CN114904516B - Method for preparing carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst with assistance of functional micromolecules - Google Patents

Method for preparing carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst with assistance of functional micromolecules Download PDF

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CN114904516B
CN114904516B CN202110176005.XA CN202110176005A CN114904516B CN 114904516 B CN114904516 B CN 114904516B CN 202110176005 A CN202110176005 A CN 202110176005A CN 114904516 B CN114904516 B CN 114904516B
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nanoparticle catalyst
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based nanoparticle
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CN114904516A (en
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王光辉
王文全
田正斌
张珊
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Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology of CAS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/42—Platinum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8913—Cobalt and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/892—Nickel and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing functional micromolecules, which comprises the following steps: the functional small molecule comprises at least one or more of N, S, P, O functional groups; the platinum-based metal nanoparticles may be platinum single metal or contain one or more of Pd, au, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu simultaneously. The carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst prepared by the method has the advantages of controllable preparation process, convenient operation and easy amplification, and has wide application prospect in the technical fields of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, water electrolysis hydrogen production, hydrodeoxygenation industrial catalysis and the like.

Description

Method for preparing carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst with assistance of functional micromolecules
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing the assistance of functional small molecules. The obtained catalyst has wide application prospect in the technical fields of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, water electrolysis hydrogen production, hydrodeoxygenation industrial catalysis and the like.
Background
Hydrogen energy has attracted considerable attention as a clean energy source with no emissions and high energy density due to environmental pollution and climate warming. And the generation and conversion of hydrogen energy are not separated from the carbon-supported platinum-based catalyst. The carbon-supported platinum-based catalyst is an important electrocatalyst and has wide application in the fields of oxyhydrogen fuel cells, water electrolysis hydrogen production and methanol fuel cells. In recent years, carbon-supported platinum-based catalysts have been further developed for selective hydrogenation and heterogeneous catalysis. Carbon supported platinum based catalysts have an irreplaceable position in the catalyst field due to their efficient, durable nature.
According to research reports, platinum metals and their alloys have optimal mass specific activity when the particle size is 3-4 nm, but particles with small size have higher free energy due to the problem of thermodynamic stability and weak interaction with metals due to the surface inertness of the carbon support. Thus, the synthesis of carbon-supported platinum-based catalysts having uniform particle size and uniform spatial distribution has been a problem. The traditional method for preparing the platinum-based electrocatalyst mainly comprises an impregnation method and a liquid phase reduction method. The preparation method of the former is simple, but the method is uncontrollable, and the anchoring of all platinum-based metal particles in the holes cannot be ensured; the latter, although giving a catalyst of relatively uniform dispersion size, is easy to remove the reducing or protecting agent, affects the exposure of the active sites of the catalyst, and the metal has weak interaction with the support, and dissolves in the agglomerates and dissolves during the catalytic reaction. In the electrochemical process, for example, the cathode reaction of an oxyhydrogen fuel cell, active component metal particles are easy to agglomerate and dissolve when the catalyst works for a long time, so that the stability of the catalyst is reduced, and the use and maintenance cost of the fuel cell is increased. Efficient synthesis of high quality platinum-based catalysts has been an important point in hydrogen economy. The controlled synthesis of platinum-based metal particles of uniform and ultra-small size supported by a carbon support has been a problem in the field of catalyst synthesis. The use of microporous or mesoporous carbon support space-limited growth is one of the effective strategies to solve these problems, but how to introduce platinum-based metal particles into the pores of the carbon support so that they effectively grow within the pore-limited regions is critical to the problem.
It can be seen that there is a need to design a novel and efficient method for synthesizing a carbon-supported platinum-based catalyst, which can effectively introduce platinum or platinum alloy into the pores of a carbon carrier, thereby obtaining a catalyst with high stability, solving the problems of agglomeration, shedding and loss of metal nanoparticles in the reaction process, and the synthesis process of the catalyst needs to be simple, controllable and easy to amplify.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems that the synthesis steps of the traditional synthetic carbon-supported catalyst are uncontrollable, active components and carriers have weak effects and are easy to agglomerate and run away, and the like, the invention provides a method for preparing a carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing functional micromolecules in an auxiliary way. The carbon carrier can enable the platinum-based nano particles to grow in a limited domain, effectively control the size of the platinum-based nano particles, and limit the migration of the platinum-based nano particles at the same time, so as to prevent the agglomeration and the loss of the platinum-based nano particles in the reaction process.
The invention provides a method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing functional micromolecules, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the functional small molecule comprises at least one or more of N, S, P, O functional groups; the platinum-based metal nanoparticles may be platinum single metal or contain one or more of Pd, au, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu simultaneously.
