CN114875512A - Polyimide-based nanofiber protective material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Polyimide-based nanofiber protective material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
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Images
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
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- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
- D01F6/74—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polycondensates of cyclic compounds, e.g. polyimides, polybenzimidazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D13/00—Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches
- A41D13/12—Surgeons' or patients' gowns or dresses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
- A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
- A41D31/08—Heat resistant; Fire retardant
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
- A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
- A41D31/10—Impermeable to liquids, e.g. waterproof; Liquid-repellent
- A41D31/102—Waterproof and breathable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
- A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
- A41D31/24—Resistant to mechanical stress, e.g. pierce-proof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1003—Preparatory processes
- C08G73/1007—Preparatory processes from tetracarboxylic acids or derivatives and diamines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1067—Wholly aromatic polyimides, i.e. having both tetracarboxylic and diamino moieties aromatically bound
- C08G73/1071—Wholly aromatic polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
- D01D5/0015—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material
- D01D5/003—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material the material being a polymer solution or dispersion
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
- D04H1/728—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged by electro-spinning
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D2600/00—Uses of garments specially adapted for specific purposes
- A41D2600/20—Uses of garments specially adapted for specific purposes for working activities
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a polyimide-based nanofiber protective material and a preparation method thereof, the method regulates the appearance of polyimide fibers by an electrostatic spinning technology to obtain a nanofiber membrane with high filtering efficiency, high air permeability, high strength, high hydrophobicity and high flame retardance, and the nanofiber membrane is compounded with a base material to prepare reusable protective clothing with high protective efficiency and air permeability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of protective materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a Polyimide (PI) -based nanofiber protective material.
Background
During the last two decades, outbreaks of infectious diseases have been threatening the health and safety of human life. Therefore, research into effective vaccines and novel medical protective clothing against new coronavirus has become the most urgent research and development task worldwide.
Currently, the mainstream protective clothing materials in the market mainly comprise polypropylene spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) nonwoven materials, polyethylene breathable film/nonwoven composite nonwoven materials and polyethylene flash-off nonwoven materials. These conventional protective garments can be further divided into two types. The first type is to provide good barrier properties through a dense material structure, such as polyethylene breathable film/nonwoven composite nonwovens and polyethylene flash-off nonwovens. The good barrier properties of such materials come at the expense of breathability and moisture permeability, but can have serious consequences such as stuffiness, wetness and discomfort to the wearer of the protective garment during prolonged working conditions. Another class, which has good air permeability and filtration properties, provides filtration properties due to electrostatic effects, such as SMS nonwovens. The electrostatic effect is unstable, the hydrophilic liquid such as ethanol commonly used in medical places can reduce or eliminate the static electricity of materials, and the reduction or elimination of the electrostatic effect can cause the great reduction of the filtration efficiency. Thus, there is a great concern with the use of SMS nonwovens.
With the development of nanotechnology, emerging nanofiber membranes can provide high filtration performance on the premise of not reducing air permeability and moisture permeability due to high porosity and large specific surface area, and are expected to become ideal substitute materials of next-generation novel protective clothing. However, the application of nanofibers to medical protective garments still faces three major obstacles. One is that the mechanical properties of the nanofibers are poor, which is not good for their safety protection in the actual workplace. The other is that the nanofiber protective clothing has the problem of being incapable of being reused, and the problem of filtration performance reduction caused by mechanical damage or electrostatic charge attenuation of the nanofibers due to regeneration treatment is solved. Third, nanofibers are generally not flame retardant because they do not protect the safety of medical personnel in an emergency.
Polyimide (PI) is a unique polymer with excellent mechanical properties, good thermal and chemical stability. The method is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, mechanical manufacturing, high-temperature filtration and the like.
The PI-based nanofiber for the protective material is prepared, and the air permeability is improved on the premise of ensuring the protective performance. Firstly, the electrostatic spinning conditions are optimized in detail, then acetone is added into the spinning solution to control the diameter and the surface smoothness of the nanofibers, and finally PDMS is deposited on the PI nanofibers through a high temperature vapor deposition method. The optimized PI-based nanofiber membrane has good protective performance, chemical stability, mechanical property and air permeability, and wearing comfort and safety of workplaces are greatly improved. In addition, the optimized PI-based nanofiber membrane is mainly subjected to physical interception, and the stability after long-time use and recovery is guaranteed. Therefore, the feasibility of recycling the PI-based nanofibers can be realized by repeated filtration and sterilization.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the existing protective material, the invention prepares a PI-based nanofiber membrane for a medical protective clothing material.
