CN1148816C - Improved structure for battery plate group and joint of battery tank - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an improved structure for jointing a battery polar plate set and a battery jar. The bottoms of battery polar plate sets are connected in series through a conductive material or nonconductive material series connection part. The jointing of the battery polar plate sets and a battery jar can make the bottoms of battery polar plate sets connected in series through the series connection part and can also be provided with a foot slot on the bottom of the battery jar to be used for a polar plate ear device, or the bottom of the battery jar is convexly provided with a support column to bunt the polar plates in the slot, or the inner part of the bottom of the battery jar is provided with a series connection part of an inlaid slot to be used for the inlaying of the polar plates. By the structure, the position effect of the polar plates can be strengthened. When the series connection part is the conductive material, the conductive uniformity of the polar plates is better, and the service life of batteries is prolonged.

Description

Improved structure of battery plate group

Technical Field

The invention relates to a storage battery, in particular to an improved structure of a battery plate group, which can realize positioning of the bottom of a battery plate and prolong the service life.

BackgroundTechnique of

In recent years, the use of batteries is quite common, and particularly after the advent of motorcycles and automobiles, lead storage batteries have become indispensable important components of these vehicles, and as shown in fig. 1, the lead storage battery 10 mainly comprises a battery container 11, a plurality of cathode plates 12, a plurality of anode plates 13, a plurality of separator plates 14, an electrolyte 15, a sealing cover 16 and other members; the battery container 11 is divided into a plurality of device chambers 112 by partitions 111, each device chamber 112 is provided with a cathode plate 12 and an anode plate 13 in sequence, the cathode plate 12 and the anode plate 13 are respectively lead (Pb) and lead dioxide (PbO) in the lead storage battery 10₂) The electrolyte 15 is dilute sulfuric acid H₂SO₄The cathode plate 12 and the anode plate 13 are isolated by the isolating plate 14 to prevent the short circuit phenomenon caused by mutual contact. The plate lugs 121 and 131 of the cathode and anode plates 12 and 13 are both directed toward the tip, and the plate lugs 121 of the cathode plate 12 are connected in series to form a cathode terminal 122, and the plate lugs 131 of the anode plate 13 are also connected in series to form an anode terminal 132. The cathode terminal 122 and the anode terminal 132 in the different device chambers 112 can be connected in series by the connector 17, and an electrical outlet terminal is respectively provided to extend to the top of the sealing cover 16 to respectively become the cathode terminal 123 and the anode terminal 133, so that the lead-acid battery 10 can generate a discharging function only by connecting an anode wire (not shown) to the anode terminal 133 and connecting a cathode wire (not shown) to the cathode terminal 123. The charge-discharge reaction of the lead storage battery 10 is as follows:

although the lead storage battery 10 has the use efficacy for discharging and charging, the battery can 11 will often generate resonance vibration during discharging or charging; in addition, since the cathode plate 12 and the anode plate 13 are actually only connected in series by the cathode pole 122 and the anode pole 132 at the top, and the bottom is not connected in series at all, the overall positioning effect of the cathode plate 12 and the anode plate 13 is not good. Thus, when resonance vibration occurs, the cathode plate 12 and the anode plate 13 will vibrate synchronously to cause the active material on the cathode plate to fall off or grow and expand, and the charging repeatability of the lead storage battery 10 will be impaired, resulting in a short service life of the lead storage battery 10.

In order to solve the above problems, U.S. Pat. No. 3518127A discloses a bottom connection structure of battery plates, in which the bottoms of positive and negative plates are provided with two separated extensions (extensions or legs), the plates are supported at the bottom of a battery case by the extensions, and the extensions of the plates with the same polarity are connected by a metal bar, so as to realize the connection and positioning of the bottoms of the plates, thereby alleviating the resonance problem and prolonging the service life of the battery; meanwhile, the bottom of the pole plate is connected and positioned by adopting a metal material, the current distribution on the pole plate can be improved, the conducting uniformity is better, and the internal resistance of the pole plate can be reduced to a certain extent. However, since the battery outputs current only from a singlepair of current output terminals on the upper part of the electrode plate, the output of electric quantity is limited, which hinders further reduction of internal resistance to some extent, and the effect is not particularly preferable.