Further, the process comprises the following steps: a) Providing a carbon support; b) Introducing functional micromolecules and a platinum-containing metal salt precursor into a carbon carrier respectively or simultaneously, and drying to obtain an intermediate product; c) And c) reducing the intermediate product obtained in the step b) to obtain the carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst.
Further, the carbon carrier in step a) is selected from one of mesoporous carbon, hollow carbon spheres, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphitic carbon and graphene.
Further, step a) comprises surface modification of the carbon support, the surface modification method comprising oxidation treatment or high temperature activation treatment under a gas atmosphere.
Further, the functional small molecule is selected from one or more of imidazole, dimethyl imidazole, 2-bipyridine, dopamine hydrochloride, dicyandiamide, cyanamide, melamine, 2-aminophenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, urotropine, 4-amino catechol, 2-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 4-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 3, 5-diaminophenol, elemental sulfur, 1-propanethiol, 1, 3-propanedithiol, cysteine, captopril, coenzyme A, glutathione, phytic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, triphenylphosphine, alpha-aminoethylphosphoric acid, trimesic acid, oleic acid, sodium oleate and the like.
Further, the platinum-containing metal salt precursor in step b) may be selected from one of chloroplatinate, nitrate, halide, acetylacetonate, sulfate, cyanide, acetate, carbonyl salts.
Further, the platinum-containing metal salt precursor in step b) may comprise a salt of one or more metals of Au, pd, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu in addition to the platinum metal salt.
Further, the method of introducing the functional small molecules into the carbon support in step b) may be solid milling or evaporation adsorption or impregnation.
Further, the method of introducing the platinum-containing metal salt precursor to the carbon support in step b) may be solid milling, or dissolution of the platinum-containing metal salt precursor with a solvent followed by impregnation.
The invention also relates to a carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst prepared by the method.
Further, the metal loading mass of the carbon-loaded platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst is between 0.1 and 70 percent.
The carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst obtained by the method has the characteristics of uniform metal particle size distribution and uniform metal particle size, is simple in preparation process and easy to amplify, can be synthesized into various carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalysts, and has wide application prospects in the fields of fuel cells, electrolyzed water, hydrodeoxygenation industrial catalysis and the like.
Additional aspects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing functional micromolecules in an auxiliary way, which is described in detail below.
The invention provides a method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst by utilizing a functional small molecule, wherein the functional small molecule at least comprises one or more of N, S, P, O functional groups; the platinum-based metal nanoparticles may be platinum single metal or contain one or more of Pd, au, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu simultaneously.
The preparation method of the invention is described in detail as follows:
First, a carbon support is provided, which is preferably one of mesoporous carbon, hollow carbon spheres, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphitic carbon and graphene. Further alternatively, the carbon support may be surface-modified. The method of surface modification may comprise one or more of the following: oxidation treatment, such as treatment with ozone, H 2O2, or nitric acid; the high-temperature activation treatment under the gas atmosphere, such as high-temperature treatment under the NH 3、CO2 or H 2 O atmosphere, and the temperature range can be 300-1000 ℃.
The functional small molecule and the platinum salt precursor (optionally with the addition of other metal salts) are then introduced separately or simultaneously into the carbon support. After drying, an intermediate product, such as a powdered intermediate product, can be obtained.
The functional micromolecules at least contain one or more of N, S, P, O functional groups, and can be selected from one or more of imidazole, dimethyl imidazole, 2-bipyridine, dopamine hydrochloride, dicyandiamide, cyanamide, melamine, 2-aminophenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, urotropin, 4-amino catechol, 2-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 4-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 3, 5-diaminophenol, elemental sulfur, 1-propanethiol, 1, 3-propanedithiol, cysteine, captopril, coenzyme A, glutathione, phytic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, triphenylphosphine, alpha-aminoethylphosphoric acid, trimesic acid, oleic acid, sodium oleate and the like. More preferably dimethylimidazole, 2-bipyridine, dicyandiamide, melamine, elemental sulphur, phosphomolybdic acid.
The platinum salt precursor can be selected from one or more of chloroplatinic acid salt, nitrate, halogenated salt, acetylacetone salt, sulfate, cyanide salt, acetate and carbonyl salt.
The precursor of the other metal salt may comprise one or more of Au, pd, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu. The other metal salt precursor may be selected from one or more of nitrate, halide, acetylacetonate, sulfate, cyanide, acetate, carbonyl salts.
The method for introducing the functional small molecules into the carbon carrier can be solid grinding or evaporation adsorption or impregnation. Optionally, the functional small molecules are dissolved by a solvent, and then introduced onto the carbon carrier by impregnation, wherein the solvent is one or more selected from water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, acetone, N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, toluene, N-hexane, cyclohexane and the like.