An electrostatic spinning Polyimide (PI) based nanofiber protective material comprises the following preparation method steps:
s1, using N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent, and carrying out polycondensation on dianhydride and diamine monomers to prepare polyamic acid (PAA);
s2, preparing a spinning solution by taking the PAA obtained in the S1 step as a polymer, and preparing a PAA nanofiber membrane by electrostatic spinning;
s3, carrying out thermal imidization on the PAA nanofiber obtained in the S2 step to prepare a PI nanofiber membrane;
s4, on the basis of the step S1, introducing acetone which is a high-volatility solvent into a PAA polymer solvent, adjusting the diameter of the PI nanofiber membrane, and preparing the PI nanofiber membrane with high protection efficiency, high air permeability and high mechanical performance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the specific operation of step S1 is: carrying out low-temperature polycondensation on dianhydride monomers and diamine monomers with equal molar mass in DMF (dimethyl formamide) to obtain a PAA solution, wherein the polycondensation reaction temperature is-5-0 ℃, and the reaction time is 10-12 h; the dianhydride monomer is at least one of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 4 '-oxydiphthalic anhydride (OPDA) and 4, 4' -hexafluoroisopropylidene-phthalic anhydride (6 FDA); the diamine is at least one of 4, 4' -diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), p-Phenylenediamine (PDA), 2, 4, 6-trimethyl-1, 3-phenylenediamine (TMPDA) and 3, 5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA).
In some embodiments of the present invention, the specific operations of steps S2 and S3 are: and preparing the PAA solution into a PAA nanofiber membrane by an electrostatic spinning technology, and preparing the PI nanofiber membrane by the PAA nanofiber membrane through high-temperature imidization. The process conditions of the high-voltage electrostatic spinning are that the voltage is 10-25 KV, the receiving distance is 13-18 cm, and the injection speed is 0.2-0.8 ml/h; the gradient temperature-rising process conditions of the high-temperature imidization treatment are as follows: under the vacuum state, the temperature is raised at 100 ℃ for 2 hours, 200 ℃ for 2 hours and 300 ℃ for 2 hours at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, and after the temperature rise is stopped, the mixture is slowly cooled to the room temperature in a box type furnace.
In some embodiments of the invention, the polymeric PAA concentration in step S2 is 8 to 14 wt%; when the PAA concentration is 8 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is full of large-size beads, and the diameter of the beads is about 1.5 μm; when the PAA concentration is 10 wt%, the number of beads in the PI nanofiber membrane begins to decrease, and the arrangement of the nanofibers is more compact and regular; when the PAA concentration is 12 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is uniform fiber with the diameter of 200 nm; when the PAA concentration is 14 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is formed by fibers with alternating thickness, the thickness of the coarse fibers is 200 nm, and the thickness of the fine fibers is 30-40 nm.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the specific operation of step S4 is: on the basis that the optimal PAA concentration is 12 wt%, adding acetone which is a high-volatility solvent into DMF (polyamide acid) which is a PAA solvent to prepare DMF/acetone mixed solvents with different mass ratios, and regulating and controlling the diameter of PI nanofiber by changing the adding amount of acetone in the solvents to obtain the PI nanofiber membrane with high mechanical property and high air permeability.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of DMF to acetone in the solvent is in a range of 10:0 to 6:4, and in some specific embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of DMF to acetone in the solvent may be 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, or 6: 4. Preferably, the mass ratio of DMF/acetone in the solvent is 6:4, and the average diameter of the fiber is 500 nm.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the step S3, during the high-temperature imidization process, a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is placed in a box furnace together, and PDMS is vapor-deposited on the surface of the PI nanofiber to obtain a PI nanofiber film with high hydrophobicity and high flame retardancy.