For another example, european patent No. EP0083330 also discloses a positioning connection structure for the bottom of the battery plate, in which the bottom of the anode plate is connected in series, and the bottom of the cathode plate is not connected in series. Although the connection and positioning of the bottom of the polar plate are realized, the resonance problem is relieved, and the service life of the storage battery can be prolonged; however, the problems of large internal resistance of the electrode plate and limited electric quantity output exist, and the effect is not particularly ideal.

For another example, U.S. Pat. No. 2470163A also discloses a battery plate arrangement method, in which protruding ribs are arranged at the bottom of a battery jar to support the plate, and a protrusion is arranged at the bottom to fix the bottom of the plate, so as to alleviate the resonance problem and prolong the service life of the battery; however, the problems of large internal resistance of the electrode plate and limited electric quantity output also exist, and the effect is still not particularly ideal.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention mainly aims to provide an improved structure of a battery plate group, which can enable the electric quantity of a battery to be output in parallel by two pairs of electric outlet terminals on the upper side and the lower side of a plate, greatly reduce the internal resistance of the plate and increase the discharge capacity of the battery.

The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: an improved structure of battery plate set is composed of at least one anode plate and at least two cathode plates, and the plate ears at the bottom of said plates are serially connected to the bottom of battery slot.

For a single-office battery, the top and bottom electricity-outlet terminals of the polar plate with the same polarity are supplied with power by positive and negative to negative connections.

For a battery composed of a plurality of stations, the polarities of the cathode plate and the anode plate between the stations are mutually connected in series.

In the above three technical solutions, the serial connection part can have various forms.

The first method comprises the following steps: the bottom of at least one group of polar plates of the cathode and anode plate groups are connected in series to form a series connection part by conductive materials or non-conductive materials.

Wherein, the series connection part made of conductive material or non-conductive material is integrally formed at the bottom of the battery jar.

Specifically, the bottoms of the anode plates can be connected in series, and the bottoms of the cathode plates can be disconnected.

Alternatively, the bottom of the cathode plate may be connected in series while the bottom of the anode plate is not connected in series.

Or the bottoms of the anode plate and the cathode plate are connected in series.

Second series connection part: comprises at least one leg groove arranged at the bottom of the battery groove for embedding a polar plate lug at the bottom of the polar plate.

Wherein, the foot groove is filled with epoxy resin or acid liquor to fill the gap between the foot groove and the polar plate ear.

Third series connection part: comprises a supporting column which is arranged at the bottom of the battery jar in a protruding way in the jar and is used for supporting and positioning the polar plate.

In the technical schemes, the pole plate lugs are formed at the two diagonal end sides of the pole plate; or the polar plate lugs are formed on the same side of the polar plate and correspond to the polar plate up and down; alternatively, the plate may have only a single plate lug.

According to the scheme, the upper side and the lower side of the plate group are both provided with the electric output terminals, so that electric quantity can be simultaneously output in parallel by the two pairs of electric output terminals, the internal resistance of the plate is greatly reduced, and the discharge capacity of the battery is increased.

Furthermore, the series connection part made of the metal material can also strengthen the conduction uniformity of the polar plate and further reduce the internal resistance of the polar plate.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a lead storage battery now in use.

Fig. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a battery case and a first plate according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the first electrode plate of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a schematic sectional view of the battery case and the second plate according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the second electrode plate of the present invention.

Fig. 6 is a schematic sectional view of the battery case and the third plate according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 7 is a schematic view of the third plate of the present invention.