The functional small molecule and the platinum salt (optionally with other metal salts) precursor can be introduced into the carbon carrier simultaneously or sequentially. For example, the platinum salt (optionally with other metal salts) precursor and the functional small molecule are mixed with the carbon support simultaneously or separately by a solid milling process. For example, the functional small molecules are introduced into the carbon carrier through an evaporation adsorption or impregnation process, then the platinum and other metal salt precursors are dissolved by using a solvent (the solvent is selected from one or more of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, acetone, N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, toluene, N-hexane and cyclohexane), and the platinum salt (optionally added with other metal salts) is introduced into the carbon carrier through the impregnation process.
The mass of the functional small molecule added is 0 or more, preferably 0.1 or more, more preferably 1 or more, and still more preferably 2 or more per 1 part by mass of the carbon carrier.
The mass ratio between the platinum and other metal salt precursors can be selected as 1:0 to 1:20, preferably 1:0 to 1: between 10, further preferably 1:0 to 1: 5.
The mass of the functional small molecule added is 0 or more, preferably 1 or more per 1 part by mass of the total metal salt precursor. The mass ratio between the total metal salt precursor and the functional small molecule is selected as 1:0 to 1:30, preferably 1:0 to 1:20, further preferably 1:0 to 1: between 10.
And finally, reducing the obtained intermediate product to obtain the carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst.
The reduction process may be selected from one or more of the following methods: liquid phase reduction methods, such as reducing agents that are sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, or lower alcohols; the thermal reduction method, such as the reducing agent is H 2 or the mixture of H 2 and other inert atmosphere, such as the reduction temperature is selected from 100-1000 ℃, preferably 200-800 ℃, more preferably 200-500 ℃.
The metal loading mass of the carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst can be adjusted to be between 0.1 and 70 percent by adjusting the mass ratio of the carbon carrier to the platinum precursor.
The carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst obtained by the method has the characteristics of uniform metal particle size distribution and uniform metal particle size, is simple in preparation process and easy to amplify, can be synthesized into various carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalysts, and has wide application prospects in the fields of fuel cells, electrolyzed water, hydrodeoxygenation industrial catalysis and the like.
In order to more clearly understand the technical features, objects and advantages of the present invention, the following detailed description of the technical solution of the present invention will be made with reference to specific embodiments, and it should be understood that these examples are only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Preparing a mesoporous carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst: first, 1g of mesoporous carbon support was placed in a vessel, and 2g of dimethylimidazole was additionally added and isolated by a ceramic vessel. Vacuum is maintained in the range of 100mbar to 200 mbar. Heating at 145 deg.c for 6 hr, washing and suction filtering. Dispersing the obtained mesoporous carbon adsorbed with the dimethylimidazole into 50ml of ethanol solution containing 658mg of chloroplatinic acid, evaporating the solvent, and then reducing the solvent in an atmosphere of H 2, wherein the reduction temperature is 400 ℃, so that the mesoporous carbon supported platinum carbon catalyst with 20% of load is finally obtained.
Example 2
Preparing a mesoporous carbon supported PtCo nanoparticle catalyst: first, 1g of mesoporous carbon support was placed in a vessel, and 2g of dimethylimidazole was additionally added and isolated by a ceramic vessel. Vacuum is maintained in the range of 100mbar to 200 mbar. Heating at 145 deg.c for 6 hr, washing and suction filtering. The mesoporous carbon with the adsorbed dimethylimidazole is dispersed into 50ml of ethanol solution containing 2.02g of chloroplatinic acid and 1.15g of cobalt nitrate, and the solvent is evaporated to dryness and then reduced at 400 ℃ in the atmosphere of H 2, so that the platinum-cobalt alloy catalyst with 50% mesoporous carbon loading can be finally synthesized.
Example 3
Preparing a mesoporous carbon supported PtNi nanoparticle catalyst: 1g of mesoporous carbon is immersed in an ethanol solution containing 2g of 2, 2-bipyridine, after stirring and dispersing uniformly, solvent ethanol is removed by spin evaporation, and the obtained product is dispersed in 50ml of ethanol solution containing 1.15g of nickel nitrate and 2.02g of chloroplatinic acid, stirred, washed and dried. And (3) reducing for 4 hours at 400 ℃ in an H2/Ar atmosphere to obtain the mesoporous carbon supported PtNi nano particle catalyst with the supported mass of 50%.
Example 4
Preparing a carbon nano tube loaded Pt nano particle catalyst: firstly, 1g of carbon nano tube material is placed in a container, 10g of melamine is added, the heating is carried out for 12 hours at 200 ℃ under the condition of vacuumizing, and the washing and drying are carried out after the heating is finished. The melamine-adsorbed carbon nanotubes were obtained and dispersed in 50ml of ethanol solution containing 3.95g of chloroplatinic acid, stirred for 1 hour, solvent ethanol was removed by spin evaporation, and reduced under Ar/H 2 gas after drying at a reduction temperature of 200 ℃. Finally, the carbon nano tube loaded Pt nano particles with the loading capacity of 60 percent are obtained.