In some embodiments of the invention, the prepared PI nanofiber membrane and the PDMS film are placed in a closed environment together, the temperature is gradually increased to 250 ℃, the temperature is kept for 1h, and the PDMS is subjected to vapor deposition on the surface of the PI nanofiber under high-temperature decomposition and in the process of temperature reduction, so that the PI nanofiber membrane with high hydrophobicity and high flame retardancy is prepared.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the PI nanofiber protective material prepared by the method has high filtration efficiency (> 94%), high air permeability (> 100 mm/s), high mechanical strength (maximum tensile stress > 13 MPa), high hydrophobicity (contact angle > 130 °) and good flame retardancy.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the PI nanofiber membrane mainly relies on physical interception, there is no risk of filtration efficiency reduction due to static elimination, and after 5 times of treatment and circulation of alcohol (75%), chlorine-based disinfection solution (1%) and ultraviolet irradiation, the filtration efficiency and hydrophobicity of the PI nanofiber membrane remain unchanged.
In some embodiments of the invention, the prepared PI nanofiber membrane is combined with a substrate by at least one of ultrasonic, thermal compounding and gluing to prepare the recyclable medical protective clothing with high air permeability, high mechanical strength, high hydrophobicity and high flame retardance.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the PI-based nanofiber membrane prepared by the method has excellent characteristics of high air permeability, high mechanical strength, high hydrophobicity, good flame retardance and the like, meets the basic performance of medical protective clothing materials, ensures the air permeability of the materials, and further improves the wearing comfort and safety of medical workers. Meanwhile, after 3 kinds of disinfection treatment (alcohol, chlorine-based disinfectant and ultraviolet) are carried out on the PI-based nanofiber membrane prepared by the method and the PI-based nanofiber membrane is circulated for 5 times, the filtration efficiency and the hydrophobicity are almost unchanged, and the PI-based nanofiber membrane prepared by the method can be used as a medical protective clothing material with reusability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations in example 1: (a) 8 wt% (b) 10 wt% (c) 12 wt% (d) 14 wt%.
Fig. 2 is a graph of the filtration performance of PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations in example 2.
Fig. 3 is a graph of the mechanical properties of PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations in example 2.
FIG. 4 is the electron microscope images of the diameter of the DMF/acetone-controlled nanofiber membrane of example 3 at different ratios: (a) 10:0 (b) 9:1 (c) 8:2 (d) 7:3 (e) 6: 4.
Fig. 5 is a graph of the filtration performance of PI nanofiber membranes of different diameters of example 4.
Fig. 6 is a graph of the mechanical properties of PI nanofiber membranes of different diameters of example 4.
FIG. 7 is the water contact angle of PDMS @ PI nanofiber membrane of example 5.
FIG. 8 is the flame retardancy of the pure PI nanofiber membrane and PDMS @ PI nanofiber membrane of example 5.
Figure 9 is the filtration efficiency of the PI-based nanofiber membrane after 5 cycles of the initial and 3 sterilization treatments of example 6.
Detailed Description
In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, the following detailed description will proceed with reference being made to examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The starting materials or components used in the present invention may be commercially or conventionally prepared unless otherwise specified.
Example 1: preparation of PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations
(1) Preparing a spinning solution: firstly weighing PMDA and ODA monomers with equal molar ratio, and placing the medicines in a vacuum drying oven (120 ℃) for drying treatment for 4 hours; then, adding ODA into a three-neck flask containing DMF (dimethyl formamide) solvent, and stirring the three-neck flask with a mechanical stirrer until the ODA is completely dissolved and the solution is clear and transparent; then, placing the three-neck flask in ice water, cooling to-5 ℃ at the same temperature, adding PDMA in batches, and after the addition is finished, carrying out low-temperature reaction for 12 hours to finally obtain a transparent light yellow viscous PAA product with the polymer concentration of 14 wt%; diluting the prepared PAA with the polymer concentration of 14 wt% by using DMF (dimethyl formamide), and preparing spinning solutions with the polymer concentrations of 8 wt%, 10 wt% and 12 wt% respectively;
(2) electrostatic spinning: transferring the spinning solution into an injector, pushing the spinning solution by using an injection pump, and carrying out an electrostatic spinning experiment by using copper foil as a receptor substrate, wherein the spinning solution is controlled to be 0.9 ml, the spinning voltage is 15 KV, the pushing speed is 0.3 ml/h, and the receiving distance is 15 cm;
(3) imidization: and (3) placing the prepared PAA nanofiber membrane in a box furnace to carry out vacuum gradient heating, heating to 100 ℃, 200 ℃ and 300 ℃ respectively, and keeping the temperature of each temperature gradient for 2 hours at the heating speed of 5 ℃/min. And naturally cooling after the high-temperature treatment is finished, and finally obtaining the PI nanofiber membrane with the polymer concentration of 8-14 wt%, wherein an electron microscope image of the PI nanofiber membrane is shown in figure 1.