Fig. 8 is a schematic sectional view of a first battery container and a first plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 9 is a schematic sectional view of the combination of the first battery container and the second electrode plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 10 is a schematic sectional view of the combination of the first battery container and the third electrode plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of the first battery well and the plate according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 12 is a schematic sectional view of the second battery container and the first plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 13 is a schematic sectional view of the second battery container and the second plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 14 is a schematic sectional view of the second battery container and the third electrode plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 15 is an assembled cross-sectional view of a fourth battery plate according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 16 is a schematic sectional view of a fifth battery container and a plate according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 17 is a sectional view of a sixth battery container and a plateaccording to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram of the single-office outgoing line terminal connection according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram of a multi-drop outlet terminal connection according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description

The features and advantages of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments:

referring to fig. 2, the improved structure of the battery plate set of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention mainly includes a battery jar 20 and a plate set (four negative plates and three positive plates in this embodiment) composed of at least two negative plates 30 and at least one positive plate 40; the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 are arranged in the battery jar 20, and the pole plate lugs 301, 302, 401 and 402 at the bottom of the pole plates 30 and 40 are positioned at the bottom of the battery jar 20 by the serial connection parts 31 and 41; wherein: the battery jar 20 is a hollow rectangular body with an open top end, which is the same as the prior art; the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 are arranged in sequence in a staggered way and are isolated by the isolation plate 100 to prevent short circuit caused by mutual contact, and the improvement of the invention is that a group of positive and negative electricity outlet terminals 110 and 120 are arranged on the top and bottom of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 in an extending way, as shown in fig. 18, and the two groups of electricity outlet terminals 110 and 120 are connected for supplying power for positiveand negative electricity. Therefore, the electric quantity of the battery can be simultaneously output in parallel by the two pairs of electric outgoing terminals 110 and 120 on the upper side and the lower side of the polar plate, the internal resistance of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 is greatly reduced, and the discharge capacity of the battery is increased.

Referring to fig. 18, in the case of a single-station (CELL) battery, the power output terminals 110 and 120 are extended from the top and bottom poles of the positive and negative plates 60 and 70 of the battery container 50, and the top and bottom power output terminals 110 and 120 of the positive and negative plates 60 and 70 with the same polarity are connected to supply power, so that the power is simultaneously output in parallel from the two pairs of power output terminals 110 and 120, thereby greatly reducing the internal resistance of the plates and increasing the discharge capacity of the battery.

Referring to fig. 19, for a battery composed of multiple CELLs (CELL), the polarities of the top and bottom portions of the anode and cathode plates 60, 70 between the CELLs (CELL) are connected in series, and a set of positive and negative power output terminals 1100, 1200 are extended from the poles at the top and bottom portions of the anode and cathode plates 60, 70, and the two sets of power output terminals 1100, 1200 are connected for power supply in a positive-to-positive and negative-to-negative manner; the electric quantity is simultaneously output in parallel by the two pairs of electric output terminals 110 and 120, so that the internal resistance of the pole plate is greatly reduced, and the discharge capacity of the battery is increased.

The positioning of the lug at the bottom of the plate at the bottom of the battery container 20 by the series connection can be various, and will be described below.

Referring to fig. 3, the bottom of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 are respectively connected in series by the cathode serial connection portion 31 and the anode serial connection portion 41 of conductive material (such as lead, lead alloy, etc.) or non-conductive material (such as corrosion-resistant plastic, etc.), so that the bottom of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 can be positioned, and the overall positioning effect of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 is better, as for the structural design of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 have two polar plate ears 301, 302, 401, 402 symmetrically formed at the two opposite corner end sides of the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40, respectively, so that the cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 are in ㄣ -shaped structure, and the shaped cathode plate 30 and the anode plate 40 can be welded with the cathode plate serial connection portion 31, 41 just by the bottom polar plate ears 301, 401, and the top polar plate ears 302, 402 can be connected in series to form the cathode pole 32, The anode post 42.

Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the cathode plate 33 and the anode plate 43 also have bottom end and top end lugs 331, 332, 431, 432, but the lugs are formed on the same side and on the lower end of the cathode plate 33 and the anode plate 43, so that the cathode plate 33 and the anode plate 43 are generally in a "T" shape, the bottom end lugs 331, 431 are welded with the cathode and anode serial connection parts 34, 44 of conductive material or non-conductive material, respectively, and the top end lugs 332, 432 can be serially connected into the cathode pole 35 and the anode pole 45.