Example 5
Preparing a hollow sphere carbon supported Pt nano particle catalyst: firstly, 1g of hollow sphere carbon material (purchased from Hefeikovia materials technology Co., ltd.) is placed in a container, 2g of ethylenediamine acetic acid is added, heating is carried out for 24 hours at 200 ℃ under the condition of vacuumizing, and washing and drying are carried out after the heating is finished. And (3) obtaining the melamine-adsorbed carbon nano tube, dispersing the carbon nano tube into 50ml of acetone solution containing 0.1g of acetylacetone platinum salt, stirring for 1H, removing solvent acetone by rotary evaporation, drying, reducing under Ar/H 2 gas, and finally obtaining the hollow sphere carbon-loaded Pt nano particle catalyst with 5% of load capacity at the reduction temperature of 600 ℃.
Example 6
Preparing a mesoporous carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst: 1g of spherical mesoporous carbon and 7g of elemental sulfur are fully mixed and ground, the mixture is heated in a closed container at 155 ℃ for 10 hours, the obtained sample is dispersed into an acetone solution containing 2.01g of platinum acetylacetonate, and the solvent is removed after stirring for 1 hour. And finally, reducing for 5 hours at 500 ℃ in an H 2 atmosphere to obtain the mesoporous carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst with the load capacity of 50%.
Example 7
Preparing a mesoporous carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst: adding 1g of mesoporous carbon carrier into 50ml of phosphomolybdic acid aqueous solution, stirring, standing for 2 hours, adding 31mg of tetraamminoplatinate of tetrachloroplatinate, stirring for 2 hours, filtering, drying, and pyrolyzing at 800 ℃ in Ar atmosphere for 5 hours to finally obtain the mesoporous carbon-loaded Pt nano particle catalyst with the loading capacity of 1%.
Experiments show that the catalysts prepared in examples 1,3, 4 and 6 show excellent catalytic activity in electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction, electrochemical methanol oxidation reaction and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction, and the catalysts prepared in examples 2, 5 and 7 show excellent durability in electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction, electrochemical methanol oxidation reaction and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.
The present invention has been described above with the understanding that the conditions for preparing the catalyst of the present invention are clearly disclosed. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain modifications and improvements may be made to the present invention. Therefore, any modification and improvement of the present invention should be within the scope of the present invention as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for preparing a carbon carrier supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst with the assistance of functional small molecules is characterized by comprising the following steps: the functional small molecule comprises at least one or more of N, S, P, O functional groups; the functional small molecule is selected from one or more of imidazole, dimethyl imidazole, 2-bipyridine, dopamine hydrochloride, dicyandiamide, cyanamide, melamine, 2-aminophenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, urotropine, 4-amino catechol, 2-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 4-amino-1, 3-benzenediol, 3, 5-diaminophenol, elemental sulfur, 1-propanethiol, 1, 3-propanedithiol, cysteine, captopril, coenzyme A, glutathione, phytic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, triphenylphosphine, alpha-aminoethylphosphoric acid, trimesic acid, oleic acid and sodium oleate; the platinum-based metal nanoparticles are platinum single metal or comprise one or more of Pd, au, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu simultaneously;
The process comprises the following steps:
a) Providing a carbon support; the carbon carrier is selected from one of mesoporous carbon, hollow carbon spheres, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite carbon and graphene;
b) Introducing functional micromolecules and a platinum-containing metal salt precursor into a carbon carrier respectively or simultaneously, and drying to obtain an intermediate product;
c) Reducing the intermediate product obtained in the step b) to obtain a carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst;
Wherein, the method of introducing the functional small molecules into the carbon carrier in the step b) is solid grinding or evaporation adsorption.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step a) comprises surface modification of the carbon support, which comprises an oxidation treatment or a high temperature activation treatment under a gaseous atmosphere.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the platinum-containing metal salt precursor of step b) is selected from one of chloroplatinate, nitrate, halide, acetylacetonate, sulfate, cyanide, acetate, and carbonyl salts.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the platinum-containing metal salt precursor of step b) comprises a salt of one or more metals of Au, pd, ag, ru, rh, ir, fe, re, mo, ni, co, zn, cu in addition to the platinum metal salt.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method of introducing the platinum-containing metal salt precursor to the carbon support in step b) is solid milling or dissolution of the platinum-containing metal salt precursor with a solvent followed by impregnation.
6. A carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the metal loading mass of the carbon-supported platinum-based nanoparticle catalyst is between 0.1 and 70%.
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