Example 2: analysis of filtration and mechanical properties of PI nanofiber membranes with different polymer concentrations
(1) The filtration performance is as follows: the PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations prepared in example 1 were analyzed for their filtration performance by an automatic filtration tester (model 8130 of TSI corporation, usa) to evaluate the initial filtration efficiency and resistance of the PI nanofiber membranes, sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol particles were used as test particles having an average particle diameter of about 300nm (according to the specification of TSI inc., the mean median diameter (NMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD, σ g) of the NaCl particles were 75 nm and 1.86, respectively), the flow rate was controlled at 32L/min corresponding to a face velocity of 5.3 cm/s, and the test area was 100 cm 2 . Wherein the 12 wt% PI nano fiber membrane has the best filtration performance, the filtration efficiency is 99.81%, the resistance is 110.29 Pa, and the quality factor is 0.057 Pa -1 The results are shown in FIG. 2;
(2) mechanical properties: the PI nanofiber membranes prepared in example 1 with different polymer concentrations were cut into rectangular test specimens 50 mm in total length and 10 mm in width using a cutter, the thickness of the specimens was measured using a thickness meter, three points were measured, the average value was taken, and the tensile strength of the fiber membranes was measured using a universal material testing machine at a test speed of 10 mm/min. Wherein the filtration performance of the PI nanofiber membrane with 12 wt% is the best, the stress is 2.05 MPa, and the result is shown in figure 3;
(3) based on the analysis of the filtration performance and mechanical properties of the PI nanofiber membranes of different polymer concentrations prepared in example 1, PI nanofiber membranes with a polymer concentration of 12 wt% for the best overall performance are preferred.
Example 3: preparation of PI nanofiber membranes with different diameters
(1) According to the result of example 1, 12 wt% of spinning solution is preferred, and in order to obtain PI nanofibers with different diameters, PAA spinning solution is prepared by DMF/acetone mixed solvent with different mass ratios, wherein the mass ratio of DMF/acetone is respectively 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6: 4;
(2) the prepared spinning solution is prepared according to the steps (2) and (3) in the example 1, and finally, the PI nanofiber membranes with different diameters are obtained, wherein an electron microscope image of the PI nanofiber membrane is shown in FIG. 4.
Example 4: analysis of filtration and mechanical properties of different-diameter PI nanofiber membranes
(1) According to the results of example 3, nanofibrous membranes with DMF/acetone ratios of 10:0, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 are preferred, with average diameters of 200 nm, 300nm, 400nm and 500 nm, respectively, for analysis of filtration and mechanical properties;
(2) the filtration performance is as follows: the filtration performance of the optimized 200-500 nm PI nanofiber membrane is analyzed by an automatic filtration tester (TSI 8130 type, USA), and the testing method is the same as that of the embodiment 2 (1), wherein the filtration performance of 500 nm is optimal, the filtration efficiency is 94.22%, the resistance is 45.89 Pa, and the quality factor is 0.062 Pa -1 The results are shown in FIG. 5;
(3) mechanical properties: analyzing the mechanical property of the optimal 200-500 nm PI nanofiber membrane through a universal material testing machine, wherein the testing method is the same as that of the embodiment 2 (2), the mechanical property of 500 nm is optimal, the stress is as high as 13.12 MPa, and the result is shown in figure 6;
(4) according to analysis of the filtration performance and mechanical performance of the optimal 200-500 nm PI nanofiber membrane, the optimal 500 nm PI nanofiber membrane with the optimal comprehensive performance is optimal, and the DMF/acetone ratio is 6: 4.