In addition, referring to fig. 6 and 7, there is another cathode plate 36 and anode plate 46 with another structure design, which only have a single electrode plate ear 361and 461, and the electrode plate ear 361 and 461 face to the top end and can be connected in series to form a cathode pole 37 and an anode pole 47, and the bottom of the cathode plate 36 and the anode plate 46 can be welded with the cathode series connection part 38 and the anode series connection part 48 of conductive material or non-conductive material respectively to enhance the positioning effect.

It should be noted that, when the cathode serial connection portions 31, 34, 38 and the cathode serial connection portions 41, 44, 48 are made of non-conductive material, the whole positioning effect of the cathode and anode plates 30, 33, 36, 40, 43, 46 can be enhanced, and the active material can be prevented from dropping or growing and expanding due to resonance vibration generated during charging and discharging, thereby prolonging the service life of the battery; when the cathode serial connection portions 31, 34, 38 and the anode serial connection portions 41, 44, 48 are made of conductive materials, the positioning effect of the cathode plate and the anode plate can be enhanced, and the uniformity of the conductivity of the cathode plate and the anode plate can be improved, so as to reduce the internal resistance of the cathode plate and the anode plate and increase the discharge capacity.

As for the serial connection manner, the serial connection manner can be that the anode serial connection portions 41, 44, 48 are connected in series with the bottoms of the anode plates 40, 43, 46 and the bottoms of the cathode plates 30, 33, 36 without being connected in series, or the serial connection manner can be that the cathode serial connection portions 31, 34, 38, 41, 44, 48 are respectively connected in series with the bottoms of the cathode plates 30, 33, 36, 40, 43, 46, or the serial connection manner is that the cathode serial connection portions 31, 34, 38 are connected in series with the bottoms of the cathode plates 30, 33, 36 and the bottoms of the anode plates 40, 43, 46 are not connected in series.

Referring to fig. 8, 9 and 10, the serial connection part may be a pin slot 51 respectively disposed at two sides of the bottom of the battery cell 50, and the same structure design is applied to the cathode plate 60 and the anode plate 70 of this embodiment, and the serial connection part also includes three types of cathode plates 60, 70, 61, 71, 62 and 72, and the bottom of the cathode plate 60 and the anode plate 60, 70, 61, 71 are welded and connected in series by the cathode serial connection part 63 and the anode serial connection part 73, which are respectively made of conductive material or non-conductive material, so that the bottom end plate lugs 601, 611, 701 and 711 and the cathode and anode serial connection parts 63 and 73 of the cathode plate 60, 61, 70 and 71 can be embedded in the pin slot 51 by the design of the pin slot 51 of the battery cell 50, so that the bottom of the cathode plate 60, the anode plate 70, 61 and 71 can be combined with the battery cell 50 to achieve better positioning effect, and the cathode plate 62 and anode plate 72 with only one plate lug 721 can be embedded in the bottom of the cathode plate 60, 62 and anode, The anode serial parts 63 and 73 are embedded in the foot groove 51; also, the positioning of the cathode and anode plates 62, 72 can be enhanced. Referring to fig. 11, the most important elements for embedding the bottom end plate lugs 601, 611, 701, 711 of the cathode and anode plates 60, 61, 70, 71 into the leg slots 51 of the battery cell 50 (only the bottom end plate lug 701 of the anode plate 70 is shown as being embedded into the leg slot 51 in the figure) are that the height a of the leg slot 51 is 7mm or more, the welding height B of the anode serial connection portion 73 is 2-3mm, and after the embedding operation is completed, the leg slot 51 can be filled with EPOXY resin (EPOXY) or acid liquid, and the EPOXY resin is filled to fillthe gap 511 between the leg slot 51 and the plate lug 701, so as to prevent the acid liquid on the anode plate 70 from falling off, avoid the lack of acid on the anode plate 70, and the acid liquid is filled to maintain a proper amount of "residual acid" between the cathode plate and the anode plate 50, so as to have good charging repeatability, and prolong the service life of the battery.

