rock in N/m 2 (ii) a L is the unit length of the formation in m.
8. The method for interpreting irregular sections of complex fractured zones according to claim 1 or 7, further comprising the step (4): and compiling a structural diagram according to the interpretation result of the irregular section, analyzing the spreading and structural form of the fracture plane, and determining the high point positions of the broken nose and the broken block trap.
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