Example 5: preparation of PDMS @ PI nanofiber membrane
In the preferred embodiment 3, the PI nanofiber membrane with DMF/acetone of 6:4 is prepared by placing the prepared PI nanofiber membrane and a PDMS film in a closed environment, gradually heating to 250 ℃, and keeping for 1h, and the PDMS is subjected to vapor deposition on the surface of the PI nanofiber under high-temperature decomposition and in the process of cooling, so as to prepare a PDMS @ PI nanofiber membrane with high hydrophobicity and high flame retardancy, wherein the contact angle and the flame retardancy are shown in fig. 7 and 8.
Example 6
(1) Spinning a PAA nanofiber membrane with the DMF/acetone ratio of 1.8 ml and the weight percent of 12 percent of 6:4, and obtaining a PI-based nanofiber membrane through imidization and PDMS vapor deposition;
(2) the prepared PI-based nanofiber membrane is subjected to disinfection and sterilization treatment on samples by three common disinfection methods, and each disinfection and sterilization-treated sample is subjected to filtration efficiency, air permeability and water contact angle test respectively, wherein the selected disinfection methods are alcohol treatment, chlorine-based disinfection liquid treatment and Ultraviolet irradiation sterilization (UVGI) respectively. The specific treatment method is as follows:
alcohol treatment: the sample was immersed in a 75% ethanol solution and naturally dried in the air, and the filtration efficiency thereof was tested. The disinfection-filtration efficiency test also needs to be performed in 5 cycles
Treatment of chlorine-based disinfectant: about 1% chlorine-based sterilizing solution was sprayed on the sample, allowed to contact the sample for 30 min and then the sample was rinsed with deionized water and naturally dried in the air, and tested for its filtering efficiency. The disinfection-filtration efficiency test is performed 5 times in a cycle to obtain reliable test results
UVGI: placing the sample in ultraviolet sterilizing cabinet, and irradiating with 254 nm and 8W ultraviolet lamp for 30 min, wherein the inner area of the ultraviolet sterilizing cabinet is 475 cm 2 I.e. a unit irradiation power of 17 MW cm-2. After the irradiation of the sample is finished, the sample is placed in an air environment for a fixed period of 30 min, and then the sample is subjected to a filtration efficiency test. The disinfection-filtration efficiency test also needs to be cycled for 5 times;
(3) the filtration efficiency of the treated PI-based nanofiber membrane was maintained at 99% or more, and the results are shown in fig. 9.
Example 7: preparation of blended PI nanofiber membrane
(1) Preparing a spinning solution: respectively carrying out low-temperature reaction on ODA (ozone-water absorption) in a solvent DMF (dimethyl formamide) with the temperature of-5 ℃ for 12 h in a PMDA (polymethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) and BPDA (BPDA-N-dimethylformamide) with the same molar mass to obtain a PAA (PMDA-ODA) and PAA (BPDA-ODA) solution with the polymer concentration of 12 wt%; mixing the two PAA solutions according to different proportions, and stirring at low temperature for 12 hours to obtain a blended PAA solution;
(2) electrostatic spinning: transferring the blended PAA solution into an injector, using an injection pump to advance a spinning solution, using copper foil as an acceptor substrate, and carrying out an electrostatic spinning experiment, wherein the spinning solution is controlled to be 0.9 ml, the spinning voltage is 15 KV, the solution pushing speed is 0.3 ml/h, and the receiving distance is 15 cm;
(3) imidization: and (3) placing the prepared blend PAA nanofiber membrane in a box furnace for vacuum gradient heating, respectively heating to 100 ℃, 200 ℃ and 300 ℃, and respectively preserving heat for 2 hours at each temperature gradient, wherein the heating speed is 5 ℃/min. And naturally cooling after the high-temperature treatment is finished, and finally obtaining the blended PI nanofiber membrane with the polymer concentration of 12 wt%.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only for explaining the present invention, and do not constitute any limitation to the present invention. The present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, but the words which have been used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. The invention can be modified, as prescribed, within the scope of the claims and without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described herein with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein, but rather extends to all other methods and applications having the same functionality.