Referring to fig. 12, 13 and 14, for another battery container 52 with different structural designs, the connecting portion may be a supporting pillar 521 protruded from the bottom of the battery container 52, so that when the cathode plate 60, the anode plate 61, the anode plate 62, the cathode plate 70, the anode plate 71, and the anode plate 72 are respectively installed in the battery container 52, the supporting pillar 521 can abut against the bottom of the cathode plate and the anode plate, and the positioning effect of the cathode plate and the anode plate can be enhanced, so as to prolong the service life of the battery.

In addition, referring to fig. 15, another schematic diagram of the battery container 53 and the cathode and anode plates 64, 74 is shown, wherein a cathode and anode serial connection portion 80, 81 is mainly installed at the bottom of each device chamber 531 of the battery container 53, and a plurality of V-shaped embedding grooves 801, 811 are respectively installed thereon for embedding the bottom terminal plate lugs 640, 740 of the cathode and anode plates 64, 74, and the cathode and anode plates 64, 74 are also isolated by an isolation plate 101, the cathode and anode serial connection portions 80, 81 can be conductive material or non-conductive material, and can be independently embedded in the battery container 53, or can be integrally formed with the battery container 53 by injection molding, and a conductive sheet 90 is connected between the cathode and anode terminals 641, 741 at the top ends of the cathode and anode plates 64, 74 in different device chambers 531 for current flowing; referring to fig. 16, a serial connection part 82 is first installed at the bottom of the large device chamber 541 of another battery jar 54, a slot 821 is installed in the middle of the serial connection part 82 for inserting a partition plate 542, and the large device chamber 541 is partitioned into two small device chambers 543, furthermore, a plurality of slots 822, 823 are installed at both sides of the middle slot 821 of the serial connection part 82 for inserting the bottom plate ears 650, 750 of the cathode and anode plates 65, 75, the serial connection part 82 is made of conductive material and has the effect of cross-linking and connecting the cathode and anode plates 65, 75, of course, a conductive plate 91 is also connected between the cathode and anode posts 651, 751 at the top of the cathode and anode plates 65, 75, as shown in fig. 17, in order to make the two independent and separated cathode and anode serial connection parts 83, 84 at the bottom of the battery jar 55 electrically conductive, a groove 551 is installed at the bottom of the battery jar 55 for 85 to pass through, and connect the cathode and anode serial connection parts 83, 84, 84, the serial connection parts 83, 84 are also respectively provided with embedding slots 831, 841 for the bottom pole plate ears 660, 760 of the cathode and anode plates 66, 76 to be embedded, of course, a conducting strip 92 is also connected between the cathode and anode plates 661, 761 on the top of the cathode and anode plates 66, 76.

The following effects and advantages can be obtained by the improved structure of the battery plate group of the invention:

regarding the improved structure of the battery plate group:

1. because the upper side and the lower side of the plate group are both provided with the electricity output terminals, the electricity can be simultaneously output in parallel by the two pairs of electricity output terminals 110, 120, 1100 and 1200, thereby greatly reducing the internal resistance of the plate and increasing the discharge capacity of the battery.

2. When the series connection part is made of conductive material, it not only can enhance the positioning effect of polar plate, but also can enhance the conductive uniformity of the above-mentioned polar plate, and can reduce internal resistance of the above-mentioned polar plate, so that it possesses the function and advantage of increasing discharge capacity of battery.

3. The invention connects the bottom of the cathode plate and the anode plate in series by the series connection part of the non-conductive material or the conductive material, so the bottom of the polar plate can be positioned, the whole positioning effect of the polar plate can be enhanced, the resonance vibration can be prevented, the falling and growth expansion of the active substance can be reduced, and the invention has the effect and the advantage of prolonging the service life of the battery.