Claims (10)
1. An electrostatic spinning Polyimide (PI) based nanofiber protective material comprises the following steps:
s1, using N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent, and carrying out polycondensation on dianhydride and diamine monomers to prepare polyamic acid (PAA);
s2, preparing a spinning solution by taking the PAA obtained in the S1 step as a polymer, and preparing a PAA nanofiber membrane by electrostatic spinning;
s3, carrying out thermal imidization on the PAA nanofiber obtained in the S2 step to prepare a PI nanofiber membrane;
s4, on the basis of the step S1, introducing acetone which is a high-volatility solvent into a PAA polymer solvent, adjusting the diameter of the PI nanofiber membrane, and preparing the PI nanofiber membrane with high protection efficiency, high air permeability and high mechanical performance.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation of step S1 is: carrying out low-temperature polycondensation on dianhydride monomers and diamine monomers with equal molar mass in DMF (dimethyl formamide) to obtain a PAA solution, wherein the polycondensation reaction temperature is-5-0 ℃, and the reaction time is 10-12 h; the dianhydride monomer is at least one of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 4 '-oxydiphthalic anhydride (OPDA) and 4, 4' -hexafluoroisopropylidene-phthalic anhydride (6 FDA); the diamine monomer is at least one of 4, 4' -diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), p-Phenylenediamine (PDA), 2, 4, 6-trimethyl-1, 3-phenylenediamine (TMPDA) and 3, 5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA).
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steps S2, S3 are as follows: preparing the PAA solution into a PAA nanofiber membrane by an electrostatic spinning technology, and preparing the PI nanofiber membrane by the PAA nanofiber membrane through high-temperature imidization; the high-voltage electrostatic spinning process conditions are that the voltage is 10-25 KV, the receiving distance is 13-18 cm, and the injection speed is 0.2-0.8 ml/h; the gradient temperature-rising process conditions of the high-temperature imidization treatment are that the temperature is raised in a vacuum state at 100 ℃ for 2 hours, 200 ℃ for 2 hours and 300 ℃ for 2 hours, the temperature-rising rate is 5 ℃/min, and after the temperature rise is stopped, the temperature is slowly cooled to the room temperature in a box-type furnace.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of PAA polymer in step S2 is 8-14 wt%; when the PAA concentration is 8 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is full of large-size beads, and the diameter of the beads is about 1.5 μm; when the PAA concentration is 10 wt%, the number of beads in the PI nanofiber membrane begins to decrease, and the arrangement of the nanofibers is more compact and regular; when the PAA concentration is 12 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is uniform fiber with the diameter of 200 nm; when the PAA concentration is 14 wt%, the PI nanofiber membrane is formed by fibers with alternating thickness, the thickness of the coarse fibers is 200 nm, the thickness of the fine fibers is 30-40 nm, the coarse fibers play a supporting role, and the fine fibers play a filtering role.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation of step S4 is: adding acetone which is a highly volatile solvent into DMF (dimethyl formamide) which is a PAA solvent to prepare DMF/acetone mixed solvents with different mass ratios, and regulating and controlling the diameter of PI nanofiber to obtain a PI nanofiber membrane with high mechanical property and high air permeability; the mass ratio of DMF/acetone in the solvent is 10: 0-6: 4, preferably 6: 4.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein during the high temperature imidization of step S3, the PDMS film is placed in a chamber furnace, and PDMS is vapor deposited on the surface of PI nanofiber to obtain the PI nanofiber membrane with high hydrophobicity and high flame retardancy.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the prepared PI nanofiber membrane and the PDMS film are placed in a closed environment, the temperature is gradually increased to 250 ℃, the temperature is kept for 1h, and the PDMS is subjected to vapor deposition on the surface of the PI nanofiber under high-temperature decomposition and in the process of temperature reduction to prepare the PI nanofiber membrane with high hydrophobicity and high flame retardance.
8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the PI nanofiber protective material has high filtration efficiency (> 94%), high air permeability (> 100 mm/s), high mechanical strength (maximum tensile stress > 13 MPa), high hydrophobicity (contact angle > 130 °) and good flame retardancy.
9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the PI nanofiber membrane mainly depends on physical interception, the risk of filtration efficiency reduction caused by static elimination is avoided, and after 5 times of treatment and circulation of alcohol (75%), chlorine-based disinfectant (1%) and ultraviolet irradiation, the filtration efficiency and the hydrophobicity of the PI nanofiber membrane are kept unchanged.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the prepared PI nanofiber membrane is combined with a substrate by at least one of ultrasonic, thermal compounding and gluing to prepare the recyclable medical protective clothing with high air permeability, high mechanical strength, high hydrophobicity and high flame retardance.
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