Secondly, regarding the improved structure of the combination of the battery plate and the battery groove:

1. the invention not only uses the serial connection part to connect the bottom of the cathode plate and the anode plate in series respectively to strengthen the whole positioning effect, but also can arrange the foot groove 51 at the bottom side of the battery groove 50, and embed the pole plate lugs 601, 611, 701 and 711 of the cathode plate and the anode plate 60, 61, 70 and 71 and the serial connection parts 63 and 73 so as to strengthen the bottom positioning effect of the cathode plate and the anode plate 60, 61, 62, 70, 71 and 72, and can fill the foot groove 51 with epoxy resin or acid liquor to ensure that the battery groove 50 maintains a proper amount of residual acid, thereby having the efficacy and the advantage of keeping the battery with good charging repeatability.

2. The present invention can also be provided with a support column 521 protruding inward from the bottom of the battery container 52 to abut against the cathode plate and the anode plate, so as to enhance the positioning effect of the electrode plates and prolong the service life of the battery.

3. When the serial connection parts 63, 73 are made of conductive material, it not only can enhance the positioning effect of the cathode and anode plates 60, 61, 70, 71, 72, but also can reduce the internal resistance of the above-mentioned electrode plates, so that it has the effect and advantage of increasing the discharge capacity of the battery.

4. The present invention can also directly install the serial connection parts 80, 81, 82, 83 by the bottom parts of the battery tanks 53, 54, 55, and the serial connection parts can be provided with the embedding grooves 801, 811, 822, 823, 831, 841 for the embedding of the cathode plate 64, the anode plate 74, 65, 75, 66, 76, and also has the efficacy and advantages of strengthening the positioning effect of the pole plates and prolonging the service life of the battery.

5. When the series connection parts 80, 81, 82, 83 are made of conductive material, the positioning effect of the cathode plate 64, 74, 65, 75, 66, 76 can be added, and the internal resistance of the electrode plates can be reduced, so that the effect and the advantage of increasing the discharge capacity of the battery can be achieved.

Claims (14)

1. An improved structure of battery plate set is composed of at least one anode plate and at least two cathode plates, and the plate ears at the bottom of said plates are serially connected to the bottomof battery slot.

2. The improved structure of battery plate group as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery is a single-unit battery, and the top and bottom electricity-outlet terminals of the same polarity plate are all supplied with electricity by positive and negative to negative connections.

3. The improved structure of battery plate group as claimed in claim 1, wherein the battery is a multi-part battery, and the polarities of the cathode and anode plates between the parts are connected in series.

4. The improved structure of battery plate group as defined in any one of claims 1-3, wherein the bottom of at least one group of plates of the cathode and anode plate groups are connected in series by conductive material or non-conductive material.

5. The improved structure of battery plate group as defined in claim 4, wherein the connecting portion made of conductive material or non-conductive material is integrally formed at the bottom of the battery container.

6. The improved structure of a battery plate group as defined in claim 4, wherein the bottom of the anode plate is connected in series and the bottom of the cathode plate is not connected in series.

7. The improved structure of a battery plate group as defined in claim 4, wherein the bottom of the cathode plate is connected in series and the bottom of the anode is not connected in series.

8. The improved structure of a battery plate group as defined in claim 4, wherein the bottom of the anode and cathode plates are connected in series.

9. The improvement of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the series connection portion comprises at least one leg groove disposed at the bottom of the battery groove for receiving the plate ear at the bottom of the plate.

10. The improved structure of battery plate assembly as defined in claim 9, wherein said foot grooves are filled with epoxy resin or acid solution to fill the gap between the foot grooves and the plate lugs.

11. The improvement of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the series connection part comprises a support post protruding from the bottom of the cell slot to support the plate for positioning.

12. The improved structure of a battery plate group as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plate lugs are formed at both diagonal end sides of the plate.

13. The improved structure of the battery plate group as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plate lugs are formed on the same side of the plate and correspond to each other up and down.

14. The improved structure of the battery plate group as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plate can have only a single plate lug.

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